|}0n_||uIt r
`lblctmlnry
`
`Third Edition
`
`DELL |NC., EMC CORP., HPE C0., HPES, LLC
`microsofl-®P/fess
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`

`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Publication Data pending.
`
`ISBN 1-5723l—743—4
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 QMQM 210987
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`9
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at
`ms1:_)ress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. DirectInput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual
`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec-
`tive owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
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`

`
`Fhe number of
`)n a disk track
`
`
`
`
`he major geo—
`n address is
`
`
`
`
`7’l. A programming language developed by
`C \C\
`Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1972. It is so
`
`are frequently found on Microsoft software (for
`example, Windows 95) distribution disks.
`cabinet \kab’a—nat‘\ n. The box in which the main
`
`
`
`named because its immediate predecessor was the
`B programming language. Although C is consid-
`ered by many to be more a machine—independent
`assembly language than a high—level language, its
`close association with the UNIX operating system,
`its enormous popularity, and its standardization by
`the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
`have made it perhaps the closest thing to a stan-
`dard programming language in the microcom-
`puter/workstation marketplace. C is a compiled
`language that contains a small set of built—in func-
`tions that are machine dependent. The rest of the
`C functions are machine independent and are con-
`tained in libraries that can be accessed from C pro-
`grams. C programs are composed of one or more
`functions defined by the programmer; thus C is a
`structured programming language. See also C++,
`compiled language,
`library, Objective—C,
`struc~
`tured programming.
`C++ \C‘plus—plus’\ n. An object—oriented version
`of the C programming language, developed by
`Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s at Bell Labo-
`ratories and adopted by a number of vendors,
`including Apple Computer and Sun Microsystems,
`Inc. See also C, object—oriented programming,
`Objective—C.
`71. The lowest level of security in the
`C2 \C—t66’\
`U.S. National Computer Security Center’s hierar-
`chy of criteria for
`trusted computer systems,
`requiring user logon with password and a mecha—
`nism for auditing. The C2 level is outlined in the
`Orange Book. See also Orange Book (definition 1).
`.ca \dot‘C—A’\
`71. On the Internet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Canada.
`
`components of a computer (CPU, the hard drive,
`floppy and CD—ROM drives, and expansion slots
`for peripheral devices, such as monitors) are
`located. See the illustration. See also CPU, expan-
`sion slot.
`
`
`
`Cabinet.
`
`Cable \ka’bl\
`
`11. A collection of wires shielded
`
`within a protective tube, used to connect periph~
`eral devices to a computer. A mouse, a keyboard,
`and a printer might all be connected to a computer
`with cables. Printer cables typically implement a
`serial or a parallel path for data to travel along.
`cable connector \ka’bl ka~nek‘tar\ n. The con-
`nector on either end of a cable. See also DB
`
`connector, DIN connector, RS—232—C standard, RS-
`422/425/449.
`cable matcher \ka’bl mach‘9r\ n. A device that
`
`allows the use of a cable that has slightly different
`wire connections from those required by the
`device(s) to which it is attached.
`cable modem \ka’bl m6‘dam\
`
`11. A modem that
`
`11. File extension for cabinet files,
`.cab \dot—kab’\
`which are multiple files compressed into one and
`extractable with the extract.exe utility. Such files
`
`sends and receives data through a coaxial cable
`television network instead of telephone lines, as
`with a conventional modem. Cable modems,
`
`
`
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`
`drive number \drIv’ num‘bar\ n. The naming
`convention for Macintosh disk drives. For exam-
`ple, a two—drive system calls its drives 0 and 1.
`driver \dri’var\ n. A hardware device or a pro-
`gram that controls or regulates another device. A
`line driver, for example, boosts signals transmitted
`over a communications line. A device driver is a
`
`device—specific control program that enables a
`computer to work with a particular device, such as
`a printer or a disk drive. See also device driver.
`)R0 \D‘R—O’\ n. Acronym for destructive read-
`out. See destructive read.
