VWGoA - Ex. 1005
`Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. - Petitioner
`
`1
`
`

`
`EVS—12 INTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE
`
`Chair: John R. Wailoce
`
`Ford Motor Company
`
`North American Members:
`
`Norman Bryan
`Ray Geddes
`Robert T. Hayden
`James J. Jackson
`Thomas D. Morron
`
`Edwin Riddell
`Roland Risser
`Frank L. Schweibold
`David R. Smith
`William H. Tiedemonn
`Pamela A. Turner
`Diane C). Wirrenberg
`
`International Members:
`
`Giarnpiera Brusagiino
`C.C. Chan
`Francois Faniin
`
`Mosazumi Ishikawo
`Hans Kahien
`Jian Loi
`
`Gaston Moggefio
`Henri Payoi
`David F. Porier
`
`Tsuneoki Takomi
`
`Pacific Gas and Eieciric Company
`Unique Mobifiry, inc.
`Eiecrric Veiiicie Association oi the Americas
`Aiupower, inc.
`Edison Eieciric insfifufe
`
`Eieciric Power Research insriiure
`Pacific Gas and Eiecfric Company
`General’ Motors Corporation
`Chrysier Corporation
`Johnson Conirois, inc.
`EVE-1'2 Symposium Manager
`Southern Caiiiornio Edison Company
`
`Ceniro Ricerciue Fiat
`University of Hong Kong
`AVERE France
`
`Japan Eiecrric Vehicie Association
`University of Kaisersiaurern
`Chinese Eiecfric Venicie insfimfian
`
`.
`
`.-
`
`CiTEi.EC
`AVERE France
`UNIPEDE
`
`Japan Eiecfric Vehicie Association
`
`2
`
`

`
`EVS-12 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE
`
`Chair: Diane O. \*V:tteni3erg Southern Coiiiornia Edison Company
`
`North American Members:
`
`Bradford Bates
`
`Mary M. Brazeil
`Thomas J. Doughty
`Ray Geddes
`Robert T. Hayden
`Cynthia Hernandez
`Kenneth Koyarna
`George McC roe
`Athena Miller
`
`Thomas D. Morton
`
`Edwin Ridden
`
`Roland Risser
`
`David R. Smith
`
`Lee Stetanaicos
`
`Pamela A. Turner
`
`Robert Wragg
`
`lntemafional Members:
`Noel Bureau
`C.C. Chan
`
`Cord-Henrich Dustmann
`
`Francois Fantin
`
`A. Fuiisaici
`David F. Gosden
`
`Masazurni Ishiicawa
`
`Pietro Mengo
`
`Henri Payot
`Tsuneaki Tokomi
`
`Peter Van den Bossche
`
`Faro‘ Motor Company
`Brazeii 8: Company
`Los Angeies Department of Water and Power
`Unique Mobiiity, inc.
`Eiectric Veiiicie Association at the Americas
`
`Eiectric Vehicie Association at the Americas
`
`Caiiiornio Energy Commission
`B.C. Hydro
`Eiectric Venicie Association at the Americas
`
`Edison Eiectric institute
`
`Eiectric Power Research institute
`
`Pacific Gas and Eiectric Company
`Chrysier Corporation
`University of South Fiorida
`
`EVS- i 2 Symposium Manager
`Deico Eiectronics/GM Hughes Eiectronics
`
`PSA Peugeot Citroen
`University at Hong Kong
`AEG-ULM
`
`AVERE France
`
`Japan Eiectric Venicie Association
`University oi Sydney
`Japan Eiectric Vehicie Association
`ENEL
`
`AVERE France
`
`Japan Eiectric Vehicie Association
`CWELEC
`
`3
`
`

`
`EVS-T2 MARKETING SUBCOMMITTEE
`
`Chair: Edwin Riddell
`
`Eiectric Power Research institute
`
`Ray Ge-cides
`Robert T. Hayden
`Howa rci Hampton
`Cynthia Hernandez
`Athena Miller
`Joanne Rohn
`Melanie J. Savage
`Pamela A. Turner
`
`Unique Mobiiity, inc.
`Eiectric Vehicie Association of the Americas
`Ford Motor Company
`Eiectric Vehicie Association of the Americas
`Eiectric Vehicie Association at Hie Americas
`Generai Motors Corporation
`Southern Caiiiornia Edison Company
`EVS- I2 Symposium Manager
`
`av
`
`4
`
`4
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`TECHNICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS
`
`Session 3A: Drives
`
`Adaptive Control at an EV Drive System to Account
`For Time-Varying Battery Parameters
`Carla Koptc, Unique Mobility, lnc.
