EXHIBIT 2101
`EXHIBIT 2101
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`

`USOO8929965B2
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
`(12) United States Patent
`LeBoeuf et a1.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`*Jan. 6, 2015
`
`
`(54) LIGHT-GUIDING DEVICES AND
`MONITORING DEVICES INCORPORATING
`SAME
`
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`USPC .......................................................... 600/310
`
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(71) Applicant: Valencell, Inc., Raleigh, NC (US)
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors: Steven Francis LeBoeuf, Raleigh, NC
`(US); Jesse Berkley Tucker, Knightdale,
`
`NC]W:)z1V1i(C[1Jla§1EdwardAumers
`Ra eig ,NC S ;Steven Matthew
`Just, Cary, NC (US)
`
`5:596:987 A
`
`U'S' PATENT DOCUMENTS
`. 086229 A
`2,1992 R
`th 1
`‘t 31
`
`1/1997 Cfifigea e
`.
`(Continued)
`
`'
`
`(73) Assignee: Valencell, Inc., Raleigh, NC (US)
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`*
`
`.
`) Notice:
`
`(
`
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis-
`Claimer.
`
`(21) Appl.No.: 14/274,288
`
`(22)
`(
`)
`
`65
`
`Filed:
`
`May 9, 2014
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2014/0249381A1
`
`Sep. 4, 2014
`
`Related US. Application Data
`.
`.
`.
`.
`(63) Continuatron 0f application NO‘ 13/715,247, filed on
`Dec. 14’ 2012* HOW Pat. NO' 8578850025 Wthh 15 a
`~
`C t
`d
`( on inue )
`
`(51)
`
`Int Cl
`A61B 5/00
`
`(2006 01)
`'
`
`(Continued)
`
`(52) US. Cl.
`CPC ............. A613 5/6817 (2013.01). A613 5/00 77
`(201301). A61B 5/6815 (2013.01).
`
`EP
`jp
`
`2 077 091 A2
`7.241279
`
`7/2009
`9/ 199 5
`(Continued)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`FiTrainer “The Only Trainer You Need”; http://itamicom; Down-
`loaded Feb. 26, 2010; © 2008 FiTriainerTM; 2 pages.
`
`Primar 7 Examiner 7 Rodne ' Fuller
`J
`3
`
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm 7 Myers Bigel Sibley &
`Sajovec
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A sensor module for detecting and/or measuring physiologi-
`cal information from a subject includes a housing with at least
`one optical emitter and at least one optical detector supported
`by the housingA first light guide is in optical communication
`with the at least one optical emitter and is configured to
`deliver li ht from the at least one o tical emitter into a bodv
`. g
`.
`.
`. P
`.
`.
`.
`~
`ofa subject. A second light guide is in optical commumcation
`With the at least one optical detector and is configured to
`collect light from the body ofthe subject. The sensor module
`includes a motion sensor and a processor. The motion sensor
`is configured to sense motion information from the subject
`and the processor is configured to remove motion artifacts
`from signals produced by the at least one optical detector in
`response to signals produced by the motion sensor.
`
`(Continued)
`
`12 Claims, 28 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`l2
`3B
`
`W
`32
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`

`

`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`Page2
`
`(60)
`
`Related US. Application Data
`~
`~
`~
`.
`.
`continuation-impart of application No. 12/691,388,
`filed on Jan. 21,2010, now Pat. No. 8,700,111.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Prov1s1onal application No. 61/208,567, filed on Feb.
`25, 2009, provisional application No. 61/208,574,
`7.
`.
`.
`.
`filed on Feb. 25, 2009, prousional application No.
`61/212,444,
`filed on Apr. 13, 2009, prov151ona1
`application NO. 61074319], filed onAug. 14,2009.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`H04R1/10
`
`(2006.01)
`com
`(2006-01)
`(2006.01)
`(200601)
`
`A613 5/11
`A613 5/024
`A613 5/08
`(52) US Cl
`.
`.
`.
