`Widergren et al.
`
`[11]
`
`[45]
`
`4,302,775
`Nov. 24, 1981
`
`[75]
`
`[54] DIGITAL VIDEO COMPRESSION SYSTEM
`AND METHODS UTILIZING SCENE
`ADAPTIVE CODING WITH RATE BUFFER
`FEEDBACK
`Inventors: Robert D. Widergren, Saratoga;
`Wen-Hsiung Chen, Sunnyvale;
`Stanley C. Fralick, Saratoga; Andrew
`G. Tescher, Claremont, all of Calif.
`[73] Assignee: Compression Labs, Inc., San Jose,
`Calif.
`[21] Appl. No.: 969,991
`[22] Filed:
`Dec. 15, 1978
`[51]
`Int. CJ.3 ........................ H04N 7/12; H04N 9/32;
`G06F 15/20; G08C 9/00
`[52] U.S. Cl ....................................... 358/136; 358/13;
`340/347 DD; 364/514; 364/515; 364/582
`[58] Field of Search ............... 364/514, 515, 576, 582;
`358/12, 13, 133, 138, 260, 261; 340/347 DD
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`3,795,763 3/1974 Golding eta!. ................. 358/135 X
`3,984,626 10/1976 Mounts eta!. ...................... 358/135
`4,005,411 1/1977 Morris ......................... 340/347 DD
`4,047,221 9/1977 Yasuda eta!. ...................... 358/136
`4,051,530 9/1977 Kuroda eta!. ...................... 358/136
`4,054,909 10/1977 Kojima eta! ......................... 358/13
`4,060,797 11/1977 Maxwell eta! ................. 325/419 X
`4,125,861 11/1978 Mounts et a!. ...................... 358/133
`4,168,513 9/1979 Hains eta!. ......................... 358/261
`4,179,710 12/1979 Ishiguro eta!. .................. 358/13 X
`
`[56]
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Image Data Compression by Predictive Coding II: En(cid:173)
`coding Algorithms Bah! & Kobayashi: IBM J. Res.
`Develop., Mar. 1974, pp. 172-179.
`Frame-to-Frame Coding of Television Pictures Using
`Two-Dimensional Fourier Transforms: Haskell: IEEE
`Transactions on Info. Theory: vol. IT-20, No. I, pp.
`119-120: Jan. 74.
`Spahal Transform Coding of Color Images: Pratt:
`IEEE Transactions on Comm. Technology, vol. Co(cid:173)
`m-19, No. 6, Dec. 71, pp. 980-992.
`Goertzel et al., Two-Dimensional Data Compression &
`Decompression System; Aug. 7, 1979.
`Application of Fourier-Hadamard Transformation to
`
`Bandwidth Compression-Pratt & Andrews Proc. Poly(cid:173)
`technic Institute of Brooklyn, 1969, pp. 56-68.
`Hadamard Transform Image Coding, Pratt, Kane, An(cid:173)
`drews, Proc. IEEE, vol. 57, No. 1, Jan. 69, pp. 58-68.
`Television Bandwidth Reduction by Encoding Spatial
`Frequencies, Andrews & Pratt, Journal SMPTE, vol.
`77, No. 12, Dec. 1968, pp. 1279-1281.
`Television Bandwidth Reduction by Fourier Image
`Coding; Andrews & Pratt, Paper Delivered to 103rd
`Technical Conference SMPTE, May 5-10, 1968.
`Transform Image Coding, Andrews & Pratt: Proc.
`Symposium on Computer Processing in Communica(cid:173)
`tions, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Apr. 8-10,
`1969, pp. 63-84.
`Primary Examiner-James W. Moffitt
`Assistant Examiner-Aristotelis M. Psitos
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-David B. Harrison.
`
`ABSTRACT
`[57]
`A digital video compression system and its methods for
`compressing digitalized video signals in real time at
`rates up to NTSC color broadcast rates are disclosed.
