Stephen B. Heppe, D.Sc.
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`Professional Summary
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`Dr. Heppe has 35 years of technical and managerial experience in aerospace, navigation and
`communications supporting private industry, FAA, DoD, NASA, and other US Government
`agencies and international clients. He currently operates Telenergy, Inc., an engineering
`consulting firm specializing in absolute and relative positioning, navigation and RF
`communication systems as well as spectrum management and product integration.
`
`From 2002 until 2009, Dr. Heppe was Vice President and Chief Scientist for Insitu, Inc., a
`manufacturer of small robotic aircraft (SeaScan, ScanEagle/Insight, Integrator). His primary
`areas of responsibility included the aircraft avionics (radios, GPS navigation including absolute
`and relative positioning for aircraft recovery, satellite communications, and video processing),
`engineering and flight safety reviews, support for technology roadmap development,
`management of the Company’s portfolio of intellectual property, and spectrum planning.
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`Prior project experience includes:
` Support for the international development and standardization of a VHF radio
`communications protocol for aircraft networking and GPS positioning (VDL-4);
` Spectrum engineering and sharing studies for a Big LEO satellite communications system
`(Globalstar); Gateway siting and coordination; GPS/GNSS interference assessments; and
`aeronautical support;
` Architectural development for a future mobile satellite communications system intended to
`support airborne users;
` Design and engineering support for various space-based Government systems, envisioned
`and operational, including Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS), the Strategic
`Defense System (SDS), Space-Based Radar (SBR), Milstar, NASA's Tracking and Data
`Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) and its follow-ons;
` Various Naval satellite communications systems and the network for the US Air Force
`Consolidated Space Operations Center (CSOC).
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`Heppe CV
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`Navigation Systems. Dr. Heppe’s areas of technical expertise include GPS position and velocity
`determination for aircraft, spacecraft and ground vehicles, relative positioning and attitude
`determination for aircraft recovery and antenna pointing, Differential GPS (DGPS) and
`Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) systems, navigation accuracy determination, temporal
`and geographic studies of system effectiveness, architectural development, specification
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`development, flight testing of hardware/software systems, and cost/benefit studies for
`government and commercial customers. Dr. Heppe participated in RTCA Task Force 1, which
`developed the aviation industry position on appropriate transition planning to a GNSS-based
`navigation and surveillance architecture. He was the Chairman of RTCA/SC-159 WG6
`(Interference issues for GNSS) and teaches courses on GPS and DGPS technology and systems.
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`Project experience in the area of navigation includes:
` Design, development and successful flight test of a DGPS precision approach and landing
`system for the US Marine Corps;
` Concept development for GPS-based navigation systems for the International Space Station,
`the Strategic Defense System (SDS), Space-based Radar (SBR) and commercial ground
`vehicles;
` Standards development for the DGNSS Instrument Approach System: Special Category I
`(DIAS:SCAT-I; RTCA/DO-217), and participation in RTCA SC-159 regarding the Wide
`Area Augmentation System and local augmentations for Category II/III operations;
` Support to the US Navy for the ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) intended to
`support GPS-based precision approach and landing;
` Support for the international development and standardization of a VHF radio
`communications protocol for aircraft networking and GPS positioning (VDL-4).
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`Communication Systems. Government/military work includes system design and analysis for
`multiple MILSATCOM systems including DSCS, Milstar, FLTSATCOM, AFSATCOM, Space-
`Based Radar, the Strategic Defense System (SDS), and non-military systems for NASA
`(TDRSS/TDAS) and the FAA. Commercial work includes design of a candidate SATCOM
`system for Saudi Arabia, design of a VSAT network for domestic US customers, and support for
`the Globalstar mobile satellite service system noted above. Dr. Heppe also led the data link
`engineering effort for the design, development and successful flight testing of a precision
`approach and landing system relying on differential GPS, and concept development,
`testing/analysis, and demonstration of a commercial implementation of VDL-4. Dr. Heppe
`participated in the development of standards for DGPS data link (WAAS and LAAS) which
`currently define the infrastructure of GPS augmentation in the US National Airspace. Areas of
`technical expertise include protocol development, multi-access techniques, rain adaptation, fault
`detection/isolation/response, routing algorithms and overall network management.