`
`Development at an EV Drive Train for o Calitornia
`Vehicle
`
`Chris Kambouris, Ford Motor Company
`
`Power Trains For EVs, Design for Flexibility
`Frank Walker, Westinghouse Electric Corporation
`
`Session 3B: Battery Modeling
`
`Thermal Management tor Hybrid Electric Vehicle
`Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries
`Franlc Fleming, Hawlrer Energy Products, Ltd.
`
`'
`
`Battery Management System For Nickel-Cadmium
`Batteries: Concept and Practical Experience
`Frieclhelm Scliope, Aachen University of Technology
`
`The Need and Requirements ol a Series Hybrid Electric
`Vehicle Battery
`Anclers Rornare, AB Volvo
`
`Session 3C:
`
`lnimstructure
`
`Electric Infrastructure tor the EV Introduction Program in
`Gciteburg
`Hans Ristborg, Vattentall Utvecltling AB
`
`Development and Evaluation at Quick Charging Systems
`at Tokyo Electric Power Company
`Hiroltazu Suzuki, Tolcyo Electric Power Company
`
`T
`
`Tl
`
`20
`
`27
`
`38
`
`48
`
`59
`
`69
`
`'
`
`5
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Making the EV Connection: EV Charging Salety and the
`National Electrical Cocle
`
`Gloria Krein, Hart, McMurphy & Parks
`
`Session 4A: Vehicles
`
`Pertormances ot Electric Vehicles
`
`Masahiko Tahara, Nissan Motor Company, Ltd.
`
`Toyota EV-50: An Ettort to Realize Practical W5
`Kunio Kanamoru, Toyota Motor Corporation
`
`‘Isuzu Elt EV Third Generation
`
`Shouichi Toguchi, Isuzu Motors Ud.
`
`Session 4B: Batteries
`
`Development at the VRIA Battery For Low Emission
`Hybrid Vehicles
`Yasuhicle Nalrayama, Yuasa Corporation
`
`Optimizing Lead/Acid Batteries tor Electric Vehicle
`Applications: A Systems Engineering Approach
`Geotlirey May, Hawker Batteries Group
`
`Sealed Alkaline Batteries tor Electric Cars
`Wolfgang Warthmonn, Deutsche Automobilgesellscalt
`GmbH
`
`Session 4C: Utility System Impact
`
`Impact at Electric Vehicle Loacl on Residential Transformer
`Ratings
`Kenneth E. Brown, Salt River Project
`
`‘Paper not available at time at printing.
`
`77
`
`89
`
`10']
`
`1 1}
`
`121
`
`129
`
`139
`
`6
`
`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0
`
`Study at Impacts oi Electric Vehicle Charging to Power
`Supply Systems
`Eiii Hayashi, The Central Eiectric Power Council’
`
`Modeling Electric Vehicle Utility System Impact Utilizing
`o Geographic Information System
`Richard E. Rice, Southern Caiitornia Edison Company
`
`Session 5A: Hybrid Drives
`
`Propulsion Control System For a 22—Foot Electric/Hybrid
`Shuttle Bus
`
`Kausniit Rajasheitara, AC Deico Systems
`
`Development ot a 225 kW Hybrid Drive System tor a
`Low-Floor, Low-Emissions Transit Bus
`
`RD. King, Generai Electric Company
`
`A Hybrid Drive Based on a Structure Variable
`
`Arrangement
`J. Mayrhofer, AVi.~t.ist GrnbH
`
`Session 53: Batteries
`
`Advanced Battery Systems For Electric Vehicles — New
`impulses tor the Electric Automobile
`E Kruger, VARM Batrerie AG
`
`Ovonic Nickel-Metal Hydride Electric Vehicle Batteries:
`From the First 10,000 Miles to the First 10,000 Vehicles
`
`Dennis Corrigan, Ovonic Battery Company
`
`From Nickel-Cadmium to Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery:
`A Coherent Strategy For an Achieved Electric Vehicle
`J'eon—Pierre Cornu, SAF-T
`
`Electric Fuel and the Deutsche Bundespost Postdienst
`Jonathon ‘A/hartman, Eiectric Fuei Limited
`
`148
`
`158
`
`I69
`
`'1‘.-79
`
`‘E89
`
`20]
`
`203
`
`218
`'
`
`226
`
`VII
`
`7
`
`7
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Session 5C: EV Policies
`
`‘Calitornia’s Experience in Developing Incentives tor
`Electric Vehicles
`
`Davial Moa'isette, Calilornia Electric Transportation
`Coalition
`
`The Calluels EV lntrastructure Study: The Status ol
`Electric Vehicles in California
`
`Heather Raitt, California Energy Commission
`
`A Partnership in Paris tor the Development ol the
`Electric Vehicle
`
`Patriclc Let:-elzvvre, Technical Adviser to the Mayor ol Paris
`
`‘Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation:
`A Vision at the Future
`
`Daniel Sperling, University of California at Davis
`
`Session 5D: National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
`
`Working Council
`
`The Origin and Role at the National Electric Vehicle
`lntrastmcture Working Committee
`Rolancl Risser, Pacific Gas and Electric Company
`
`Electric Power Research Institute lntrastructure Worlcing
`Council - Connector and Connecting Stations Committee
`Recommendations on EV Charging lntrastructure
`Craig Toe-pter, Ford Motor Company
`
`Session 6A: Components
`
`A High Etliciency Electric Vehicle Drive System with
`Multi-Functional Battery Charger
`Masami Hirata, Toshiba Corporation
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`VIII
`
`237
`
`247
`
`259
`
`264'
`
`269
`
`8
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Phase Aclvancecl Operation of Permanent Magnet Motor
`
`Drive System
`Jon E l.utz, Unique Mobility, tnc.