`The system compressor receives digitalized video
`frames divided into subframes, performs in a single pass
`a spatial domain to transform domain transformation in
`two dimensions of the picture elements of each sub(cid:173)
`frame, normalizes the resultant coefficients by a normal(cid:173)
`ization factor having a predetermined compression ratio
`component and an adaptive rate buffer capacity control
`feedback component, to provide compression, encodes
`the coefficients and stores them in a first rate buffer
`memory asynchronously at a high data transfer rate
`from which they are put out at a slower, synchronous
`rate. The compressor adaptively determines the rate
`buffer capacity control feedback component in relation
`to instantaneous data content of the rate buffer memory
`in relation to its capacity, and it controls the absolute
`quantity of data resulting from the normalization step so
`that the buffer memory is never completely emptied and
`never completely filled. In expansion, the system essen(cid:173)
`tially mirrors the steps performed during compression.
`An efficient, high speed decoder forms an important
`aspect of the present invention. The compression sys(cid:173)
`tem forms an important element of a disclosed color
`broadcast compression system.
`
`7 Claims, 30 Drawing Figures
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`1 of 37
`
`
`
`/
`
`AUDIO
`
`VIDEO
`
`FIG. I
`
`VIDEO
`INTERFACE
`a
`SEPARATOR
`
`16
`
`44
`
`AUDIO
`
`AUDIO
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`CODED AUDIO
`
`22
`
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`
`y
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`
`SCENE
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`CODED LUMINANCE
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`18
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`
`20
`
`42
`
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`
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`y
`
`34
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`30
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`2 of 37
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`
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`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`3 of 37
`
`
`
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`68
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`
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`4 of 37
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`
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`STAGE
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`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`5 of 37
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`5 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 5 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`DATA IN
`
`A ADDRESS
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`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`6 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 6 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`FIG. 7
`
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`
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`B ADDRESS
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`7 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 7 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`DATA IN - - · - - - - - - - - - .
`
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`
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`
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`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`8 of 37
`
`
`
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`9 of 37
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`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`10 of 37
`
`
`
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`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`11 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 11 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`FIG.I4
`
`FIG.I5
`
`STATE (Q)
`
`N. STATE
`(D)
`
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`
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`
`FLAGS (F) _,A.x a..X xOJ.xl..,._ ______ _
`
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`ACTION CHANGE
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`LATCH CLOSING
`
`TOTAL = 30 TO 40 ns
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`12 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 12 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`STATE
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`FIG. 16
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`13 of 37
`
`
`
`FIG.I7
`SERIAL-"----.
`DATA
`
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`
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`INPUT
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`14 of 37
`
`
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`15 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`FIG. 19
`
`Sheet 15 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`OUTPUT READ CYCLE
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`16 of 37
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`17 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 17 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`BIT COUNT
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`18 of 37
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`19 of 37
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`20 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 20 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
`FIG. 26
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`21 of 37
`
`
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`22 of 37
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 24, 1981
`
`Sheet 22 of 22
`
`4,302,775
`
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`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`23 of 37
`
`
`
`1
`
`4,302,775
`
`DIGITAL VIDEO COMPRESSION SYSTEM AND
`METHODS UTILIZING SCENE ADAPTIVE
`CODING WITH RATE BUFFER FEEDBACK
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention relates to methods and appara(cid:173)
`tus for compression, transfer through a limited band(cid:173)
`width medium, and expansion of digitalized television
`picture signals·,at real time rates up to standard broad(cid:173)
`cast frame rates. ?ylore particularly, the present inven(cid:173)
`tion relates to methods and apparatus for television
`picture single pass scene adaptive compression, transfer
`and expansion with two dimen~ional transformation in
`conjunction with compression coding schemes wherein
`rate buffer feedback is effectively utilized to provide
`optimalized compression normalization factoring in real
`time without undue degradation of restored piCture
`imagery and with minimized hardware implementation
`requirements. ··
`Digital coding techniques are increasingly employed
`in processing television signals for transfer over noisy
`transmission channels. Digital data streams may be
`made essentially free of noise ·degradation, and this
`advantage in the transmission of digitized information
`has been advantageously utilized over long, noisy trans(cid:173)
`mission paths. Thus, it is an increasingly common prac(cid:173)
`tice today to digitalize broadcast television signals for
`transmission and relay through otherwise noisy long
`distance paths, such as stationary earth satellites· many
`thousands of miles away from the earth.