`
`as
`
`drop cap \drop kap’\ 7;. A large capital letter at
`the beginning of a text block that occupies the ver-
`tical depth of two or more lines of regular text. See
`the illustration.
`
`
`
`sectetuer sed
`
`adipsicing
`elite in sed
`utm diam
`
`nonummy nibh wisi
`tincidunt eusismond ut
`laoreet dolore
`
`Drop cap.
`
`drop-dead halt \drop‘ded halt’\ 71.. See dead halt.
`drop-down menu \drop’doun men‘yo_o\
`7;. A
`menu that drops from the menu bar when
`requested and remains open without
`further
`action until the user closes it or chooses a menu
`
`item. Compare pull—down menu.
`drop i_n \drop in’\ via. To read a spurious signal
`during a data’ read/write operation, producing
`erroneous data.
`
`droplet \drop’lit\ n. 1. An extension for Quark
`Express that allows files to be dragged onto a page
`from the finder. 2. A feature from Frontier that
`
`allows scripts to be embedded within an applica-
`tion and run when the application is double-
`clicked. 3. A general name for any Applescript
`program that allows files
`to be dragged and
`dropped into it for processing. See also Apple-
`Script.
`vb. To lose the signal
`drop out \drop out’\
`momentarily during a data read/write operation,
`thus producing erroneous data.
`drum \drum\ n. A rotating cylinder used with
`some printers and plotters and (in the early days
`
`
`
`
`drill down \dril doun’\ vb. To start at a top—level
`menu, directory, or Web page and pass through
`several intermediate menus, directories, or linked
`pages, until
`the file, page, menu command, or
`other item being sought is reached. Drilling down
`is common practice in searching for files or infor-
`mation on the Internet, where high—level Gopher
`menus and World Wide Web pages are frequently
`very general and become more specific at each
`lower level. See the illustration. See also Gopher,
`menu, Web page.
`
` ,
`
`Desktop
` we .3 er :
`
`
`Eng My Canvpulii
`
`l -@ 3l£Flupny[l5;]
`79:3 Applica|ionExXen:mn
`E1 524 FrappvlB:]
`
`53KB ApplicalionEx|en:ion
`I
`(3 Hamlin [C2]
`51KB Applma|IunExlen$iun
`_.{-
`' {J Bat
`oaxa ApplicaliunE>:tens
`
`
`azxa Applicatinn Exlemiun
`, C] am
`mag Developing Solutions
`41KB Aufillcation Extension
`
`
`MUKE Application
`[gm Dncumanl
`{:1 Dos
`SKE HalpFile
`{:| Driver:
`7KB DAT Hie
`
`Cj Exdwange
`
`BBKE Apprcanun
`(3 Ms Fr-2s$Applicatlans
`
`315KB Application
`Application
`
`
`
`Jaulnexpdal
`
`Javategexe
`
`’
`
`drive \driv\ 72. See disk drive.
`
`drive bay \driv’ ba\ Vl. A hollow, rectangular area
`in a computer chassis designed to hold a disk
`drive. A drive bay always has side walls, usually
`made of metal,
`that generally contain holes to
`facilitate installation of a disk drive. Some drive
`
`bays, such as those intended to hold hard disks,
`are not visible to the user. Most drives are located
`on the front of the chassis so that the user can
`interact with the drive.
`
`drive letter \driv’ let‘9r\ V1. The naming conven—
`tion for disk drives on IBM and compatible com-
`puters. Drives are named by letter, beginning with
`A, followed by a colon.
`7;. The assign-
`drive mapping \driv’ map‘éng\
`ment of a letter or name to a disk drive so that the
`
`operating system or network server can identify
`and locate it. For example,
`in PCs,
`the primary
`drive mappings are A: and B: for floppy disk drives
`and C: for the hard disk. See also A:, disk drive,
`hard disk.