`
`A Versatile AC Machine EV Drive Using Microprocessor
`Control
`
`David E Gosclen, University at Syclney
`
`Session 6B: Batteries
`
`U.S. Department at Energy Advanced Battery Systems
`Program: Meeting the Critical Challenge at EV
`Development
`R.A. Sutula, US. Department of Energy
`
`Development at a Solid Lithium Polymer Battery
`Technology
`F! Bauclry, Electricité de France
`
`‘The Ecostar/NaS Battery Integration Experience
`Wolfgang Dorrsclteiclt, ABB Hochenergielziatterie GmbH
`
`Session 6C: Demonstrations
`
`Consumer Impressions Betore and Atter Driving on
`Electric Vehicle
`
`D.A. Wassmann, Fora’ Motor Company
`
`Hybrid Versus All—Elec’rric: The Test at Pertarmance
`Claude Boivin, Hydro-Quebec
`
`America PrE\fiewing the Impact
`Franlc l.. Schweibolcl, General Motors Corporation
`
`Progress at the Introclucfion Program tor Electric Vehicles
`in Goteborg
`Stefan Lilfemarlr, City of Goteborg Traffic and Transit
`Authority
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`279
`
`288
`
`297
`
`307
`
`315
`
`325
`
`332
`
`342
`
`9
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Session 6D: National Eiectric Vehicle Infrastructure
`
`Working Council
`
`Utility System Electric Vehicle Load impacts
`Steve Frost, Sait River Project
`
`Load Management and Power Quality issues
`Jotm Kennedy, Georgia Power Company
`
`Intrastructure Working Council Health 8: Satety
`Committee
`
`John Otsen, Detroit Edison Company
`
`Identification oi Sotety Concerns tor EVs
`Carot Hamrnei, Notionoi Renewabie Energy Laboratory
`
`The IWC NEC Subcommittee
`David Brown, Baitimore Gas & Etectric Company
`
`lntrastructure Working Council Health and Satety
`Committee; Buiicling Cocle Subcommittee
`Robert Brown, Nationot Conference of States on Buitdfng
`Codes and Standards
`
`Assessment ot Methods For EV Charging Systems to
`Protect Against Electric Shock
`Gregory Nieminstri, Underwriters Laboratories, tnc.
`
`355
`
`358
`
`363
`
`365
`
`369
`
`372
`
`375
`
`10
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`' VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`POSTERI DIALOGUE SESSIONS
`
`Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
`(Safety; Components; Simulation)
`
`A Cost Conscious Approach to the Design at an Electric
`Vehicle
`
`C.N. Spentzos, National Technical University of Athens
`
`Comparison oi Hybrid and Conventional Bus Simulations
`using Toronto Transit Commission Bus Route Intorrnotion
`Peter Drozdz, ORTECH
`
`Computer Simulation ot Hybrid Vehicles with Fuel Cells
`and Batteries
`
`A. iacobazzi, ENEA
`
`Determination at Hybrid Vehicle Consumptions,
`Emissions, and Perlormances Using a Simulation
`
`Program
`Francois Baciin, INRETS
`
`Development of the Electric Vehicle "Pivot"
`Si-sigenori Matsumura, Shikoku Research institute,
`
`inc.
