`
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`1 Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`Easy to read; expertly iiiust:'ated V
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`Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internenand morei
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`Versata 2301
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`Microsoft‘
`
`Microsoft“
`
`Cpmputer
`Dictionary
`Fifth Edition [:
`
`- ii -
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`

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`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
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`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
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`Send comments to mspinpuz@micr0s0ft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`lntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual lnterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e—mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e—mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
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`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
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`Body Part No. XO8—4l 929
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`
`
`lnterNlC n. Short for NSFnet (Internet) Network Infor-
`mation Center. The organization that has traditionally reg-
`istered domain names and IP addresses as well as
`distributed information about the Internet. lnterNlC was
`formed in 1993 as a consortium involving the U.S.
`National Science Foundation, AT&T, General Atomics,
`and Network Solutions, Inc. (Hemdon, Va.). The latter
`partner administers InterNIC Registration Services, which
`assigns Internet names and addresses.
`
`interoperability n. Referring to components of computer
`systems that are able to function in different environments.
`For example, Microsoft’s NT operating system is interop-
`erable on Intel, DEC Alpha, and other CPUs. Another
`example is the SCSI standard for disk drives and other
`peripheral devices that allows them to interoperate with
`different operating systems. With software, interoperabil-
`ity occurs when programs are able to share data and
`resources. Microsoft Word, for example, is able to read
`files created by Microsoft Excel.
`
`interpolate vb. To estimate intermediate values between
`two known values in a sequence.
`
`interpret vb. 1. To translate a statement or instruction into
`executable form and then execute it. 2. To execute a pro-
`gram by translating one statement at a time into executable
`form and executing itbefore translating the next state-
`ment, rather than by translating the program completely
`into executable code (compiling it) before executing it
`separately. See also interpreter. Compare compile.
`
`interpreted language n. A language in which programs
`are translated into executable form and executed one state-
`ment at a time rather than being translated completely
`(compiled) before execution. Basic, LISP, and APL are
`generally interpreted languages, although Basic can also be
`compiled. See also compiler. Compare compiled language.
`
`interpreter n. A program that translates and then exe-
`cutes each statement in a program written in an interpreted
`language. See also compiler, interpreted language, lan-
`guage processor.
`
`interprocess communication n. The ability of one task
`or process to communicate with another in a multitasking
`operating system. Common methods include pipes, sema-
`phores, shared memory, queues, signals, and mailboxes.
`Acronym: IPC. '1‘
`
`inter-record gap n. An unused space between data
`blocks stored on a disk or tape. Because the speed of disks
`
`and tapes fluctuates slightly during operation of the drives,
`a new data block may not occupy the exact space occupied
`by the old block it overwrites. The inter-record gap pre-
`vents the new block from overwriting part of adjacent
`blocks in such a case. Acronym: IRG.Also called: gap,
`interblock gap.
`
`interrogate vb. To query with the expectation of an
`immediate response. For example, a computer may inter-
`rogate an attached terminal to determine the terminal’s
`status (readiness to transmit or receive).
`
`interrupt n. A signal from a device to a computer’s pro-
`cessor requesting attention from the processor. When the
`processor receives an interrupt, it suspends its current
`operations, saves the status of its work, and transfers con-
`trol to a special routine known as an interrupt handler,
`which contains the instructions for dealing with the partic-
`ular situation that caused the interrupt. Interrupts can be
`generated by various hardware devices to request service
`or report problems, or by the processor itself in response
`to program errors or requests for operating—system ser-
`vices. Interrupts are the processor’s way of communicat-
`ing with the other elements that make up a computer
`system. A hierarchy of interrupt priorities determines
`which interrupt request will be handled first if more than
`one request is made. A program can temporarily disable
`some interrupts if it needs the full attention of the proces-
`sor to complete a particular task. See also exception, exter—
`nal interrupt, hardware interrupt, internal interrupt,
`software interrupt.
`
`interrupt—driven processing It. Processing that takes
`place only when requested by means of an interrupt. After
`the required task has been completed, the CPU is free to
`perform other tasks until the next interrupt occurs. Inter-
`rupt-driven processing is usually employed for responding
`to events such as a key pressed by the user or a floppy disk
`drive that has become ready to transfer data. See also
`interrupt. Compare autopolling.
`
`interrupt handler n. A special routine that is executed
`when a specific interrupt occurs. Interrupts from different
`causes have different handlers to carry out the correspond-
`ing tasks, such as updating the system clock or reading the
`keyboard. A table stored in low memory contains pointers,
`sometimes called vectors, that direct the processor to the
`various interrupt handlers. Programmers can create inter-
`rupt handlers to replace or supplement existing handlers,
`
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