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`

`Dictionary of Information
`Science and Technology
`
`Second Edition
`
`Mehdi Khosrow—Pour
`
`Information Resources Management Association, USA
`
`Volume |
`
`REFERENCE
`
`0002
`
`0002
`
`

`

`Managing Director:
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`
`Published in the United States of America by
`Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
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`Copyright © 2013 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Dictionary of information science and technology / Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, editor.
`-- Second edition.
`pages cm
`
`Summary: “The 2nd edition of the Dictionary ofInformation Science and Technology is an updated compilation of the
`latest terms and definitions, along with reference citations, as they pertain to all aspects ofthe information and technology
`field”-- Provided by publisher.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 978-1-4666-2624-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-2674-4 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-2705-5 (print & perpetual
`access)
`1.
`Information science-Dictionaries. 2. Information technology--Dictionaries.
`I. Khosrowpour, Mehdi, I951-
`T58.5.D499 2013
`020.03--dc23
`
`2012029502
`
`British Cataloguing in Publication Data
`A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily ofthe publisher.
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`0003
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`This material may be protected by Copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code)
`
`0004
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`

`

`Distributed & Collaborative Reputation Mechanisms - Distributed Data Sources
`
`Distributed & Collaborative Reputation
`Mechanisms:
`the mechanisms establish
`
`trust by exploiting learning from experi-
`ence concepts in order to obtain a reliability
`value of system participants in the form of
`ratings. Collaborative algorithms attempt
`to determine ratings for a collection of
`entities, given a collection of opinions that
`those entities hold about each other. (Louta
`
`& Michalas, 2010)
`
`Distributed Agents: the software entities de-
`signed to execute as independent threads
`and on distributed processors, capable of
`acting autonomously in order to achieve
`a pre-defined task (Tait & Schaefer, 2009)
`
`Distributed Application: an application com-
`posed of distinct components running in
`separate runtime environments, usually on
`different platforms connected via a network
`
`(Karoui, 2009)
`
`substrate under Microsoft’s COM+ appl ica-
`
`tion server infrastructure. (Roa-Valverde,
`Navas-Delgado, & Aldana-Montes, 2009)
`
`Distributed Computing: a system where tasks
`are divided among multiple computers rather
`
`than having all processes originating from
`
`one main central computer. Client/server
`
`systems are one type of distributed comput-
`ing. It can also be described as a system in
`which services are provided by teams of
`
`computers collaborating over a network.
`(Curran et al., 2008b)
`
`the
`Distributed Computing Systems (DCS):
`networked processors, each with its own
`memory, that communicate with each other
`by sending messages (Tilak, 2009)
`
`Distributed Contributions: the practice of le-
`veraging the willing participation of users
`(Dinger & Grover, 2010)
`
`Distributed Artificial Intelligence: a sub-field
`of artificial
`intelligence concerned with
`systems that consistofmultiple independent
`entities that interact in a domain (Stanek et
`
`al., 2008a)
`
`Distributed Control: a control paradigm for
`multirobot systems whereby every robot
`participates in the team’s decisions, in the
`absence ofany central controller orhierarchy
`(Rocha & Dias, 2008)
`
`Distributed Collaboration: a VR that has been
`
`employed to allow geographically distrib-
`uted people to do more than simply hear and
`see each other. For instance, VR technology
`is being used to develop highly interactive
`shared virtual environments, graphically
`orientated, for local and distance training
`
`and learning. (Rodrigues, 2009)
`
`Distributed Component Object Model
`(DCOM): a proprietary Microsoft technol-
`ogy for communication among software
`components distributed across networked
`computers. DCOM extends Microsoft’s
`COM and provides the communication
`
`Distributed Coordination Function (DCF): an
`operation oflEEE802. 1 IMAC that provides
`the distributed medium access mechanism
`
`(Kettaf, Abouaissa, & VuDuong, 2009)
`
`Distributed Data Sources: a distributed setting
`
`where the data are distributed across several
`
`data sources. Each data source contains
`only a fragment of the data. This leads to
`a fragmentation of a data. Two common
`types of data fragmentation are horizontal
`fragmentation, wherein (possibly overlap—
`ping) subsets of data tuples are stored at
`different sites; and vertical fragmentation,
`wherein (possibly overlapping) subtuples
`
`287
`
`0005
`
`0005
`
`