MICROSOFT PRESS®
`
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`Page 1 of 7
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`RA V. AMS
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`Ex. 1030
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`RA v. AMS
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`RA v. AMS
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1991 by Microsoft Press, a division of Microsoft Corporation.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may
`be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without
`the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for
`business, school, library, and home.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 155615-231-O
`1. Computers-—Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press.
`QA76.15.M54
`1991
`O04.16'03——dc20
`
`2. Microcomputers-—Dictionaries.
`
`91—9904
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`3456789 MLML 654321
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division
`of Canada Publishing Corporation.
`Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books N.Z. Ltd., 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Marjorie Schlaikjer
`Project Editor: Mary Ann Jones
`Technical Editors: David Rygmyr, Jeff Hinsch, Mary DeJong, Dail Magee, Jr.
`Manuscript Editor: Pamela Beason
`Copy Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`
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`Page 3 of 7
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`Page 3 of 7
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`RA v. AMS
`Ex. 1030
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`device inde
`
`data to the
`ated with 2
`
`only the da
`then rely or
`data to the <
`device inde
`
`gram, interl
`operations
`variety of 1
`gram could,
`to draw a r:
`
`put device i
`play. The l
`a device-in
`
`Programs is
`mands neec
`
`printing dex
`compatible
`range of ap]
`provided it
`pare device
`device 1131111
`tern cornpoi
`tem. MS—DC
`COM] to id
`
`port.
`device resol
`DGIS Pronot
`
`Graphics In
`veloped by
`firmware (g
`video adapt
`graphics on
`the IBM BIC
`
`Dhrystone .
`test, original
`1984 in the
`
`
`
`
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`
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`performano
`eral system]
`It is intende
`Whetstone
`mark, like u
`Code and is :
`advantages 5
`ware, compi
`Dhryston
`
`destructive read
`
`device driver
`
`ing and painting programs and with photograph-
`scanning equipment and digitizers. The finished
`product is then transferred to a page—makeup pro-
`gram, which is the software most people think of
`as the actual desktop-publishing software. This
`type of program enables the user to lay out text and
`graphics on the screen and see what the results will
`be; for refining parts of the document, these pro-
`grams often include word-processing and graphics
`features in addition to layout capabilities. As a final
`step, the finished document is printed either on a
`laser printer or, for the best quality, by typesetting
`equipment.
`destructive read Sometimes abbreviated DRO
`(destructive readout). An attribute of certain
`memory systems, notably core systems.
`In a
`destructive read of a memory location, the data is
`passed on to the processor, but the copy in memory
`is destroyed by the process of reading. Destructive
`memory systems require special logic to rewrite
`data back to a memory location after it is read.
`detail file See transaction file.
`detection Discovery of a certain condition that
`affects a computer system or the data with which it
`works. Some detection methods are based on rou-
`tine functions; for example, a microprocessor de-
`tects
`signals
`(interrupts)
`that
`indicate that
`a
`program or device requires attention. Other detec-
`tion methods are designed to uncover flaws or er-
`rors in operation; for example, error detection in
`communications uses sampling, calculation, and
`comparison to determine whether information is
`received in the same form in which it was
`transmitted.
`determinant In database design theory, any at-
`tribute or combination of attributes on which any
`other attribute or combination of attributes is func-
`tionally dependent. For example, if a database con-
`tains address information, the combination of the
`attributes ADDRESS + CITY + STATE determines
`the value for ZIPCODE. That is, any given address
`(as fully defined by ADDRESS, CITY, and STATE)
`can have one and only one ZIPCODE. ZIPCODE is
`functionally dependent on ADDRESS + CITY +
`STATE. Likewise,
`in a collection of information
`about employees, the attribute SOCIAL—SECURITY-
`
`of
`a determinant
`likely
`NUMBER is most
`LASTMNAME. LASTNAME is functionally depen-
`dent on SOCIAL-SECURITY—NUMBER.
`determinism In computing, the ability to predict
`an outcome or to know in advance how data will
`
`be manipulated by a processing system. A deter-
`ministic simulation, for example, is one in which a
`certain input always produces the same output; a
`deterministic algorithm is one whose functionality
`is always the same.
`developer’s toolkit A set of routines (usually in
`one or more libraries) designed to allow developers
`to more easily write programs for a given com-
`puter, operating system, or user interface. See also
`library, toolbox.
`device A generic term for a computer subsystem.
`Printers, serial ports, and disk drives are often
`referred to as devices; such subsystems frequently
`require their own controlling software, called de-
`vice drivers. See also device driver.