`
`Electric Vehicles integrated in Call-A-Car and Public
`Transportation Systems
`Richard Smokers, ECN
`
`Evaluation at Overall Dynamic Pertormance at a High-
`Perlormance EV, IZA, Based on On-Road Use Monitoring
`Data
`
`YC.I'$Ul(D Hobo, University of Tokyo
`
`Fiat’s Conceptual Approach to Hybrid Car Design
`Oreste Vittone, Fiat Auto
`
`Prototype at an Innovative Electrical Scooter tor
`Application in Zero-Emission Urban Mobility
`F. Caricchi, University of Rome ”l.a Sapienzo”
`
`379
`
`393
`
`A06
`
`416
`
`429
`
`439
`
`448
`
`470
`
`XI
`
`11
`
`11
`
`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS I VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Results of the Zurich Car Field Trial
`Philipp Dietrich, EFH Zurich
`
`Safety Considerations For Electric Vehicles
`Peter Van den Bossche, CITELEC
`
`Simulation Study oi Two and Three Source Hybrid Drives
`Antoni Szumanowslri, Warsaw University of Technology
`
`The Test Resuits at the Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus on
`City Routes
`Tetsuo Koilce, Hino Motors, Ltd.
`
`Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries
`[Lead Acid 8: Nickel-Based; Sodium 8; Lithium-Based;
`System Components)
`
`A Dynamic State-ot~Charge Model For Electric Vehicle
`Batteries
`
`Sung-Ku Song, Samsung Advanced institute of Technology
`
`Advances in Electric Bus Batteries
`Klaus-Dieter Merz, CMP Batteries, Ltd.
`
`Development at Ni*Zn Battery For EVs
`Yulcio Fujita, Yuasa Corporation
`
`Development ol Sealed-Type Nickel/Metal-Hydride
`Battery tor Electric Vehicles
`Munehisa llcorna, Matsushita Battery industrial Company
`
`Drylit Electric Vehicle — Enhanced Drytit Traction Block
`Dieter Hanauer, Accumuiatoreniabrik Sonnenschein
`GmbH
`
`Lithium-Carlson (Lithium-lon] Battery System For
`Electric Vehicles
`
`R. Staniewicz, SA!-T
`
`479
`
`490
`
`499
`
`509
`
`519
`
`523
`
`537
`
`547
`
`55% _
`
`57'!
`
`'
`
`XII
`
`1 2
`
`12
`
`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`New Sodium Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes
`Marco M. Doelil, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
`University of Caliiornio
`
`On-Board Management System tor EV Batteries — A Field
`Experiment on Ditlerent EVs in the EDF Fleet
`Patriclc Gognol, Electricité de France
`
`Status ol the National Proiect on Lithium Secondary
`Batteries in Japan
`Kozuhilro Kurernotsu, Lithium Battery Energy Storage
`Technology Research Association 1'USES)
`
`The Battery Built-in Frame - A New Frame Structure tor
`an EV
`
`Hiroshi Shimizu, The National institute For Environmental
`Studies
`
`Drive Systems and Motors
`{Control; Tests; Components; Climate Control; Flywheels;
`Fuel Cells)
`
`A Comparison of Three Ditlerent Motor Types For Electric
`Vehicle Application
`.l.R. Hadii-Minoglou, lnstitut Fur Elelrtrische Moschinen
`
`A Novel DC/DC Step-Up Converter
`lvor Smith, Loughborough University of Technology
`
`Design at New AC Power Train Using 2 Quadrant
`Chopper as on Input Converter
`Sung-Chul Oh, Korea Electrotechnology Research institute
`
`'EFFiciency and Perlorrnance at a 4.6 Ton Fuel Cell Van
`A/LB. Virii, Loughlaorough University of Technology
`
`Endurance Tests tor Electric Vehicle Drives
`
`Jurgen Weimer, University at Kaiserslautern
`
`530
`
`590
`
`599
`
`609
`
`615
`
`625
`
`.634
`
`640
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`xm
`
`13
`
`13
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`Fully Integrated Electric Vehicle Control Unit
`Otmar Bitsche, Steyr-Daimier—Puch Fahrzeugtechniit
`
`‘Motor and Drive Systems Proiect Criteria for Electric
`Vehicles
`
`P. Ferraris, Politecnico ali Torino
`
`Operating Characteristics at o :15kW Brushless DC
`Machine
`
`R.L Hodilrinson, Neico Systems, Lfci.
`
`Pertormance ‘Evaluation oi‘ EV Power Trains
`
`Thomas Chondros, University at Pofras
`
`Performance Optimization For the Electrical Drive System
`of the Hylaricl Ill Passenger Car
`Andrea Vezzini, EH-iZ - Swiss Fealerai Tecimicai institute
`
`EV Infrastructure
`
`[Chargers; Utility & System Effects; Energy Etficiency;
`Air Quality & Emissions]
`
`Chassis Dynarnorneter For Evaluating EVs
`Ken tchi Shimizu, Ministry of internationai Trade and
`industry (MIT!)