`CPC ........... H04R1/1091(2013.01);A6IB5/6835
`(2013~01);A6IB 5/0059(2013-01);A613
`5/0082 (2013.01);A6IB 5/0205 (2013.01);
`A61B 5/11 (2013.01);A61B 5/6803 (2013.01);
`A613 5/681 (2013.01);A6]B 5/0084
`(2013.01);A6IB 5/721(2013.01);A6IB
`5/7225 (2013.01); A613 5/02427(2013.01),
`-,
`A613 3/0816 (2013-01)
`USPC .......................................................... 600/310
`
`6,859,658 B1
`7,107,088 132*
`7,209,775 B2
`3,055,319 B2
`8,251,903 B2
`8,512,242 B2
`:8 13033333 g *
`1
`20 4/0054291 A
`20 4/0225207 A
`20 5/0043600 A‘
`20 5/0177034 A
`
`
`
`20 5/0209516 A
`20 5/0228299 A
`33 273322921
`20 8/0096726 A
`20 8/0 65017 A
`20 8/0 77162 A
`20 9/0030350 A
`24
`38 3303;; fi
`20 9/0270698 A
`20 9/0287067 A
`2010/0 68531 A
`2010/0217103 A
`3819;333:323 :
`2012/0 79011 A
`2012/0 97093 A
`2013/0 31519 A
`
`
`
`
`
`22 05 Krug
`............................ 600/340
`9/2 06 Aceti
`4/2 07 Bae et a1.
`119 11 0h etal~
`8/2 12 LeBoeufet al.
`8/2 13 LeBoeufet a1.
`3::
`Z g?hi§l:1ft31~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 435/2871
`,
`1m
`3/2
`4 Schulz eta].
`“/2 4 Bae etal.
`2/2
`5 Diab et 31.
`/2
`5 Beaumont
`
`.
`
`5 Fraden
`9/2
`31
`,
`5 Banet
`10:2
`13 31
`4/2
`8 Riley etal.
`7/2 08 Schwaltz
`7/2
`8 B36 et a1.
`1/2 09 Yang et a1.
`/
`42,;
`3 fifllfii’fi‘l‘heml
`10/2
`9 Shioi et a1.
`11/2
`9 Dorogusker etal,
`/2 10 Shaltisetal,
`8/2 10 Abdul-Hafiz et al.
`1;; 1(1)
`‘hggmmbleletal
`7’,2 12 M1 50“”
`,
`oon et 31.
`8/2 12 LeBoeufet a1.
`572 13 LeBoeufet 31.
`
`
`
`
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`US. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`6,078,829 A
`6,080,110 A
`6,358,216 B1*
`6,371,925 B1
`6,783,501 B2
`6,808,473 B2
`
`6/2000 Uchida et 711.
`6/2000 Thorgersen
`3/2002 Kraus et al.
`4/2002 Imaietal.
`8/2004 Takahashiet 211.
`10/2004 Hisano et a1.
`
`................... 600/549
`
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`wo
`
`9-253062
`9-299342
`2000416611
`2001-25462
`2007-185348
`wo 2013/038296 A1
`
`9/1997
`11/1997
`4/2000
`1/2001
`7/2007
`3/2013
`
`* cited by examiner
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 1 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG. I
`
`100
`
`
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 2 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`éx—m‘
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 3 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`50
`
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan.6,2015
`
`Sheet4of28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan.6,2015
`
`Sheet50f28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`50
`
`§mmW////
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 6 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 7 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`HG. 7A
`
`F1673
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 8 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 9 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 10 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 11 0f 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 12 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`TRIANGULAR
`
`FOSSA
`
`
`
`INTERTRAGIC
`NOTCH
`
`FIG. 10
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 13 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
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`FACING EARBUD
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`FIG. 12A
`
`FIG. 123
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 14 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`200
`
`20
`
`L
`
`
`PARAMEIER
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`CHANNELA
`
`CHANNELC
`
`CHANNEL B
`
`203 \
`
`
`
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`PARAMEIER
`ESTIMATOR
`
`”mm“
`
`FIG. 13
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 15 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`RAW SIGNAL IN LOW MOTION
`
`5020
`
`300a / 5000
`
`l
`
`I
`
`1
`
`_1
`
`L
`
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`
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`FIONA
`
`”BLOCKED CHANNEL" IN LOW MOTION
`
`300b/ 3000
`
`2930
`
`567
`
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`
`1112131415
`
`8
`9
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`
`RAW SIGNAL IN HIGH MOTION
`
`5050W/ 5000
`
`70‘
`
`71
`
`72
`
`73
`
`74
`
`75
`
`76
`
`77
`
`78
`
`79
`
`80
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`FIG. 14C
`
`”BLOCKED CHANNEL” IN HIGH MOTION
`
`3000
`
`2950
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`72
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`73
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`75
`
`76
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`77
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`78
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`79