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`Specific areas of technical expertise in the area of communications engineering include:
` Spacecraft and space system design including project experience in:
` Payload design (FAA satcom system design)
` Spacecraft bus elements (TDAS, Brilliant Pebbles, ISS video-conferencing)
` Constellation (Navy proliferated satcom, FAA, MILSATCOM architecture)
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`Heppe CV
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` Communications analysis over linear and nonlinear channels
` Militarily significant channels (highly ionized/disturbed/obstructed)
` Commercial channels (multipath/fading for communications and GPS)
` Anti-jam and low probability of intercept system design (DSCS, Milstar, BP)
` Detailed communications engineering disciplines including:
` protocol design for RF communications (addressing, control, multiple access)
` modulation/coding/information theory
` network analysis and traffic loading studies
` propagation studies
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`Experience in the area of communications control includes protocol development for VDL-4 and
`data links for unmanned aircraft, as well as network design and control segment design for
`DSCS, Milstar, SBR, the SDS, and commercial SATCOM networks.
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`Surveillance Systems. Experience in the area of surveillance includes concept development and
`engineering analysis of GPS-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) systems for en
`route and surface applications. Additional experience in the area of surveillance, specifically
`radar signal processing and direction finding, derives from Dr. Heppe's doctoral research and
`dissertation entitled "Iteratively Convergent Methods of Signal Characterization Based on
`Eigenspace Analysis." This work combines the popular MUSIC technique for signal
`characterization with adaptive beamforming and optimization strategies to simultaneously
`enhance DF performance for low-level signals, while reducing computational load.
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`Employment History
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`From:
`To:
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`Telenergy, Inc
`1994
`Present Hood River, OR
`Position: President
`
`Dr. Heppe provides consulting services through Telenergy in the
`area of telecommunications, satellite communications and GPS
`positioning and navigation. Project experience includes:
`Support for development of new standards for command and
`control of unmanned aircraft in the US National Airspace;
`Systems engineering and standards development for a GNSS-
`based time-synchronized self-organizing TDMA concept for
`VHF data link communications in support of civil aviation;
`Evaluation of GPS-based and GNSS-based navigation
`performance in an environment containing RF interference;
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`Heppe CV
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`Support for the development of new international frequency
`standards associated with low-Earth orbiting (LEO) Mobile
`Satellite Service (MSS) systems;
`Interference studies between LEO MSS systems and the MLS;
`Expert witness support (patent litigation; breach of contract).
`
`In the area of international standards development and spectrum
`coordination, Dr. Heppe was a member of the U.S. delegation to
`WRC-95, has experience in ITU SG4, WP4A and WP8D, and has
`participated in ICAO/AMCP, ICAO/GNSSP and the ICAO Special
`COM/OPS Divisional meeting (1995).
`
` [Note: Activity in Telenergy was curtailed between 1997 and 2009,
`while Dr. Heppe served at Insitu, Inc. and ADSI (see below)]
`
`Insitu, Inc.
`2002
`Bingen, WA
`2009
`Position: Vice President and Chief Scientist
`As VP and Chief Scientist, Dr. Heppe developed concepts for new
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`engineering initiatives, performed design reviews, safety reviews,
`and incident analyses, handled the corporate technology roadmap,
`and maintained the company’s IP portfolio. Dr. Heppe was
`responsible for the RF communications and GPS subsystem of the
`company’s small robotic aircraft product line, designing the long-
`range RF communications system and the relative positioning and
`navigation system used for precision recovery of the aircraft.
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`ADSI
`1997
`Bethesda, MD
`2002
`Position: President
`
`Dr Heppe was President of ADSI, a start-up company dedicated to
`air/ground data networking for civil aviation using VDL4. Over a
`five year period, ADSI was successful in developing flight-qualified
`hardware and software which resulted in successful flight testing of
`the radio technology, GPS, and associated networking software. Dr.
`Heppe’s responsibilities included system architecture development,
`system simulation, international standardization, test planning,
`technical marketing and investor relations.