`device address A location within the address space
`of a computer’s random access memory (RAM) that
`can be altered either by the microprocessor or by
`an external device. Device addresses are different
`from other locations in RAM, which can be altered
`
`only by the microprocessor. To the microprocessor,
`the incoming information appears as data stored at
`a location in RAM. To the device, the location ap-
`
`pears simply as a register to which it can send data
`or from which it can read data put there by the mi-
`croprocessor. See also device, input/output, RAM.
`device control character See control character.
`device dependence The requirement that a par-
`ticular device be present or available for the use of
`a program, interface, or protocol. Device depen-
`dence in a program is often considered unfortu-
`nate because the program either is limited to one
`system or requires adjustments for every other type
`of system on which it is to run. Compare device
`independence.
`device driver A software component that permits
`a computer system to communicate with a device.
`A printer driver is a device driver that translates
`computer data into a form understood by the in-
`tended printer.
`In most cases,
`the driver also
`manipulates the hardware in order to transmit the
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`RA v. AMS
`Ex. 1030
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`>r or by“
`lifferent
`
`the device. However, device drivers associ-
`g
`g
`Clwith application packages typically perform
`the data translation; these higher—level drivers
`(rely on lower—level drivers to actually send the
`to the device.
`
`_
`
`5213 independence A characteristic of a pro-
`; interface, or protocol that supports software
`ations that produce similar results on a wide
`ty of hardware. A device—independent pro-
`m could, for example, issue the same command
`draw a rectangle regardless of whether the out-
`tdevice was a printer, a plotter, or a screen dis-
`The PostScript
`language is an example of
`device-independent page-description language:
`Ograms issuing PostScript drawing and text com-
`‘ ands need not be customized for each potential
`nting device, and a manufacturer of a Postscript-
`Cpmpatible printing device knows that a wide
`V nge of applications will be able to use its printer
`rovided it follows the Postscript standard. Com-
`PWB device dependence.
`'Ce name The label by which a computer sys-
`
`em. MS—DOS, for example, uses the device name
`COM] to identify the first serial communications
`"port.
`dfivice resolution See resolution.
`DGIS Pronounced “dee-jis”; acronym for Direct
`Graphics Interface Specification, an interface de-
`veloped by Graphics Software Systems. DGIS is
`irmware (generally implemented in ROM on a
`video adapter) that allows a program to display
`graphics on a video display through an extension to
`the IBM BIOS Interrupt 10H interface.
`Bhrystone A general—performance benchmarking
`test, originally developed by Rheinhold Weicker in
`1984 in the attempt to measure and compare the
`performance of computers. The test reports gen-
`eral system performance in dhrystones per second.
`It is intended to replace the older and less reliable
`Whetstone benchmark. The Dhrystone bench-
`, mark, like most benchmarks, consists of standard
`code and is revised periodically to minimize unfair
`advantages given to certain combinations of hard-
`. Ware, compiler, and environment.
`Dhrystone concentrates on string handling and
`
`uses no floating-point operations. Like most
`benchmarking tests,
`it
`is heavily influenced by
`hardware and software design, such as compiler
`and linker options,
`code optimizing,
`cache
`memory, wait states, and integer data types. Com-
`pare sieve of Eratosthenes, Whetstone; see also
`benchmark.
`
`DIA Abbreviation for Document Interchange Archi-
`tecture, a document-exchange guideline used in
`IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA). DIA
`specifies methods of organizing and addressing
`documents for transmission between computers of
`different sizes and models,
`including microcom-
`puters. DIA is supported by IBM’s APPC (Advanced
`Program-to-Program Communication) and by LU
`(Logical Unit) 6.2, which establish the capabilities
`and types of interactions possible in an SNA envi-
`ronment. See also DCA, SNA.
`diacritical mark An accent mark above, below, or
`through a written character——for example,
`the
`acute (’) and grave (‘) accents..
`dialect A variant of a particular language or pro-
`tocol. For example, Transact—SQL is a dialect of SQL
`(structured query language).
`dialog In computing, the exchange of human input
`and immediate machine responses that forms a
`“conversation” between an interactive computer
`and the person using it-, also, the exchange of sig-
`nals by computers communicating on a network.
`dialog box In a graphical user interface, a special
`window displayed by the system or application to
`solicit a response from the user. For example, when
`the user wants to print a document, the system
`typically displays a dialog box containing controls
`that represent various options: draft printing vs.
`high resolution, landscape vs. portrait mode, and
`so on. See also windowing environment.
`dial-up service Telephone service that relies on
`phones
`for
`station—to-station calls
`through a
`switched telephone network.