`
`80
`
`FIG. 14D
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 16 0f 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`Aa o
`
`200
`
`
`I I
`
`180-
`
`ADAPTIVE FILTER + BEAT FINDER
`1'
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`'1
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`
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`I \
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`MBA
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`00
`
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`BEAT FINDER ONLY
`
`O
`
`I 000
`
`2000
`
`3000
`
`4000
`
`5000
`
`0000
`
`TIME (SECONDS)
`
`FIG. I5
`
`500
`
`PRE-ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CONDITIONING
`
`ADAPTIVE FILTERING
`
`
`
`PARAMETER EXTRACTION
`
`FIG. 16
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 17 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PROCESSOR/
`
`MULTIPLEXER
`
`
`
`700
`
`
`
`STEPS
`
`PACE
`
`ACTIVITY
`DATA
`INTENSITYINTEGRITY
`
`BLOOD
`ELow
`
`moon
`
`
`HEART BREATHING BLOOD
`PRESSURE WEE
`
`
`FIG. 18
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 18 of 28
`
`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG. 19
`
`
`
`SENSORS
`
`SENSOR
`NOISE SOURCES
`
`‘
`
`
`
`
`
`SIGNAL
`pmggmg
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2015
`
`Sheet 20 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`FIG.223
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`U.S. Patent
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 22 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`
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`
`FIG. 24B
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 23 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 24 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`
`
`FIG. 26
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 25 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 26 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 27 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2015
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`Sheet 28 of 28
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`2
`
`1
`LIGHT-GUIDING DEVICES AND
`MONITORING DEVICES INCORPORATING
`
`SAME
`
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation application of US.
`patent application Ser. No. 13/715,247, filed Dec. 14, 2012,
`which is a continuation-in-part ofUS. patent application Ser.
`No. 12/691,388, filed Jan. 21, 2010, now US. Pat. No. 8,700,
`111, which claims the benefit of and priority to US. Provi-
`sional Patent Application No. 61/208,567 filed Feb. 25, 2009,
`US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,574 filed
`Feb. 25, 2009, US. Provisional Patent Application No.
`61/212,444 filed Apr. 13, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Patent
`Application No. 61/274,191 filed Aug. 14, 2009, the disclo-
`sures of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set
`forth in their entireties.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates generally to headsets and,
`more particularly, to headset earbuds.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`There is growing market demand for personal health and
`environmental monitors, for example, for gauging overall
`health and metabolism during exercise, athletic training, diet-
`ing, daily life activities, sickness, and physical therapy. How-
`ever, traditional health monitors and environmental monitors
`may be bulky, rigid, and uncomfortableigenerally not suit-
`able for use during daily physical activity. There is also grow-
`ing interest in generating and comparing health and environ-
`mental exposure statistics ofthe general public and particular
`demographic groups. For example, collective statistics may
`enable the healthcare industry and medical community to
`direct healthcare resources to where they are most highly
`valued. However, methods of collecting these statistics may
`be expensive and laborious, often utilizing human-based
`recording’analysis steps at multiple sites.
`As such, improved ways of collecting, storing and analyz-
`ing physiological
`information are needed.
`In addition,
`improved ways of seamlessly extracting physiological infor-
`mation from a person during everyday life activities, espe-
`cially during high activity levels, may be important for
`enhancing fitness training and healthcare quality, promoting
`and facilitating prevention, and reducing healthcare costs.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to
`introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the
`concepts being further described below in the Detailed
`Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key
`features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it
`intended to limit the scope of the invention.
