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`Spectrochemical Analysis and Hyperspectral
`Imaging of Latent Fingerprints
`
`Article · January 2002
`
`CITATIONS
`11
`
`6 authors, including:
`
`Edward Bartick
`George Washington University
`
`43 PUBLICATIONS 732 CITATIONS
`
`SEE PROFILE
`
`READS
`92
`
`Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
`
`Chemometric Analysis in Forensic Science View project
`
`All content following this page was uploaded by Edward Bartick on 24 March 2014.
`
`The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
`
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP
`Ex. 1034 (Rozzell Attachment O)
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP v. Toyota Motor Corp.
`IPR2016-01914
`
`
`
`Spectrochemical Analysis and Hyperspectral
`Imaging of Latent Fingerprints
`
`Article · January 2002
`
`CITATIONS
`11
`
`6 authors, including:
`
`Edward Bartick
`George Washington University
`
`43 PUBLICATIONS 732 CITATIONS
`
`SEE PROFILE
`
`READS
`92
`
`Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
`
`Chemometric Analysis in Forensic Science View project
`
`All content following this page was uploaded by Edward Bartick on 24 March 2014.
`
`The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
`
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP
`Ex. 1034 (Rozzell Attachment O)
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP v. Toyota Motor Corp.
`IPR2016-01914
`
`
`
`Spectrochemical Analysis and
`Hyperspectral Imaging of Latent
`Fingerprints
`
`E. Bartick1, R. Schwartz2, R. Bhargava3, M. Schaeberle3,
`D. Fernandez3 and I. Levin3
`
`1Counterterrorsim and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Academy,
`Quantico, VA, U.S.A.,
`2Latent Print Unit, FBI Laboratory, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,
`3National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK,
`Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
`
`Summary
`This work has been undertaken to gain an understanding of the chemical
`composition of latent prints so that new methods of developing finger-
`print images can be explored. Children’s fingerprints have been an important
`aspect of this work. Additionally, methods of imaging fingerprints from
`electro-optical responses obtained through spectrometers have been
`investigated1. This process is often referred to as hyperspectral imaging.
`
`Introduction
`In certain instances latent fingerprints cannot be acquired by existing
`methods. Frequently caseworkers have reported that the recovery of children’s
`prints at a crime scene is difficult or not possible. Therefore, there is
`interest in the forensic community to improve understanding of the chemical
`character of latent fingerprints with an emphasis on children’s prints so
`that current techniques can be modified or new ones developed.
`Previous work has been done by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
`(GC/MS)2. The disadvantage of GC/MS is that it is destructive, and sample
`acquisition is from a large area and, therefore, is not specific to small
`individual heterogeneous components. Infrared analysis, however, can be
`used noninvasively on small areas of the ridge material to identify specific
`chemical components.
`
`©2002 by Monduzzi Editore S.p.A. – MEDIMOND Inc.
`
`C902C0671
`
`61
`
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP
`Ex. 1034 (Rozzell Attachment O)
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP v. Toyota Motor Corp.
`IPR2016-01914
`
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP
`Ex. 1034 (Rozzell Attachment O)
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP v. Toyota Motor Corp.
`IPR2016-01914
`
`
`
`62
`
`16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences
`
`Materials and Methods
`Adult and children’s prints have been studied while on aluminum
`coated microscope slides. Microscopical Raman and IR spectroscopy have
`been used to acquire spectra. IR by reflection-absorption analysis has the
`greater sensitivity, and this method was adopted for our continuing work.
`The IR spectra were collected at 4 cm-1 resolution and averaged for128
`scans. A Thermo Nicolet Magna 560 FT-IR with a Nic-PlanTM microscope
`was used.
`The visible, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (IR) spectral re-
`gions have been used with corresponding spectrometers for hyperspectral
`imaging. The visible and the NIR work covered whole fingerprints.
`Microscopes have been used for the IR for imaging small areas of single
`ridgelines and whole prints. To image whole fingerprints, line scanning
`has been conducted by using a linear array detector and moving the
`microscope stage.
`
`Results
`The study has included analysis ranging from very young children to
`adults. Figure 1 shows a spectrum obtained from a four-year-old boy’s
`eccrine fingerprint. The photomicrograph showing the material is not
`clear, because little deposit is present. The spectrum indicates the lack of
`material by weak peak intensities. The net intensity in the C-H stretching
`region is approximately 0.8 % transmittance. The water vapor and carbon
`dioxide peaks from the ambient air are on the same order of magnitude.
`Unsaturation in the carbon chain is observable near 3014 cm-1. Unsaturation
`has been commonly observed in children’s prints2.
`
`Figure 1. IR spectrum and photomicrograph of a four-year-old boy’s eccrine fingerprint.
`
`
`
`Montpellier, France, September 2-7, 2002
`
`63
`
`Figure 2. IR spectrum and photomicrograph of a nine-year-old boy’s sebaceous
`fingerprint.
`
`The ridgeline is much more distinct from a nine-year-old boy’s seba-
`ceous print as shown in Figure 2.
`The line can be observed diagonally from the top left to the bottom
`right of the inserted photomicrograph. The stronger peaks in the improved
`spectrum reflect the presence of additional material. The C-H stretching
`region near 3000 cm-1 shows a net intensity of about 25% transmittance.
`The carbonyl band near 1730 cm-1 from a fatty acid ester is clearly observable.
`The bands near 1655 and 1545 cm-1 are the amide I and II bands from
`protein material. These results indicate that as children get older, they
`show increasing amounts of sebum even prior to physical signs of puberty.
`With successful acquisition of spectra obtained from fingerprint material,
`spectral images of latent fingerprints were investigated. Initial work was
`successfully conducted using visible and NIR imaging spectrographs. Figure
`3 shows a NIR image plot of an adult female forefinger. The liquid
`crystal tunable filter spectrograph was scanned over the range of 805-
`
`Figure 3. Adult Female NIR image.
`
`
`
`64
`
`16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences
`
`1000 nm at 2 nm increments and imaged with a charge-coupled-devise
`(CCD) array detector with resolution of 384 x 256 pixels.
`Because of the additional chemical information provided by the mid-
`IR, this region has been used for our continuing work. Fourier transform
`IR systems with microscopes were used to study areas of approximately
`0.1mm2 to 2.9cm2. Figure 4 shows a 32 cm-1 resolution spectrum obtained
`by a mercury cadmium telluride linear array detector collected by moving
`the microscope stage to cover the area of 1.8 x 1.6 cm of a fingerprint.
`
`Figure 4. Upper spectrum was obtained from a point on FT-IR hyperspectral image.
`Lower spectrum was obtained in a space between ridgelines. Insert is the image
`produced from 1550 cm-1 absorbance intensities.
`
`Conclusion
`Successful results have been acquired in collecting spectra and images
`from latent fingerprints. Additional studies are required to determine the
`chemical composition variation within children and within adults. Further
`work is ongoing to develop instruments for rapid acquisition of IR
`hyperspectral images in the laboratory and in the field.
`
`References
`1.
`J. LERNER and L. DRAKE, Practical Characteristics of Spectral Imaging
`Methods, Amer. Lab., 20-26, March 2002.
`2. M. BUCHANAN, K. ASANO, and A. BOHANON, Chemical characteriza-
`tion of fingerprints from adults and children, SPIE Vol. 2941, 89-95, 1997.
`
`
`
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