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`tronicsi ’
`
`omicroprogramnfing
`
`microfiche I
`
`
`
`smaller than a postage stamp and require only a
`few milliwatts of ‘power. See also integrated cir~
`cuit.
`microfiche \mi’kr6—fésh‘\ n. A small sheet of
`
`film, about 4 by 6 inches, used for recording pho-
`tographically reduced images, such as document
`pages,
`in rows and columns forming a grid pat-
`tern. The resulting images are too small to read
`with the naked eye, and a microfiche reader is
`required to view the documents. Compare micro-
`film.
`
`microfhn \mi’krc')—film‘\ n. A thin strip of film
`stored on a roll and used to record sequential data
`images. As with microfiche, a special device mag—
`nifies the images so that they can be read. See also
`CIM (definition 2), COM (definition 4). Compare
`microfiche.
`
`microfloppy disk \mi‘kr6—flop’é disk\ 7;. A 3.5-
`inch floppy disk of the type used with the Apple
`Macintosh and with IBM and compatible micro-
`computers. A microfloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester
`film coated with ferric oxide and
`encased in a rigid plastic shell equipped with a
`sliding metal cover. On the Macintosh, a single-
`sided microfloppy disk can hold 400 kilobytes
`(KB); a double—sided (standard) disk can hold 800
`KB; and a double—sided high—density disk can hold
`1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBM and compatible
`machines, a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or
`1.44 MB of information. See also floppy disk.
`microform \mi’krc‘>—f6rm‘\ V1. The medium, such
`as microfilm or microfiche, on which a photo—
`graphically reduced image, called a microlmage, is
`stored. A microimage usually represents text, such
`as archived documents. See also microfiche, micro-
`film.
`
`tech-
`7;. The
`micrographics \mi‘kr6—graf’iks\
`niques and methods for recording data on micro—
`film. See also microform.
`
`microimage \mi’kr6—im‘aj\ n.Aphotographically
`reduced image, usually stored on microfilm or
`microfiche, that is too small to be read without
`magnification. See also microform, micrographics.
`microinstruction \mi’kr6—in—stmk‘sh9n\
`n. An
`
`instruction that is part of the microcode. See also
`microcode.
`
`microjustification \mi‘kr6—ju—sta—fa—ka’sh9n\
`See microspace justification.
`
`7;.
`
`72. 1. In program-
`microkernel \mi’kr6—k9r‘n9l\
`ming, the strictly hardware—dependent part of an
`operating system that is intended to be portable
`from one type of computer to another. The micro—
`kernel provides a hardware—independent interface
`to the rest of the operating system, so only the
`microkernel needs to be rewritten to port
`the
`operating system to a different platform. See also
`kernel, operating system. 2. A kernel that has been
`designed with only the basic features and typically
`in a modular fashion.
`
`micrologic \mi’kr6—loj‘ik\ 7/1. A set of instructions,
`stored in binary form, or a set of electronic logic
`circuits that defines and governs the operation
`within a microprocessor.
`microminiature \mi‘kr6-min’o—chur\
`
`An
`
`7;.
`
`extremely small circuit or other electronic compo-
`nent, especially one that is a refinement of an
`already miniaturized element.
`microphone \mi’kr9—f6n‘\
`71. 1. A device that
`converts sound waves into analog electrical sig-
`nals. Additional hardware can convert the micro-
`
`phone’s output into digital data that a computer
`can process; for example, to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A com-
`munications program that runs on the Apple Mac-
`intosh computer.
`71. A central
`microprocessor \mi‘kr6—pros’es—ar\
`processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. A modern
`microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors
`in an integrated—circuit package that is roughly 1
`inch square. Microprocessors are at the l'1€2.1T of all
`personal computers. When memory and power
`are added to a microprocessor, all
`the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are
`present. The most popular lines of microproces-
`sors today are the 680x0 family from Motorola,
`which powers the Apple Macintosh line, and the
`80x86 family from Intel, which is at the core of all
`IBM PC—compatible and PS/2 computers. See also
`6502, 65816, 6800, 68000, 68020, 68030, 68040,
`80286, 80586DX, 80386SX, 8080, 8086, 8088,
`88000, DECChip 21064, i486DX, i486DX2,
`i486SL,
`i486SX, Pentium, Pentium Pro, PowerPC, SPARC,
`Z80.