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`a headset configured to be attached to the ear of a person
`includes a base, an earbud housing extending outwardly from
`the base that is configured to be positioned within an ear of a
`subject, and a cover surrounding the earbud housing. The base
`includes a speaker, an optical emitter, and an optical detector.
`The cover includes light transmissive material that is in opti-
`cal communication with the optical emitter and the optical
`detector and serves as a light guide to deliver light from the
`optical emitter into the ear canal of the subject wearing the
`
`5
`
`10
`
`15
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`headset at one or more predetermined locations and to collect
`light external to the earbud housing and deliver the collected
`light to the optical detector. The optical emitter, via the light-
`guiding cover, directs optical energy towards a particular
`region of ear and the optical detector detects secondary opti-
`cal energy emanating from the ear region. In some embodi-
`ments, the optical detector may include an optical filter con-
`figured to pass
`secondary optical energy at
`selective
`wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light transmissive
`material of the cover may be configured, for example via the
`use of cladding and/or light reflective material, such that the
`cover serves as a light guide that is coupled in parallel to the
`optical emitter and detector. In some embodiments, the light
`transmissive material of the cover may be configured, for
`example via the use of cladding and/or light reflective mate-
`rial, such that the cover serves as a light guide that is coupled
`perpendicular to the optical emitter and detector.
`In some embodiments, the headset may include various
`electronic components secured to the base. For example, the
`20 headset may include one or more environmental sensors con-
`figured to detect and/or measure environmental conditions in
`a vicinity 0f the headset. The headset may include a signal
`processor configured to receive and process signals produced
`by the optical detector. For example, in some embodiments, a
`25 signal processor may be configured to extract secondary opti-
`cal energy and remove optical noise or environmental noise.
`The headset may include a signal processor configured to
`receive and process signals produced by the one or more
`environmental sensors. In addition, the headset may include a
`transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by the
`signal processor to a remote device in real time. Headsets
`according to embodiments of the present invention may uti-
`lize, for example, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, or other wire-
`less transmitters.
`
`In some embodiments, a housing is secured to and overlies
`the base so as to enclose and protect the speaker, optical
`emitter and optical detector, as well as other electronic com-
`ponents secured to the base (e.g., sensors, processor, trans-
`mitter etc.).
`The earbud housing is in acoustical communication with
`the speaker and has at least one aperture through which sound
`from the speaker can pass. The light-guiding cover surround-
`ing the earbud housing also includes at least one aperture
`through which sound from the speaker can pass. The cover
`may be formed from a soft, resilient material, such as silicone
`which deforms when inserted within an ear canal of a subject.
`In some embodiments, the cover includes an alignment mem-
`ber that facilitates alignment of the earbud housing within an
`ear canal of a subject.
`Light directed into the ear of a subject from a light emitter
`and the subsequent collection of light at a light detector,
`according to embodiments of the present invention, may be
`utilized for detecting and/or measuring, among other things,
`body temperature, skin temperature, blood gas levels, muscle
`tension, heart rate, blood flow, cardiopulmonary functions,
`etc.
`
`In some embodiments of the present invention, the light-
`guiding cover may include a lens that is in optical communi-
`cation with the optical emitter and/or optical detector. The
`lens may be configured to focus light emitted by the optical
`emitter and/or to focus collected light toward the optical
`detector. In some embodiments, multiple lenses may be
`incorporated into a light-guiding cover.
`In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover may include
`a light diffusion region in optical communication with the
`light transmissive material that diffuses light emitted by the
`optical detector.
`
`30
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`35
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`40
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`50
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`55
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`60
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`65
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`US 8,929,965 B2
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`3
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`4
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`In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover may include
`a luminescence-generating region, such as a phosphor-con-
`taining region, that is in optical communication with the light
`transmissive material. The luminescence-generating region
`may be embedded within the light-guiding cover and/or on a
`surface of the light-guiding cover. The luminescence-gener-
`ating region is configured to receive light emitted by the
`optical emitter and convert at least a portion of the received
`light to light having a different wavelength from that of the
`received light.