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`From:
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`Stanford Telecommunications, Inc.
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`1991-1994: Director, FAA Navigation and Landing Systems
`Responsible for business development and engineering management
`related to the FAA's evolution toward satellite-based navigation
`systems such as the NAVSTAR/GPS. Supported the FAA and the
`Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in this broad area
`through several contract vehicles. Specific tasking included
`architectural and performance studies of unaugmented GPS as well
`as local and wide-area Differential GPS (DGPS) alternatives,
`requirements definition for specific systems, and specification
`development. Participated in the RTCA's Task Force 1, and was one
`of the principal authors of the Minimum Aviation System
`Performance Standard for DGNSS Instrument Approach Systems:
`Special Category I (MASPS for DIAS: SCAT-I), RTCA/DO-217.
`Dr. Heppe led a design team focused on the extension of AMSS to
`Air Traffic Control (ATC) and other flight-critical/high priority
`services. This 12-month effort, funded by the FAA, developed a full
`system architecture tailored to future ATC, AAC and AOC
`communications as well as continued support to Airline Passenger
`Communications (APC) such as telephony. The study investigated
`alternative satellite constellations from LEO to GEO, alternative
`modulation techniques for air/ground connectivity, control
`strategies, satellite payload design tradeoffs, avionics design and
`ground earth station design, management requirements and
`redundancy/sparing strategies. User avionics included both low-cost
`omni-directional equipment sets for General Aviation as well as
`high-performance steerable units for air carrier/air taxi. Cost
`estimates for the overall system, as well as required user charges,
`were based on assessment of the spacecraft payload and bus design,
`launch alternatives, ground segment architecture, non-recurring
`expenses, program management and replenishment costs, and
`reasonable investment recovery strategies. The study supports FAA
`policy and decision-making as the NAS transitions from a
`predominantly ground-based architecture to one that relies more
`heavily on satellite technology for CNS.
`1985-1991: Director, DoD SATCOM Systems Engineering
`Provided management and technical direction of systems
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`1978
`1994
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`Heppe CV
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`engineering activity related to military satellite communications
`systems (DSCS, Milstar and other MILSATCOM systems), space-
`based defense systems such as SDS and Space Based Radar (SBR),
`and space-based navigation systems (e.g., GPS, and augmentations
`of GPS required for civil aviation). Customers included the U.S. Air
`Force, SDIO, Martin Marietta and Lockheed. Architectural studies
`of intersatellite and space/ground communications alternatives for
`highly proliferated satellite constellations; communications systems
`design effort for the "Brilliant Pebbles" and their earth stations.
`1978-1985: Principal Engineer/Manager and Prior Positions
`Supported a multitude of satellite communications and navigation
`projects including:
`BCAS (a forerunner of the TCAS collision avoidance system)
`DSCS, Milstar, TDRSS, ATDRSS and GPS
`Prototype/flight test of a precision landing system
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`From:
`To:
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`1977
`1978
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`General Electric Space Division
`Valley Forge, PA
`Projects included the Defense Satellite Communications Program,
`LANDSAT D and NIMBUS G (a weather satellite).