`
`7;.
`microprogrammjng \mi‘l<:r6—pr6’gram—eng\
`The writing of microcode for a processor. Some
`systems, chiefly minicomputers and mainframes,
`
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`33%|’!
`
`
`
`ic—ink char-
`
`t measure-
`zrocessor or
`
`aning 10"6
`
`chan\9l
`)us in IBM
`d 30). The
`ally incom-
`the PC/AT
`;1er a 16-bit
`an also be
`naster pro-
`
`grated cir-
`
`iiniaturized
`
`uctor chip.
`ected tran-
`
`. However,
`set of vac-
`:r elements
`
`I integrated
`
`-level code
`Microcode
`
`le; it speci~
`executes a
`
`hine code,
`
`n. A
`\
`croproces—
`and main-
`zvertheless
`
`capable of
`gressed so
`lters are as
`
`Jnly a few
`! also com-
`
`s\ n. The
`ircuits and
`
`ost signifi-
`iology has
`It 40 years
`Lry vacuum
`
`
`
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`
` procedural rendering
`
` Professional Graphics Display
`
`
`
`is the procedure (a named
`gramming element
`sequence of statements, such as a routine, subrou-
`tine, or function). The most widely used high—level
`languages (C, Pascal, Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL,
`Ada) are all procedural languages. See also proce-
`dure. Compare nonprocedural language.
`procedural rendering \pro—sé‘jor—9l ren’d9r—eng\
`n, The rendering of a two—dimensional image from
`three~dimensional
`coordinates with
`texturing
`according to user—specified conditions, such as
`direction and degree of lighting.
`procedure \pr9—sé’j9r\ n. In a program, a named
`sequence of statements, often with associated con-
`stants, data types, and variables, that usually per-
`forms a single task. A procedure can usually be
`called (executed) by other procedures, as well as
`by the main body of the program. Some languages
`distinguish between a procedure and a function,
`with the latter (the function) returning a value. See
`also function, parameter, procedural
`language,
`routine, subroutine.
`11. In program-
`procedure call \pra—se’jar k‘al‘\
`ming, an instruction that causes a procedure to be
`executed. A procedure call can be located in
`another procedure or in the main body of the pro-
`gram. See also procedure.
`processl \pros’es\ 72. A program or part of a pro-
`gram; a coherent sequence of steps undertaken by
`a program.
`
`processz \pros’es\ 1219. To manipulate data with a
`program.
`‘
`process-bound \pros’es—bound‘\ adj. Limited in
`performance by processing requirements, See also
`computation-bound.
`process color \pros’es kal‘ar\ n. A method of
`handling color in a document in which each block
`of color is separated into its subtractive primary
`color components for printing: cyan, magenta, and
`yellow (as well as black). All other colors are cre-
`ated by blending layers of various sizes of halftone
`spots printed in cyan, magenta, and yellow to cre-
`ate the image. See also color model, color separa-
`tion (definition 1). Compare spot color.
`processing \pros’es—éng\ n. The manipulation of
`data within a computer system. Processing is the
`vital step between receiving data (input) and pro»
`ducing results (output)—the task for which com-
`puters are designed.
`
`processor \pros’es—ar\
`unit, microprocessor.
`Processor Direct Slot \pros‘es—9r—d9r—ekt\
`72. See PDS (definition 1).
`
`11. See central processing
`
`slot’\
`
`in—far~
`Prodigy Information Service \prod‘9-jé
`ma’sh9n sar‘vas\ 7;. An online information service
`
`founded by IBM and Sears. Like its competitors
`America Online and CompuServe, Prodigy offers
`access to databases and file libraries, online chat,
`special interest groups, e—mail, and Internet con-
`nectivity. Also called Prodigy.