`To digitize a televion signal, a significant number of
`bits, 4, 5, 6 or even more, may be required to provide for
`the proper range of gray scale of each of the hundreds
`of thousands of separate picture elements (pixels). Con- 35
`sequeiitly, data rates for digitalized television signals are
`far in excess of the highest frequency components of
`analog television signals. It is not unusual to find in a
`digitalized television communications link, a required
`video bandwidth of 40 megabits per second. While 40
`digitalized television transmission formats advanta(cid:173)
`geously overcome the signal to noise problems inherent
`in analog transmission over similar path lengths, the
`substantial bandwidths for such digitalized signals often
`occupy the entire bandwidth capability of the commu- 45
`nications link. If the communications link is an earth
`satellite in stationary orbit above the earth, the video
`signal typically occupies the entire transponder band(cid:173)
`width ofthe satellite, with very few channels, if any, left
`over for other uses. Thus, need has arisen for a practical
`yet effective way to reduce the bandwidth of digitalized
`television signals to provide for more channels within a
`communications path such as an earth satellite.
`
`2
`included two-dimensional digital pulse code modulation
`schemes with block adaptive coding or with rate buffer(cid:173)
`ing; hybrid cosine transformation and digital pulse code
`modulation schemes; and, unidimensional, bidimen(cid:173)
`sional and hybrid Haar-Hadamard transformations. Run
`length coding has also been employed.
`Two basic techniques for coding transform domain
`coefficients are known in the prior art, namely zonal
`coding and adaptive coding. Zonal coding essentially
`10 eliminated all high frequency picture transform coeffici(cid:173)
`ents regardless of energy content with a resultant loss of
`picture detail upon reconstitution of the picture. On the
`other hand, adaptive coding schemes, including thresh(cid:173)
`old sampling techniques, were used to identifY, and pre-
`15 serve large amplitude high frequency coefficients, and
`those schemes provided reconstituted pictures having
`less distortion from the compression process at signifi(cid:173)
`cantly higher degrees of compression. In threshold
`sampling when a coefficient exceeded a preset ampli-
`20 tude, it was sent with full precision (normally 6 to 8
`bits), and many times a coefficient was transmitted with
`8 bits when one or two bits would have accurately
`characterized the coefficient.
`25 Adaptive coding techniques followed two basic ap-
`proaches: multiple class energy bit map coding and
`recursive coding with rate buffer feedback. In the multi(cid:173)
`ple class bit map approach, transform sub-frames of the
`picture were sorted into categories related to the level
`30 of image activity present in each sub-frame. Within each
`activity level, AC energy coding bits were allocated to
`individual transform elements in classes according to a
`variance matrix of the transform data with the variance
`matrix being computed for each of the classes and dif-
`ferent bit allocation matrices being created with more
`bits being assigned to areas of high image activity and
`fewer bits to those areas of lower activity. Such classifi(cid:173)
`cations were carried out either with a two-pass statisti(cid:173)
`cal gathering and mapping scheme or with a fixed
`pregenerated statistical model created upon assump(cid:173)
`tions. made for the particular system application.
`In the two-pass approach, the first pass of processing
`generated statistics for sub-block classification maps, set
`up bit assignment matrices and calculated normalization
`factors for compression. The second pass was for multi(cid:173)
`plying the normalization factor to quantize transform
`coefficients, for encoding the resultant data, and for
`adding overhead information. The drawback of the two
`pass approach is the substantial times required for two
`50 pass processing within existing equipment which un(cid:173)
`duly limited the size of pictures to be compressed and
`the number of sub-frame activity classifications that
`could be utilized. Also, the hardware requirements for
`real time implementation were prohibitively complex,
`BRIEF; DESCRIPTION OFPERTINENT PRIOR 55 and hence the two pass approach is presently impracti-
`ART
`cal, particularly at picture broadcast rates.