`In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover includes
`one or more grooves formed therein. Each groove is config-
`ured to direct external light to the optical detector.
`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of
`the light-guiding cover is configured to direct light from the
`optical emitter to a plurality oflocations at an outer surface of
`the cover for delivery into an ear canal of a subject.
`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of
`the light-guiding cover is a translucent material or includes
`translucent material in selected locations.
`
`In some embodiments, a light reflective material is on at
`least a portion of one or both ofthe inner and outer surfaces of
`the light-guiding cover.
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`a light-guiding earbud for a headset includes light transmis-
`sive material that is in optical communication with an optical
`emitter and optical detector associated with the headset. The
`light transmissive material is configured to deliver light from
`the optical emitter into the ear canal ofa subject at one or more
`predetermined locations and to collect light external to the
`earbud housing and deliver the collected light to the optical
`detector. In some embodiments, the light emitter and light
`detector may be integral with the earbud. For example, in
`some embodiments, a flexible optical emitter is incorporated
`within the earbud and is in optical communication with the
`light transmissive material.
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes at least one lens
`in optical communication with the light transmissive mate-
`rial. Each lens may be configured to focus light from the
`optical emitter onto one or more predetermined locations in
`the ear of a subject and/or to focus collected external light
`onto the optical detector.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud
`may include luminescent material. Luminescent light is gen-
`erated from optical excitation ofthe luminescent material by
`an optical emitter.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud
`may integrate a sensor module containing aplurality of sensor
`elements for measuring physiological information and at
`least one noise source for measuring noise information. A
`“noise source”, as used herein, refers to a sensor, such as an
`optical sensor, inertial sensor, electrically conductive sensor,
`capacitive sensor, inductive sensor, etc., and derives it name
`from the fact that it is a source of input to a filter, such as an
`adaptive filter described below.
`The physiological sensors of the sensor module may gen-
`erate a signal that includes physiological information plus
`noise information. The noise may be removed by combining
`the physiological information and noise information from the
`sensor module with noise information from the noise source
`
`v.
`
`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
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`50
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`55
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`60
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`of the sensor module via an electronic filtering method, such
`as a signal processing technique. Specific examples of such
`signal processing techniques include FIR (Finite Impulse
`Response), IIR (Infinite Impulse Response),
`informatics,
`machine learning, and adaptive filter methods. The output of 65
`the adaptive filter may be a physiological signal that is wholly
`or partially free of noise. In some embodiments, motion-
`
`related noise from a subject activity such as running may be
`removed from the physiological plus noise signal generated
`by a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for measuring
`blood constituent levels or blood flow properties, such as
`blood oxygen level, V02, or heart rate.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, the noise
`source input of an adaptive filter may include a “blocked
`channel” of optical energy, an inertial sensor, or environmen-
`tal energy. In some embodiments, the environmental energy
`may be unwanted ambient optical noise.
`In some embodiments ofthe present invention, a processor/
`multiplexor processes physiological signals and noise signals
`into a data string. This data string may contain information
`relating to physiological
`information and motion-related
`information. The processing method may include signal pro-
`cessing techniques such as pre-adaptive signal conditioning,
`adaptive filtering, and parameter extraction.
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes one or more
`sensor modules that includes one or more sensors for sensing
`physiological information and environmental information,
`such as noise, for example. As such, the earbud may function
`as a physiological monitor as well as an environmental moni-
`tor. In some embodiments, the earbud may include a micro-
`processor that is in electrical communication with the sensor
`module(s). For example, a microprocessor incorporated into
`an earbud may be configured to execute an adaptive filter
`algorithm to remove noise from at least one signal generated
`by a sensor module in the earbud. A microprocessor may also
`be configured to process information from the one or more
`sensors to generate a digital output string, wherein the digital
`output string includes a plurality of physiological and
`motion-related information.