`
`Data Acquisition and Performance Analysis From a
`Network at EVS:
`lnciucling PV Charging
`Howard C. Lamb, Clean Energy 8: Vehicies Research
`Center, University of South Florida
`
`Development at a Quick Charging Station for Electric
`Vehicles
`
`Akira Taicano, Japan Storage Battery Company, Lto‘.
`
`Electric Vehicle Impact Assessment Study
`Kevin Morrow, Sait River Project
`
`650
`
`660
`
`668
`
`673
`
`689
`
`699
`
`709
`
`719
`
`' Paper not avaiiobie at time at‘ printing.
`
`XIV
`
`1 4
`
`14
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Electromagnetic Impact oi the Electric Vehicle
`A. Buonarota, ENEL SpA CRE
`
`Fleet Monitoring ior Electric Utility Vans: Optimizing
`Operational Use and Maintenance
`Bernard Courty, Oidharn France SA
`
`Lessons Learned in Acquiring New Regulations ior
`Shipping Advanced Electric Vehicle Batteries
`Gary Henriicsen, Argonne National Laboratory
`
`Progress in the Development at Recycling Processes tor
`Electric Vehicle Batteries
`
`Rualoiph Jungst, Sandia Nationai Laboratories
`
`Survey on the Drive Systems, Battery Technology:
`Charging and lntrastructure Systems tor German Electric
`Vehicles
`
`Dietrich Naunin, Technical University at Berlin
`
`The Results oi an lntrastructure Build-Up Plan tor
`Promoting Electric Vehicles
`Masaharu Naicamura, Osaka City Government
`
`Introduction, Demonstration and Test
`[Market Factors; Incentives, Mandates 8: Policy;
`
`Training)
`
`‘Alternate Fueled Vehicle — Development and
`Demonstration: Chesapeake and Cedar Rapids
`Consortium Results
`
`Daiias Usry, Westinghouse Electric Corporation
`
`‘Creating a Positive Image tor Electric Vehicles in
`Switzerland
`
`\/Viltried Blum, MobilE
`
`Current Hybrid Electric Vehicle Pertormance Based on
`Temporal Data irom the World’s Largest HEV Fleet
`Keith Wipke, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
`
`‘Paper not available at time at printing.
`
`728
`
`733
`
`747
`
`758
`
`768
`
`777
`
`737
`
`15
`
`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS I VOLUME 2
`
`
`
`Daily Traveling Distance at Internal Combustion Engine
`Vehicles and Capability oi Electric Vehicles to Substitute
`the Vehicles
`
`Hiroshi Hasuilre, The institute of Applied Energy
`
`Dynamometer and Road Testing at Advanced Electric
`Vehicles and Projections oi Future Range Capability
`A.l". Burlce, University of California at Davis
`
`G-Van Data Acquisition and Analysis
`Dennis Landsberg, The Fleming Group
`
`Maior Elements at an Electric Vehicle Technician
`Training Program
`Edward F Dulily, Yorl-: Technical College
`
`Marketing Under Uncertainty: The Electric Vehicle Case
`with Reterence to the French Experience
`Pascal Larbaoui, Centre de Recherche en Economie
`lndustrielle
`
`Operation at a Research and Demonstration Fleet at
`Electric Vans in Canada
`
`‘William A. Adams, University oi Ottawa {ESTCOJ
`
`‘Possibilities oi Training tor Economical Driving and
`Maintenance oi Electric Vehicles
`
`CA. Bleiis, Electricité de France
`
`Research and Development oi the Mazda MX-5 EV
`Michio Yashino, Mazcla Motor Corporation
`
`Results at the Austrian Fleet Test with T50 Private EVs
`
`Wolfgang Streicher, Graz University of Technology
`
`The Fleet Testing Program tor Lightweight Electric Vehicles
`Urs Muntwyler, Swiss Federal Otiiice oi Energy For the
`Promotion Program "lightweight Electric Vehicles"
`
`The Various Measures Taken by the Government to
`Encourage the Use ol EVs in the Principality at Monaco
`Raoul Viora, Ministere d’Etat de Monaco
`
`‘Paper not available at time of printing.
`
`XV‘
`
`798
`
`807
`
`816
`
`827
`
`836
`
`846
`
`856
`
`"865
`
`873
`
`881
`
`1 6
`
`16
`
`

`
`SESSION
`
`CHAIRS 0
`
`VOLUME
`
`2
`
`
`
`Session 4A:
`
`Vehicles
`
`C. C. Chan
`
`University of Hong Kong
`
`Session SA:
`
`Hybrid Drives
`
`Terry Penny
`Midwest Research institute
`
`David F. Gosclen
`
`Allan Gale
`
`University of Syalney
`
`Ford Motor Company
`
`Session 3A:
`Drives
`
`Geoli Harding
`international A utomoiive
`
`Design {IADJ
`
`Craig Carnbier
`Unique Mobility, inc.