`.
`The pregenerated statistics modeling approach suf-
`It is known and discussed in the prior art relating to
`fered from the fact that no pregenerated statistics ever
`television image bandwidth compression that two-di(cid:173)
`exactly matched those of a real time picture being com(cid:173)
`mensional cosine transform . techniques have yielded
`pressed. Additionally, several sets of pregenerated sta(cid:173)
`reproduced pictures of superior quality at the same and 60
`tistics were often needed to accommodate multiple
`even higher picture data compression ratios than were
`applications which required multiple passes to preselect
`obtainable with other transforms or techniques. Hereto~
`the most nearly appropriate statistical set to be utilized
`fore, television picture compression techniques have
`for the particular picture.
`been directed to simple implementations with substan•
`In the recursive coding with rate buffer feedback
`tial throughput speeds in real time with concomitant 65.
`scheme, the sub-frame activity was determined by the
`significant degradation of restored picture resolution
`and the introduction of unwanted compression process
`estimated variances of the transform coefficients, the
`artifacts into the restored picture. Such techniques have
`variances being derived by a simple linear predicter.
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`24 of 37
`
`
`
`3
`One significant drawback in the recursive coding ap(cid:173)
`proach was the elimination of high frequency AC coef(cid:173)
`ficients, including those having significant amplitudes.
`Once the linear predicter produced a variance which
`needed a zero bit assignment, the· encoding of that par(cid:173)
`ticular picture subframe was terminated, and all subse(cid:173)
`quent AC terms, including those with significant values,
`· were lost. Such losses unduly degraded high activity
`regions in the reconstituted pictures following inverse
`expansion and reconstruction of the compressed picture 10
`signal. Another drawback of the recursive coding
`scheme was that heretofore there has been no theoreti(cid:173)
`cal analysis which justifies the assumed optimality of a
`linear predicter. One feature of recursive coding which
`has been advantageously incorporated into and signifi- IS
`cantly expanded in the present invention is that of the
`rate buffer technique.
`A major problem with image data compression has
`been the non-stationarity of image statistics. Early cod(cid:173)
`ing schemes such as a single map zonal coder attempted 20
`to ignore the problem by assuming image statistics as a
`stationary process. The Markov model used by investi(cid:173)
`gators was an example of the stationary statistical char(cid:173)
`acterization of image data. Adaptive coding procedures
`have been proposed to take care of the non-stationary
`nature of the image processes and to improve the image
`quality. A well designed adaptive coder generally needs
`a priori non-stationary statistical information. This a
`priori information can either be estimated or computed 30
`on line, or predetermined a priorily. Neither case is
`desirable since it causes complications in hardware im(cid:173)
`plementation on the former and causes statistical mis(cid:173)
`matches on the latter. The undesirable feature can be
`eliminated by introducing the rate buffer concept for JS
`the channel rate equalization in accordance with the
`present invention.
`
`2s
`
`SOME OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
`A general object of the present invention is to pro- 40
`vide a digital video compression system which effec(cid:173)
`tively combines scene adaptive coding with rate buffer
`feedback in methods and apparatus which overcome
`limitations and drawbacks of the prior art.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide 4S
`a digital video compression system which operates ef(cid:173)
`fectively at real time picture frame rates as high as those
`of the NTSC color broadcast standards.
`Another object of the present invention is to combine
`novel circuits and subsystems into a digital video com- so
`pressor and expander which effectively compresses the
`bandwidth of a television picture in accordance with
`novel methods and techniques.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which effectively ss
`implements a two-dimensional discrete cosine transform
`of blocks of the picture.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which effectively
`implements a two-dimensional transform in which the 60
`DC term of each transformed picture block may always
`be transmitted in a fixed .number of bits.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which effectively
`implements a two-dimensional transform of blocks of 65
`the picture in which uniformly quantized AC coeffici(cid:173)
`ents of each block fall into a single Huffman codeable
`statistical set.