`
`Physiological sensors that may be incorporated into head-
`sets and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the
`present invention, may be configured to detect and/or mea-
`sure one or more of the following types of physiological
`information: heart rate, pulse rate, breathing rate, blood flow,
`V02, VOzmax, heartbeat
`signatures, cardio-pulmonary
`health, organ health, metabolism, electrolyte type and/or con-
`centration, physical activity, caloric intake, caloric metabo-
`lism, blood metabolite levels or ratios, blood pH level, physi-
`cal and/or psychological stress levels and/or stress level
`indicators, drug dosage and/or dosimetry, physiological drug
`reactions, drug chemistry, biochemistry, position and/or bal-
`ance, body strain, neurological functioning, brain activity,
`brain waves, blood pressure, cranial pressure, hydration level,
`auscultatory information, auscultatory signals associated
`with pregnancy, physiological response to infection, skin and/
`or core body temperature, eye muscle movement, blood vol-
`ume, inhaled and/or exhaled breath volume, physical exer-
`tion, exhaled breath physical and/or chemical composition,
`the presence and/or identity and/or concentration of Viruses
`and/or bacteria, foreign matter in the body, internal toxins,
`heavy metals in the body, anxiety, fertility, ovulation, sex
`hormones, psychological mood, sleep patterns, hunger and/or
`thirst, hormone type and/or concentration, cholesterol, lipids,
`blood panel, bone density, organ and/or body weight, reflex
`response, sexual arousal, mental and/or physical alertness,
`sleepiness, auscultatory information, response to external
`stimuli, swallowing volume, swallowing rate, sickness, voice
`characteristics, voice tone, voice pitch, voice volume, vital
`signs, head tilt, allergic reactions, inflammation response,
`auto-immune response, mutagenic response, DNA, proteins,
`protein levels in the blood, water content of the blood, phero-
`mones, internal body sounds, digestive system functioning,
`cellular regeneration response, healing response, stem cell
`regeneration response, etc.
`
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`US 8,929,965 B2
`
`5
`
`6
`
`Environmental sensors that may be incorporated into head-
`sets and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the
`present invention, may be configured to detect and/or mea-
`sure one or more of the following types of environmental
`information: climate, humidity, temperature, pressure, baro-
`metric pressure, soot density, airborne particle density, air-
`borne particle size, airborne particle shape, airborne particle
`identity, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), hydrocarbons,
`polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogens, tox-
`ins, electromagnetic energy, optical
`radiation, X-rays,
`gamma rays, microwave radiation, terahertz radiation, ultra-
`violet radiation,
`infrared radiation, radio waves, atomic
`energy alpha particles, atomic energy beta-particles, gravity,
`light
`intensity,
`light frequency,
`light flicker,
`light phase,
`ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sul-
`fides, airborne pollution, foreign material in the air, viruses,
`bacteria, signatures from chemical weapons, wind, air turbu-
`lence, sound and/or acoustical energy, ultrasonic energy,
`noise pollution, human voices, animal sounds, diseases
`expelled from others, exhaled breath and/or breath constitu-
`ents of others, toxins from others, pheromones from others,
`industrial and/or transportation sounds, allergens, animal
`hair, pollen, exhaust from engines, vapors and/or fumes, fuel,
`signatures for mineral deposits and/or oil deposits, snow, rain,
`thermal energy, hot surfaces, hot gases, solar energy, hail, ice,
`vibrations, traflic, the number of people in a vicinity of the
`person, coughing and/or sneezing sounds from people in the
`vicinity of the person,
`loudness and/or pitch from those
`speaking in the vicinity of the person.
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`earbuds for headsets may include a chipset having at least one
`sensor element, noise source element, signal processor, input/
`output line, digital control, and power regulator.
`Light-guiding earbuds according to the various embodi-
`ments of the present invention may be utilized with mono
`headsets (i.e., headsets having one earbud) as well as stereo
`headsets (i .e., headsets having two earbuds).Additionally, the
`light-guiding region of earbuds, according to embodiments of
`the present invention, may be integrated not only into an
`earbud cover and earbud housing, but also into each or all
`components of an earbud. Moreover, light-guiding earbuds
`according to the various embodiments of the present inven-
`tion may be utilized with hearing aids, body jewelry, or any
`other attachment that can be placed near the head region, such
`as eye glasses or shades, a headband, a c