`
`Degree
`College/University
`George Washington University D.Sc., EE/Communications
`George Washington University MS, EE/Communications
`Princeton University
`BSEE, CS
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`
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`Education
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`Year
`1989
`1982
`1977
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`Professional Associations
` Member, IEEE
` Member, ION
` Member, RTCA
` Member, Technical Board of Navtech Seminars, for DGPS and Communication Links
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`Heppe CV
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`Patents
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`Patent Number Year
` 4,654,854
`1987
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`6,477,359
`
`2002
`
`6,873,288
`Bahamas 1318
`
`2005
`2003
`
`Bahamas 1319
`
`2003
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`6,961,018
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`7,185,261
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`7,798,045
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`8,140,200
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`8,668,161
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`8,678,309
`
`2005
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`2007
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`2010
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`2012
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`2014
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`2014
`
`Title
`Method And Apparatus For Decoding Threshold-Decodable
`Forward-Error Correcting Codes
`Diversity Reception For Aeronautical Packet Data
`Communications Systems
`Enhanced GNSS Receiver
`End-to-End Aeronautical Data Network Architecture and
`Method and Apparatus for Transitioning Thereto
`Antenna Technology For Enhanced And Cost-Efficient
`Operation Of Multiple Avionics Systems
`Method And Apparatus For Satellite-Based Relative
`Positioning Of Moving Platforms
`Multidimensional Turbo Product Code Decoding Of
`Encoded Data Transmitted Over Diversity Channel
`Systems And Methods For Recovering And Controlling
`Post-Recovery Motion Of Unmanned Aircraft
`Turret Assemblies For Small Aerial Platforms, Including
`Unmanned Aircraft, And Associated Methods
`Systems and Methods for Long Endurance Stratospheric
`Operations
`Lifting Gas Replenishment in a Tethered Airship System
`
`
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`Publications
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`"Improved Method and Apparatus for Decoding Threshold-Decodable Forward-Error-Correcting
`Codes" (patent). Describes an improved decoder for a certain class of error correcting codes
`used on digital channels.
`
`"Viewpoints on Control of Military Satellite Communications," IEEE Communications
`magazine, July 1983 (describes current and future adaptive control systems for MILSATCOM).
`
`"Iteratively Convergent Methods of Signal Characterization Based on Eigenspace Analysis,"
`(Ph.D. Dissertation).
`"RF Waveform Synthesis for the SDS," Dr. Stephen Heppe and Mr. John Farserotu, Milcom '90.
`
`"Waveform Design for SDS Ground-based Interceptors," Dr. Stephen Heppe and Mr. Laurence
`Mailaender, Milcom '90.
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`Heppe CV
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`"Cost Minimization in Large Nonhomogeneous Space Communications Networks," Milcom '91.
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`"Issues for GNSS-Based Precision Approach," 48th Annual Meeting of the ION, June 29, 1992.
`
`"Flying the Tunnel -- System Engineering Tradeoffs Among Accuracy, Availability, Continuity
`and Integrity for Category I Precision Approach," Mr. Bruce DeCleene and Dr. Stephen Heppe,
`1994 National Technical Meeting of the ION, January 23-26, 1994.
`
` “A Systems Engineering Approach to Resolving GNSS Interference,” co-authored with Gregory
`Joyner, Robert Frazier, Nelson Keeler, Woody Phlong, Ed Sayadian and Michael Geyer,
`presented at the International Symposium on Precision Approach and Automatic Landing
`(German Institute of Navigation), February 21, 1995.
`
` “Radio Frequency Interference to GNSS: Status, Concerns and Issues,” co-authored with Keith
`McDonald, presented at GNSS ’97, Munich, Germany, 21-25 April, 1997.
`
`ASTA Architectural Alternatives Comparative Assessment, prepared under contract to Federal
`Systems Integration and Management Center, 1993. (Dr. Heppe was team lead and lead author).
`
`MSS Study Final Report, prepared under contract to Federal Systems Integration and
`Management Center, April 1994. (Dr. Heppe was team leader and lead author).
`
`Evaluation of Swedish GP&C System for ASTA Data Link, prepared under contract to Federal
`Systems Integration and Management Center, 1994. (Dr. Heppe was team lead and lead author).
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`Assessment of Radio Frequency Interference Relevant To The GNSS, RTCA/DO-235, 1997.
`(Dr. Heppe was subcommittee chairman and a significant contributor).
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`“The Problem of UAV Communications”, book chapter appearing in Handbook of Unmanned
`Aerial Vehicles, ed. by K. Valavanis & G. Vachtsevanas, Springer Books, 2014.
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`Short Courses Related To GPS (Prepared by Dr. Heppe and Offered Though
`Navtech Seminars and GPS Supply)
` Differential GPS Data Links, Technology, Applications and Use
` Mobile Wireless Communication Systems Integrated With GPS
` Radio Frequency Interference and Jamming Concerns
` Communications Theory Basis of GPS and DGPS
` GPS Operation for Engineers
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`Heppe CV
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`Petitioner Emerson's Exhibit 1005
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