`
`4,302,775
`
`4
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which effectively
`implements a two-dimensional transform of blocks of
`the picture in which low order uniformly quantized AC
`coefficients can be efficiently Huffman coded by the
`compressor and decoded by the expander in accordance
`with a predetermined Huffman code table, without
`transmitting the Huffman table or generating a new
`table for each block.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which implements a
`two-dimensional transform of blocks of the picture in
`which long strings of zero value high order AC coeffici(cid:173)
`ents may be effectively run length encoded and in
`which high amplitude high order AC coefficients will
`be preserved.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which implements a
`two-dimensional transform of blocks of the picture in
`which variance calculations, bit allocation matrix calcu(cid:173)
`lations, and nonlinear block quantization are eliminated
`and not required in the compression process.
`Another object of the present invention is.to provide
`a single pass digital video compression system which
`implements a two-dimensional transform of blocks of
`the picture which eliminates the requirement of prelimi(cid:173)
`nary statistical matching or preprocessing to determine
`applicable statistics needed by prior two-pass picture
`compression techniques.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which effectively
`utilizes rate buffer feedback control to provide global
`adaptivity of the system to the picture in real time.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression system which requires only
`one two-dimensional block of a fraction of the picture
`for input buffering, but which in practice will buffer at
`input an image strip of blocks of the same number of
`lines as defines the block size and will further provide
`some preformatting of the data.
`Yet another object of the present invention is to pro(cid:173)
`vide a digital video compression system in which the
`output of the compression process yields a white noise
`error image· with no apparent structure.
`A further object ofthe present invention is to provide
`a digital video compression and expansion system in
`which the expander includes an instantaneous decoder
`which operates on each bit as it is received.
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`An NTSC color broadcast compression and expan(cid:173)
`sion system incorporating the principles of the present
`invention divides the color picture into luminance
`(monochrome) and I and Q chrominance components.
`The luminance signal is compressed and expanded with
`the scene adaptive coding with rate buffer feedback
`techniques of the present invention. The I and Q chro(cid:173)
`minance components are given simple spatial low pass
`filtering followed by spatial subsampling with two-di(cid:173)
`mensional interpolation at the system receiver. The
`audo is filtered and sampled at a predetermined rate,
`with each sample quantized to a predetermined bit reso(cid:173)
`lution. The digitalized and compressed luminance (in(cid:173)
`cluding picture synchronization pulses) chrominance
`and audio components are multiplexed together with bit
`stream synchronization codes and transmitted as a sin(cid:173)
`gle composite bit stream.
`
`VIZIO, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`25 of 37
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`25
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`5
`The scene adaptive coding with rate buffer feedback
`compression system of the present invention receives
`each digitalized video luminance frame divided into a
`predetermined matrix of subframes or blocks. The com(cid:173)
`pressor performs a spatial domain to transform domain
`transformation in both horizontal and vertical dimen(cid:173)
`sions of the picture elements of each subframe to pro(cid:173)
`vide transform coefficients corresponding to each sub(cid:173)
`frame. The compressor normalizes the coefficients by a
`normalization factor having a predetermined compres- 10
`sion ratio component and an adaptive rate buffer capac-
`ity control feedback component to provide· compres(cid:173)
`sion to the transform coefficients and to provide nor(cid:173)
`malized transform coefficients compatible with a prede(cid:173)
`termined data coding scheme. The coefficients are en- 15
`coded in accordance with, e.g., Huffman codes and zero
`coefficient run length codes, and then stored in a first
`rate buffer memory asynchronously at a high data trans-
`fer rate from which they are put out at a slower, syn(cid:173)
`chronous bit stream rate ca