`
`Session 33:
`
`Battery Modeling
`
`Ron Sims
`
`Session :13:
`
`Batteries
`
`John Williams
`General Motors
`
`Ford Motor Company
`
`Corporation
`
`Mike Ma ngon
`Chloride Silent Power
`
`Session 3C:
`
`Infrastructure
`
`Francois Fantin
`AVERE
`
`Thomas Doughty
`l.os Angeles Department
`of Water 8: Power
`
`Ken Heilner
`
`US. Department of
`Energy
`
`Session 4C:
`
`Utility System Impact
`
`Roland Risser
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric
`
`Company
`
`David Owen
`PowerGen PLC
`
`Session 58:
`
`Batteries
`
`Masazurni Ishikawa
`
`Japan Electric Vehicle
`Association UEVA}
`
`Russell Moy
`
`Ford Motor Company
`
`Session 5C:
`
`EV Policies
`
`Kateri Callahan
`
`Electric Transportation
`Coalition
`
`Mary Brazell
`Brazell 8: Company
`
`Session 5D:
`
`National Electric Vehicle
`
`Infrastructure Working
`Council
`
`Roland Risser
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric
`
`Company
`
`XVII
`
`17
`
`17
`
`

`
`SESSION
`
`CHAIRS 0
`
`VOLUME
`
`2
`
`
`
`Poster/Dialogue Session:
`Electric Vehicies and
`
`Hybrid Electric Vehicles
`
`Alon Gilbert
`
`Unique Mobiiily, inc.
`
`PosterfDialogue Session:
`Drive Systems and Motors
`
`Chris Borroni~Bircl
`
`'l-irysier Corporation
`
`Poster}Dialogue Session:
`Electric Vehicle and
`
`Hybrid Electric Vehicle
`Batteries
`
`Ray Hobbs
`Arizona Pubiic Service
`
`Company
`
`Poster/Dialogue Session:
`EV Infrastructure
`
`Ronn E. Jamieson
`
`Generai Motors
`
`Corporation
`
`PosIer/Dialogue Session:
`Introduction,
`Demonstration and Test
`
`Larry Brandenburg
`Fora‘ Motor Company
`
`Session 6A:
`
`Components
`
`Franl-c Jamerson
`Jamerson & Associates
`
`Hans Kahlen
`
`University of
`Kaisersiautern
`
`Session 66:
`Batteries
`
`\Mlliom Adams
`Eiectric Vehicie
`
`Association of Canada
`
`Corci~Hen rich Dustman n
`AEG*Ui.M
`
`Session 6C:
`Demonstrations
`
`Gary Purcell
`Electric Power Research
`institute
`
`Michael Gage
`CALSTART
`
`Session 60:
`
`National Electric Vehicle
`
`Infrastructure Working
`Council
`
`Roland Risser
`
`Pacific Gas and Electric
`
`Company
`
`XVIII
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`18
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`18
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`

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`FIAT CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO HYBFIID CARS DESIGN
`
`Ing. Oreste Vittone
`FIAT AUTO Engineering Department
`C.so Settembrini, 40
`TORINO 10135
`
`Ing. Filippo D'Apr1'le
`Ing. Giovanni Tornatore
`FIAT RESEARCH CENIRE
`Strada Torino, 50
`Orbassano.TOR1NO 10043
`
`Abstract
`
`In this paper the different motivations behind the development of hybrid cars are
`examined and various hybrid configurations are illustrated which can satisfy a
`wide range of different and contrasting user needs.
`Specific attention is then given to the definition of guidelines for the
`development
`of a hybrid car where parallel configuration of the propulsion system allows the
`rulfillment of two types of mission:
`
`- short trips in urban areas with zero emissions by only using the electric motor
`driveline;
`' long highway trips with performance close to that of conventional cars but
`lower emissions.
`
`The corresponding design criteria for a Fiat medium size hybrid car are described
`together with the propulsion system, consisting of an AC. electric motor and an
`ICE, that has been implemented and bench tested. A prototype car has also been
`equipped with this hybrid system and the driveability demonstrated.
`The management of the two propulsion units: electric motor and ICE is
`performed via an ECU using suitable control Iogics to optimize, in terms of
`consumptions, emissions and battery energy management, the performance of
`the global system.
`
`Introduction
`
`In the last years the legislation scenario and the attention to the environmental
`issues have changed, also in relation with the inconvenience produced by the
`traffic density in the most congested urban centers; as a consequence the research
`and development effort of the automotive and component manufacturers has
`changed, in order to better cope with the problems which did not allow up to
`now an industrial development of the environmental friendly electrically
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`propelled vehicles.