`product \prod’ukt\ 71. 1. An operator in the rela~
`tional algebra used in database management that,
`when applied to two existing relations (tables),
`results in the creation of a new table containing all
`possible ordered concatenations (combinations)
`of tuples (rows) from the first relation with tuples
`from the second. The number of rows in the
`
`resulting relation is the product of the number of
`rows in the two source relations. Also called Car-
`
`tesian product. Compare inner join. 2. In mathe-
`matics,
`the result of multiplying two or more
`numbers. 3. In the most general sense, an entity
`conceived and developed for the purpose of com-
`peting in a commercial market. Although comput-
`ers are products,
`the term is more commonly
`applied to software, peripherals, and accessories
`in the computing arena.
`71. In
`production system \pr9—duk’sh9n si‘st9m\
`expert systems, an approach to problem solving
`based on an “IF this, THEN that” approach that
`uses a set of rules, a database of information, and
`a “rule interpreter” to match premises with facts
`and form a conclusion, Production systems are
`also known as rule—based systems or inference
`systems. See also expert system.
`\pra-fesh‘9—nal
`Professional Graphics Adapter
`graf’iks 9—dap‘tar\
`71. A video adapter introduced
`by IBM, primarily for CAD applications. The Pro-
`fessional Graphics Adapter is capable of display-
`ing 256 colors, with a horizontal resolution of 640
`pixels and a vertical resolution of 480 pixels. Acro-
`nym: PGA (P‘G—A’),
`\pra—fesh‘a—nal
`Professional Graphics Display
`graf’iks dis—pla‘\ 71. An analog display introduced
`by IBM, intended for use with their Professional
`Graphics Adapter. See also Professional Graphics
`Adapter.
`
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`
`
`trol.
`
`In the
`
`nternet, the
`ing over of
`ndustry. For
`ad from the
`2.
`struk’sh9n\
`instruction)
`ting system.
`16 operating
`‘rations that
`
`to perform;
`»utines have
`
`;e particular
`
`. A mode of
`rd mode of
`)cessors,
`in
`l operations
`the system,
`)OITS (chan-
`executed in
`)f the OS/L2
`3 programs
`attached to
`
`. See access
`
`name for
`
`)OS operat-
`e, PRN usu-
`
`l port, also
`
`likelihood
`ften be esti-
`:s, statistics
`ds. In com-
`e the likeli-
`device.
`n. 1. The
`g a strategy
`ning a less
`irable one.
`vherein the
`
`solely by a
`
`r1g‘waj\ n.
`3 basic pro—
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`Bunion-compatible I
`
`That is, the result, C, of any union of A and B is
`true (1) except when A and B are both false (0), as
`shown in the following truth table:
`A
`OR
`B
`=
`C
`1
`1
`1
`1
`O
`1
`0
`1
`1
`0
`0
`0
`
`3. In programming, a structure that can be used to
`store different types of variables (such as integer,
`character, or Boolean). 4. In database manage-
`ment, a relational operator. Given two relations
`(tables), A and B, that are union—compatible (con-
`tain the same number of fields, with correspond-
`ing fields containing the same types of values), A
`UNION B builds a new relation containing those
`tuples (records) that appear either in A or B or in
`both. Compare difference, intersect.
`adj.
`union-compatible \yo_on’y9n—kam—pat‘i—bl\
`In database management, of, pertaining to, or
`characteristic of two relations (tables) that are of
`the same order
`(have the same number of
`attributes) and whose corresponding attributes are
`based on the same domain (the set of acceptable
`values).
`unipolar \yo_on‘i—p6’lar\ aa’j. Having one state. In
`electronics, a unipolar device or signal is one in
`which the same voltage polarity (positive or nega-
`tive) is used to represent binary states—on/off or
`true/false. Compare bipolar.
