Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP
`Ex. 1041 (Ray Attachment G)
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP v. Toyota Motor Corp.
`IPR2016-01914
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`CHAPTERXIII
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`Latent Impressions
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`Each ridge of the fingers, palms, and soles bears a row of sweat
`pores which in the average person constantly exude perspiration. Also,
`the ridges of the fingers and palms are in intermittent contact with
`other parts of the body, such as the hair and face, and with various ob-
`jects, which may leave a film of grease or moisture on the ridges. In
`touching an object, the film of moisture and/or grease may be trans-
`ferred to the object, thus leaving an outline ofthe ridges of the fingers
`or palm thereon. This print
`is called a latent
`impression,
`the word
`“latent” meaning hidden, that is, the print many times is not readily
`visible.
`Latent impressions, regardless of the area of the ridges present, are of
`the greatest importance to the criminal investigator as identification of
`them maysolve the crime and result in successful prosecution of the
`subject. Consequently, every effort should be made to preserve and
`identify them.
`Visible prints in mediums such as blood, grease, dirt, or dust are
`equally important
`to the investigator but, strictly speaking, are not
`latent impressions but rather patent impressions; meaning impressions
`that are exposed, not hidden.
`A search of the crime scene should be conducted in a logical manner.
`Points of entry and exit should be examined, along with surfaces or ob-
`jects disturbed or likely touched during the commission of the crime.
`The specialist should weara pair of light cloth gloves and handle an
`object only insofar as is necessary and then only by edges or surfaces
`whichare not receptive to latent impressions. A record of the exactlo-
`cation of a print on an object and of the object itself should be made,
`since these facts may be of the utmost importancein anytrial resulting
`from the investigation. Care should be taken to prevent other individ-
`uals present at the crime scene from handling any object until the fin--
`gerprint specialist has completed his/her examination for latent prints.
`Portable articles removed should be labeled or marked so that they
`may bereadily identified thereafter.
`The beam ofa flashlight played overthe surfaceofa non-porous object
`will frequently show the location of latent impressions, although this is
`not an infallible test for their presence.
`Evidence should be examined as soon as feasible afterits discovery.
`Following the location of any latent prints at the scene of a crime,
`the prints of all persons whose presence at the place under inspection
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`has been for legitimate purposes should be excluded from further atten-
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`tion. It is advisable, therefore, during the initial stages of an investiga-
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`tion where latent prints are found,
`to secure the inked prints of all
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`members of the household, the employees, and any police or other offi-
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`cials who may have touched the objects on which the latent impres-
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`sions were found. Inked prints taken for this purpose are referred to as
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`elimination prints.
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`Due to the fragmentary nature of most latent prints, it is not possible
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`to derive a classification which makesa file search practicable. A latent
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`impression may be identified, however, by comparison with the prints
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`of a particular suspect.
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`Inked fingerprints taken for comparison with latent
`impressions
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`should be as legible and as complete as possible, including the areas not
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`essential to classification, since identifications are often made with these
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`areas. Inked palm prints taken should likewise be complete and clear
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`and should include impressions ofthe finger joints. Persons not experi-
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`encedin latent print comparisons should not attempt to evaluate latent
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`fragments, since the area necessary for an identification may be ex-
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`tremely small compared to that of an average inked fingerprint.
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`Articles which are to be transported by mail or express should be so
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`packed that the surface bearing latent impressions are not
`in contact
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`with other surfaces. This may be accomplished by mounting the articles
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`on a piece of fiber board or plywood. The board should then be se-
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`cured in a box so that the objects will not touch or be shaken against
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`the sides in transit. The package should be plainly marked “Evidence,”
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`to prevent inadvertent handling on opening. Cotton or cloth should
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`never be placed in direct contact with any surface bearing latent prints.
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`Any number of paper or cardboard specimens may be placed in a
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`single protective wrapper, since contact with other surfaces does not
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`harm latents on such objects. Lifts, negatives and photographs are read-
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`ily enclosed withletters.
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`is neces-
`Anexplanatory letter should accompany all evidence. If it
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`sary to pack the evidence separately, a copy of the letter should be
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`placed in every package so that the recipient will know immediately
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`the importance of the contents. All items of evidence should be marked
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`and described exactly in the accompanyingletter so that they will not be
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`confused with packing material of a similar nature, and to provide a
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`check on what the package should contain.
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`In addition, the letter should include for record purposesa brief out-
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`line of the crime,i-e., type, date and place of occurrence, and names of
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`victims and subjects. If suspects are named for comparison, sufficient
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`descriptive data should be set out to permit location of their fingerprint
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`records. This information, in preferential order, comprises the individ-
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`ual’s complete name, aliases, FBI number, prior arrest number, date of
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`prior arrest or fingerprinting, fingerprint classification, date and place of
`birth, and physical description.
`171
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`Evidence is preferably forwarde
`d by registered mail or any means
`providing records of dispatch and r
`eceipt.