`The range and performance limits which are tied to the characteristics of the
`batteries presently available or under development (power, energy, weight,
`volume) remain the principal obstacle against the electric traction diffusion, even
`within the assumption of the european scenario which forecasts the
`establishment of areas with circulation reserved to ZEV vehicles.
`A recent study of the MIP Consortium in Milan has put in evidence that only
`10% of the vehicles in circulation in the Milan area could be substituted by
`electric vehicles, provided that they can assure a real range of 85 Km. On the
`contrary, the hybrid vehicles, featuring a range in pure electric of some 40 Km,
`would allow a substitution of approximately 90% of the vehicle park.
`This study, whose results can be extended to other italian and european cities,
`puts in evidence the enormous potential of hybrid vehicle.
`The introduction of such a vehicle into the market, could have indeed an
`important impact on the enviromental quality improvement of the more
`congested urban areas and, in general, on the global pollution.
`
`Alternative hybrid vehicle configurations
`
`The hybrid vehicle features a powertrain which integrates a then-rial engine with
`an electric motor.
`Toward the hybrid vehicle approach, various possible configurations have been
`examined. [1]
`The addition of an independent electric power-train on the thermal vehicle
`originates the simplest mixed con.fig-uration, called "dual mode".
`The two powertrains operate in alternative, to meet the requirements of the
`circulation in typical urban areas (electric traction) or those of the extraurban
`missions {thermal engine).
`This configuration allows the following advantages:
`
`- it does not require the integration of two powertrains; as a matter of fact, the
`simplest configuration is related to a conventional front drive ICE to which an
`electric powertrain is added on the rear axle.
`- it offers the possibility to make available a drive system on the two axles in the
`cases of critical mobility.
`
`On the other hand, some constraints exist:
`
`9 qitical layout due to the encumbrances on the two traction axles, with
`considerable modifications on structure and mechanics;
`o vehicle performance in the thermal mode penalized by the higher weight due
`to electric motor, related electronics and batteries:
`- system not optimized in terms of consumption and emissions.
`
`Another possible configuration is the series hybrid, which is constituted by a
`generating unit (thermal enginelelectric generator) and by the electric
`powertrain.
`For this configuration, the following advantages are envisageable:
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`- utilization of the thermal engine within the most favourable working
`conditions in terms of efficiency. This offers the possibility, for a mission
`featuring variable speed and low power, of limiting the emissions of the
`traditional pollutants, to the minimum allowed by the technology;
`- equal vehicle performance in the electric and hybrid modes.
`
`On the other hand, the most important disadvantages of this configuration are:
`
`- the number of installed components (two electrical machines besides the
`thermal_ engine}, which have an impact on the vehicle in terms of weight,
`volume and cost;
`
`- low efficiency over constant speed runs, as a consequence of the energy
`conversions {thermal-electrical-mechanical).
`
`A further possible configuration is the parallel hybrid.
`This solution, albeit a higher mechanical and system complexity, utilizes the
`combination of the two engines (thermal and electric), adding on the same shaft
`the respective torque and power to achieve the desired performance.
`In this case the advantages of the system can be summarized as follows:
`
`- low installed electric power, related to the urban mission, with consequent
`weight and volume reduction;
`- possibility of a direct conversion of the thermal energy into mechanical, with
`higher global efficiency of the system;
`- addition of the electric power to that of the thermal engine,'with power peaks
`covered by the electric motor.
`
`However, it is necessary to overcome the critical aspects deriving from the
`integration of the two systems, that are:
`
`- mechanical complexity;
`- complexity of the system for control and simultaneous management of the two
`propulsion systems.
`
`As far as the cost aspect is concerned, taking as a reference an electric vehicle of
`the same size, the hybrid vehicle would feature as follows:
`
`0 the electric motor is of slightly smaller power;
`
`- the battery can be of lower capacity (roughly one half};
`- a thermal engine of relatively low power is added which is taken from the
`conventional mass production;
`- a mechanical transmission is substituted to that of the electric vehicle; a specific
`mechanical interface is added.
`
`Therefore, in this preliminary development phase. a not unreasonable goal
`would be a substantial equivalence of cost between the parallel hybrid and a put
`electric vehicle of the same size.
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`Research and development activity in FIAT
`
`The optimum choice of the hybrid vehicle configuration is strictly connected
`with the mission. FIAT R8:D activities in the field of electric traction are lined up
`to the development trend in Europe, where the reference mission can be
`summarized as follows:
`
`- city centers with mobility restricted to ZEV vehicles
`- extraurban and motorway runs with performances comparable to those of
`conventional vehicles.
`
`The uncertainties of the evolution of the market and of the introduction
`procedures of the regulations did not prevent activities on large fields of
`investigation, both to assess the different technology options and to identify the
`best synergy of thermal!electric!hybrid vehicle.