`dibit Pronounced “dye-bit.” A set of two bits repre-
`senting one of four possible combinations: O0, 01,
`10, and 11. In communications, a dibit is a kind of
`transmission unit made possible by the modulation
`technique known as differential phase—shift keying,
`which encodes data by using four different states
`
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`dynamic relo<
` dynamic RAM
`
`dye-polymer recording
`
`
`
`tem. In mathematics, a dyadic operation is one in
`which there are two operands. In Boolean algebra,
`a dyadic Boolean operation is, again, one in which
`there are two operands, both of which are signifi-
`cant. Dyadic Boolean operations are those such as
`AND and OR in which the outcome depends on
`both values. Such operations are commonly used to
`create truth tables. Compare unary;
`see also
`Boolean algebra, operand.
`dye-polymer recording A type of recording tech-
`nology used with optical discs in which dye em-
`bedded in a plastic polymer coating on an optical
`disc is used to create minute bumps on the surface
`that can be read by a laser. Dye-polymer bumps
`can be flattened and re-created, thus making an
`optical disc rewritable, as opposed to being record-
`able only once.
`dynamic An adjective used to describe events or
`processes that occur immediately and concurrently
`as opposed to those planned for in advance or
`reacted to after the fact. Dynamic is used in refer-
`ence to both hardware and software; in each case it
`describes some action or event that occurs when
`and as needed. In nondynamic memory manage-
`ment, a program is given a certain amount of
`memory when the program is first run and must
`run within that constraint. In dynamic memory
`management, a program is able to negotiate with
`the operating system when it needs more memory.
`dynamic address translation Abbreviated DAT.
`On-the—fly conversion of memory-location refer-
`ences from relative addresses (“three units from
`
`~ the beginning of X”) to absolute address (“location
`number 123”) when a program is run. Dynamic ad-
`dress translation depends on conditions existing
`within the system at the runtime of a program; for
`example,
`it might depend on exactly where in
`memory a particular part of a program is loaded by
`the operating system.
`dynamic allocation The allocation of memory
`during program execution according to current
`needs. Dynamic allocation almost always implies
`that dynamic deallocation is possible too, so data
`structures can be created and destroyed as re-
`quired. Compare static allocation; see also allocate,
`deallocate.
`
`
`
`dynamic binding Also called late binding. Bind-
`ing (converting symbolic addresses in the program
`to storage—related addresses) that occurs during
`program execution. The term often refers to
`object-oriented applications that determine, during
`runtime, which software routines to call for par-
`ticular data objects. For example, an application
`might define a class named “artwork,” with sub-
`classes for paintings, sculptures, ceramics, and so
`on. Each of these classes would have a routine
`named “dollarvaluenow” that would calculate the
`current value of a piece of art, based in part on the
`class’s unique characteristics and also on the state
`of the market for art. Given an artwork object,
`dynamic binding would ensure that
`the correct
`“dollarvaluenow” routine was called to compute
`the current value. Compare static binding.
`Dynamic Data Exchange Abbreviated DDE. A
`form of interprocess communication (IPC) imple-
`mented in Microsoft Windows and OS/2. When
`two or more programs that support DDE are run-
`ning simultaneously, they can exchange informa-
`tion and commands. For example, a spreadsheet
`with a DDE link to a communications program
`might be capable of keeping stock prices that are
`displayed in the spreadsheet current with trading
`information received over
`the communications
`channel. See also interprocess communication.
`dynamic dump A listing, either stored on disk or
`sent to a printer, of memory contents generated at
`the time of a break in the execution of a program;
`a useful tool for programmers interested in know.
`ing what is happening at a certain point in the exe- ’
`cution of a program.
`dynamic RAM Abbreviated DRAM (pronounced
`“dee-rarn”). A form of semiconductor random ac.
`cess memory (RAM). Dynamic RAMS store informa-
`tion in integrated circuits that contain capacitors.
`Because capacitors lose their charge over time,
`dynamic RAM boards must include logic to ‘‘refresh‘’
`,
`(recharge) the RAM chips continuously. While a dy.
`namic RAM is being refreshed, it cannot be read by l
`the processor; if the processor must read the RAM
`while it is being refreshed, one or more wait states I
`occur. Because their internal circuitry is simple,
`I
`dynamic RAMS are more commonly used than
`
`static RAMs,
`dynamic RAl\/.
`as much data 2
`
`plexity. Compi
`dynamic relor
`data or of the (
`
`by an internal
`helps a compu
`B’ dynamic schec
`rently running
`the operating 5
`
`I
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`‘
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`I
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`I
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`RA v. AMS
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`RA v. AMS
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