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`Elimination or Suspect fingerpri
`nts are best enclosed with the evi-
`denceitself, with a notation as to t
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`he type ofprints forwarded.
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`CHAPTER XIV
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`Powdering and Lifting
`Latent Impressions
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`The sole purpose in “developing” a latent impression is to make it
`visible so that it may be preserved and compared. Various powders and
`chemicals are used for this purpose. When a latent print (patent print) is
`plainly visible, it should be photographed before any effort is made to
`develop it.
`No attempt should be made to brush or apply powderto prints in dust
`or bloody prints, as this will almost surely destroy them. Objects which
`have been wet or immersed in water may still bear identifiable latent
`impressions. Before any examination is attempted, however, the object
`must be dried.
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`Powder brushed lightly: over a latent-bearing surface will cling to
`grease or moisture in the ridges of a latent print, making it visible
`against
`the background. Obviously, a powder should be used which
`will contrast with the color of the surface. Photographic contrasts
`should also be considered.
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`A gray powder and a black powder are adequate for latent print
`work. Manyfingerprint powders of various colors and compositions are
`available from fingerprint supply houses but none are superior to the
`gray and black.
`A very small amount of powder is placed on the brush for applica-
`tion to the surface. Once the contour of a print is visible,
`the brush
`strokes should conform to the direction of the ridges. All excess
`powdershould be brushedfrom between the ridges. Too much powder
`and toolittle brushing are the chief faults of beginners.
`Gray powder is used on dark-colored surfaces. It is also used on mir-
`rors and metal surfaces which have been polished to a mirror like
`finish, since these surfaces will photograph black with the fingerprint
`camera.
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`Black powder should be applied to white or light-colored surfaces.
`Aluminum powderaffords the same contrast as the gray. Gold and
`red bronze powders, although of a glittering appearance, will photo-
`graph dark and should consequently be used on light-colored surfaces.
`Dragon’s blood powder is a photographically neutral powder and may
`bedusted on either a light or dark surface.
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`173
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`white.
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`On clear transparent glass, either gray or black powder maybeused,
`it being necessary only to use a contrasting black or white background
`when photographing.
`Prints should belifted after photographing. Both rubber and transpar-
`ent
`tape are available for this purpose. Black or white rubber lifting
`tape is available in a variety of sizes and has the adhesive surface pro-
`tected with a celluloid cover. A black powder print should obviously
`be lifted on white tape and a gray powder print on blacktape.
`Gold bronze and red bronze powders should be lifted on white tape,
`aluminum on black. Dragon’s blood may be lifted on either black or
`After cutting a piece of tape sufficiently large to cover the entire
`latent print, the celluloid covering is removed and the adhesive side ap-
`plied to the latent. The tape should be pressed evenly and firmly to the
`surface,
`taking care not
`to shift
`its position. It is then peeled gently
`from the surface and the piece of celluloid placed over theprint to pro-
`tect it. The operator should handle the lift in such a mannerthat he/she
`will leave no prints of his/her own on the adhesive surface. A small
`paperidentification tag bearing the initials of the operator, date, and
`object from which lifted should be placed under one corner of the cel-
`luloid, or this information may be written on the back of the lift itself if
`it can be done in a permanent, legible manner.
`If an excessive amount of powderadheresto the latent print, a more
`legible print may sometimes be obtained by lifting a second time (on a
`new piece oftape, of course).
`It should be noted that a print lifted on rubber tape is in a reverse
`Position. Consequently, in preparing a photograph ofa print on such a
`lift,
`it will be necessary to print the negative from the reverse side in
`order for the print
`to appear in its correct position for comparison,
`Preparation of such photographs should not be attempted by persons of
`inadequate knowledge and experience.
`Transparent tape with a durable adhesive surface is available in 1” to
`2” widths for fingerprint work. The common variety of transparent
`tape is not suitable due to the deterioration (drying) of the adhesive sur-
`face. The print on a piece of transparent tape is in correct position.
`Transparentlifts should be affixed to a smooth, grainless, opaque back-
`ground of a black or white color contrasting with the powder used.
`Every effort should be made to avoid air bubbles under suchlifts. In no
`instance should a transparentlift ever be folded back on itself or stuck
`to another piece of such tape as a backing,sinceit is generally not pos-
`sible to determine the correct position of suchaprint.
`Groupsoflatent impressions, such as those of adjacentfingers orfin-
`gers and palmswhich appear to have been made simultaneously, should
`be lifted as units, that is, ona single piece of tape, as this may facilitate
`the task of making comparisons.
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`174
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`Following these procedures carefully in taking major case prints can
`ultimately save considerable time and effort in bringing criminals before
`the bar of justice. Time thus saved can be invested in pursuing the solu-
`tion of other major crimes.
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`officer recording the
`ho was printed must
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`prints. The individual
`ix cards: one finger-
`sides, and tips of the
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`ts can be a key asset
`mparison with latent
`can also be searched
`J latent print file. By.
`ints could lead to the
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` U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1986 0 - 153-914
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