`United States of America Standards Institute
`
`\yc5_o-ni‘t9d stats‘ av 9—mar‘i—k9 stan’dardz in‘sta«
`t6'0t\
`V2. The former name of
`the American
`National Standards Institute. See ANSI.
`
`7/1. The “ones
`unit position \yo_0’nit p9—zish‘an\
`place” in a multiple—digit number—for example,
`the 5 in the number 473.
`UNIVAC I \yoT)‘n9—vak wan’\ 11. Short for Univer—
`sal Automatic Calculator 1. The first commercially
`available electronic computer, designed by J. Pres-
`per Eckert and john Mauchly, also the inventors of
`ENIAC (generally considered the first fully elec-
`tronic computer). UNIVAC I was the first computer
`to handle both numeric and textual information.
`
`universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
`\yo_o—ni—var‘sal
`a—sin‘kr9—nas
`ra—sé‘var—tranz’mit—
`ar\ 74. See UART.
`
`orrn
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`also
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`sors
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`t by
`ted.
`orm
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`Universal Product Code
`ukt k6d‘\ a. See UPC.
`
`\y6'0‘n9—v9r—s9l prod’-
`
`universalserialbus \yo_o—na—var‘s9l sér’é—al bus‘\
`11. See USB.
`
`Universal Server \y6_O‘na—v9r—s9l sar’var\ n. 1.
`Software from Oracle Corporation that supplies
`information from its database in a variety of forms,
`such as text, sound, and video,
`in response to
`HTTP requests. 2. Database software from Infor-
`mix that works with snap~in software modules to
`handle user needs for specific data types and ways
`of processing.
`receiver-transmitter
`universal
`synchronous
`\yo_b—ni—v9r‘s9l sin‘l<ra—nas ra—sé‘v9r—tranz’mit—9r\
`71. See USRT.
`
`Universal Time Coordinate \y<T)—na—var‘sal tim’
`kc‘)-6r‘da—n9t\ n. For all practical purposes,
`the
`same as Greenwich Mean Time, which is used for
`the synchronization of computers on the Internet.
`Acronym: UTC (U‘T—C’). Also called coordinated
`universal time format.
`
`n. A multiuser, multitasking
`UNX \yd_O’niks\
`operating system originally developed by Ken
`Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labo-
`ra ories in 1969 for use on minicomputers. UNIX is
`considered a powerful operating system that,
`because it is written in the C language,
`is more
`portable—that
`is,
`less machine—specific—than
`other operating systems. UNIX is available in sev-
`eral related forms,
`including AIX (a version of
`U\IIX adapted by IBM to run on RlSC~based work-
`stations), A/UX (a graphical version for the Apple
`Macintosh), and Mach (a rewritten but essentially
`U\IIX-compatible operating system for the NeXT
`computer). See also BSD UNIX, GNU, Linux.
`[NIX shell account \yc'5‘o‘niks shel’ a~l<:ount‘\ n.
`A shell account providing command—line access to
`a UNIX system. See also shell account.
`7;.
`skripts\
`I.'ND{ shell scripts \yo_o‘niks
`shel’
`Sequences of UNIX commands stored as files that
`can be run as programs. In MS—DOS, batch (.bat)
`files provide similar capabilities. See also batch file,
`shelll, shell script.
`UNIX-to-UNX Copy \yo_o‘niks—t9—ycT)’ niks kop‘é\
`11. See UUCP.
`
`UNIX wizard \yo'b’niks wiz‘9rd\ 7;. A particularly
`expert and helpful UNIX programmer. Some com-
`panies actually use this phrase as a job title. The
`
`
`
`
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`DELL |NC., EMC CORP., HPE C0., HPES, LLC
`|PR2017-00176- Ex. 1010, p. 7 of 7
`
`DELL INC., EMC CORP., HPE CO., HPES, LLC
`IPR2017-00176- Ex. 1010, p. 7 of 7