`The cost constraint requires a strong attention to the carry over among the
`various vehicles and in particular to the conventional I'|DI'1'l'lal production
`vehicle.
`Research activities have been started on a hybrid vehicle with parallel
`configuration, derived from a conventional medium size car; pursuing the best
`compromise among technical complexity, cost and performance, keeping the
`same characteristics of roominess. comfort, active and passive safety; in
`particular, design solutions have been followed which limit the required
`modifications on the basic vehicle and optimize the number of components
`drawn from the conventional vehicles already in production, keeping the Final
`price of the product within acceptable values.
`In order to verify the functionality of the whole system and the potential of the
`technical choices. a demonstrator prototype of the hybrid vehicle has been
`designed, manufactured and tested both at the test bench and on the road.
`The global objectives of the vehicle, the specificafions of the subsystems and the
`prel.i.rn.inary experimental results are discussed in the following paragraphs.
`
`Overall objectives and systems specifications
`
`The performances of the hybrid vehicle compared with those of the basic
`conventional vehicle are shown in Tab. 1, with reference to the operating modes
`electric and hybrid; the use of the pure "thermal" traction is considered only for
`the cases of some anomalous behaviour of the system.
`Throughout a preliminary investigation with mathematical simulation models,
`the deployment of the overall objectives has been performed into subsystem
`specifications.
`Tab. 2 exhibits the characteristics of the main group of the hybrid system. in this
`first phase of the project, the maintenance free Pb/Gel battery has been
`considered for the energy storage system.
`This choice does not hinder the further use of new batteries for the optimization
`of the system in terms of weight and encumbrances.
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`Vehicle Packaging
`
`The hybrid vehicle under study is derived from the conventional model of
`normal production FIAT TEMPRA, which features a weight of some 1100 Kg and
`the following external dimensions:
`
`- Length: 4354 mm; wiclth= 1695 mm; Height: 1-145 mm
`
`The conversion requires a careful analysis of the main design constraints, which
`bring to a deep review of the layout of all subsystem, with a considerable weight
`increase related to the energy strorage system and to the double drive system {A
`weight -4SUKg).
`The established layout is shown in Pig. 1.
`In order to obtain dynamic characteristics equivalent to those of a conventional
`vehicle, it has been necessary to redefine the main parameters of the suspensions
`(stiffness, damping) according to the new operating conditions.
`In order to obtain the same working conditions and driving comfort within the
`different modes, electric and hybrid, power steering and power braking are
`supplied by electrical pumps.
`The weight increase of approximately 40% over the basic vehicle has requested
`considerable modifications on the structure in order to make the hybrid vehicle
`consistent with the safety standards and with the strength and the stiffness of
`conventional vehicles.
`Preliminary analyses performed by means of computer simulations have
`produced indications on the guidelines to follow in the definition of the
`structural modifications.
`in order to make the interventions compatible with the industrial constraints, it
`has been decided to modify the structure mainly in the lower part, as shown in
`the scheme of Fig. 2. With reference to consumption and emissions, the
`developed solution allows to counterbalance the negative effects due to the
`weight increase, since it allows to:
`
`- install a thermal engine of reduced power insofar the maximum performances
`are given by the sum of the power of the thermal engine and of the electric
`motor, with benefits in terms of overall efficiency at the same total output
`power;
`o recover energy during braking phases, thus reducing the negative impact due
`to weight increase;
`- use the electric motor and the thermal engine in the highest efficiency
`conditions, through the optimization of the control strategy of the system;
`- reduce the emissions both in transient and starting conditions, through an
`
`appropriate control strategy.
`
`Hybrid powertrain
`
`In fig. 3 the main components of the hybrid powertrain are shown. Preli.m.inary
`bench tests have been performed on all main components, in order to verify
`their characteristics in terms of performance, efficiency and encumbrances (Fig.4).
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`- Thermal engine
`- The thermal engine defined for th.is application (1242 c.c.) is taken from the
`series production and features an injection system MP1, which allows better
`potential in terms of emission control.
`The software of the electronic un.it (WEBER LAW) has been modified to
`implement new control strategies in the transients and to achieve the
`stoichiometric control over the whole working range.
`Further interventions have been necessary to equip the powertrain with the
`DRIVE-BY-WIRE system.
`- Electric‘ motor
`
`- As a starting point for the development of this project, a synchronous variable
`reluctance motor with high torque and efficiency has been adopted [2].
`The motor, which has been designed for the application to an electric vehicle,
`features a high utilization range, low weight and reduced dimensions, which
`have been made possible by integrating the liquid cooling system both for the
`motor and for the inverter.
`