Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP
`Ex. 1024 (Rozzell Attachment E)
`Reactive Surfaces Ltd. LLP v. Toyota Motor Corp.
`IPR2016-01914
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
` g-in-Publication Data
`
`Library of Congress Catalogin
`
`
`Advances in fingerprint technology / edited by Henry C. Lee, R.E. Gaensslen.--2nd ed.
`p. cm -- (CRCseries in forensic and police science)
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`
`
`ISBN 0-8493-0923-9 (alk. paper)
`
`
`1. Fingerprints. 2. Fingerprints--Data processing. I. Lee. Henry
`(Robert E.) Hi. Series.
`
`
`
`2001025816
`
`HV6074 .A43 2001
`363.25'8--de21
`
`C. HL. Gaenssien, R. E.
`
`authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
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`international Standard Book Number 0-8493-0923-9
`Library of Congress Card Number 2001025816
`Printed in the United States of America
`4567890
`Printed on acid-free paper
`
`eS
`
`Preface
`
`
`
`Thefirst edition of
`
`
`in Forensic and Pou
`acquired by CRC Fre
`forensic science Prog
`
`Advances in Fingerpts"
`
`
`Fingerprints
`developments in. the
`typing have tended
`popular information
`
`realm of methods %&
`LA
`i
`
`imaging and AF
`breakthroughs Decas:
`ics and organic chez
`Fingerprints com
`evidence. They are a=
`individualityis wide:
`
`have been some
`Tm
`
`for fingerprint ina:
`vy. Merrell DowPinar
`
`new standardsfor &
`the first time. The is
`
`and 10. A perspec
`
`the fundamentas
`2, revised from the
`which every latent
`in detail in a new<
`ment methods anc
`ninydrin analogues
`developers (Chart:
`added. AFIS svstez
`: ee
`
`and may dé cOrss
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Composition
`of Latent Print Residue
`
`ROBERT S. RAMOTOWSKI
`
`
`Contents
`Introduction ......-sssessssssssesssssssssssssseeeeessesssesssssssseseasarsnssssesuuuusistaseseeeeseeecccc 64
`
`Skin Anatomy...escccceescscssseeessssseessssssasessssssesscsssaseeesseeeeeeccce.,
`saeateeeesececetenees 64
`The Epidermis.....scssssssscsssssssssssssssesssssssssssssssssesssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeccc 65
`The Dermis....ecssssssesssessnsssessssssussssssssssuiusnsssssssssssusasieteteeeeeeececa. 65
`Secretory Glands .....ssssssssssessssuussssesseeeeeesussssssesseusasssssssssisisesseeseeeeeecc 68
`Ecerime Glands «......csssssssssssssssessssscseessscsesssssnrsssssssstsisesisteseeeeeeeeeeceecccn. 69
`Inorganic Compounds o.oo...eseeessccssecssssssssssssssssasssiseveseesseseeceeseesseses 69
`AMINO ACIS ....seessescscscscssssssnsnestessescessssssssuuussesssstsnsasssiisssestesesessecccc 70
`PrOtens ......---csscsssssssesesscsssssssssnntassecsesssssesssuvetessusssssasssbitessesssessesseeecc. 71
`Lipids...eseesecssesesesseeneesstieteeeseeecssesseeeseseseasessusnensesssessssssesssseneneas 72
`Miscellaneous Constituents ......ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssstseeeeeeeeeescece. 72
`Sebaceous Glands .......scssssssssssssssssssssesssssstssusssenssssssssssseseeeeeeeeeeecec 73
`Lipid Origin and Breakdown ........ccssssssssssssssssssssssssscsssssseeeeeeeeeeseccc 75
`Chemical Composition of Sebum ..........ssssssssssssssssseeeseeeeeceececcccc. 76
`Fatty ACIS .....sscssssssssssssssssesseseseccsssssssssessnsnstsasastiveeeeeeeeeseesceseecc. 76
`Phospholipids ......ssssssssssescesssssssssssssssssssassnsssssssssssssasssssssseseeseeeeesesscc, 78
`Wax ESters....sssessessseccsesssssesseeseeessssssssssssuueuesssessesessssssssssssassssessssesc.., 79
`SteTOIS ....seesssesssssssssssnsssenssssesseseeseeseeessessssssssantentatuasirsesessseseeseeeeeesessssey 79
`Squalemeoss.eescsssssssssssesssessssssssesseceesesessssssssessssssasisstissieteseceeceeceeeesec. 80
`Miscellaneous Organic Compounds.....sscsccscssssssssssssseeceeeeseeessececccc 80
`Apocrine Glands wrresesceccssesscscseescesessssssssssussssnsuassessesssssssssssesseeseeseecc, 80
`Variation of Sebum Composition With Age Of Donor...ceccessesssessecsesses 81
`NeEWDOINS.....sssssessssssssssssessssssssssessescesenscessesssssesssstseanesessesuetseveeseeeeeeeccccccc, 82
`Young Chidren «.....ssecsscsscssssessssesnsesssnsssnssessstutssstnassnssssstsssstesseeeeceeeccce., 83
`Adolescents ......-sssssosssssssssssssssssussssssssssssssssssseseussusassansssteneeeeeeeec 83
`Post-Adolescence.....essessssssssssecsssssssssssessssssuusutstnasstsststsesseeeeeeeeeecc.. 84
`The Composition of Latent Print Residue........ccsssccsssssssseseseeccscc. 85
`United Kingdom Home Office..esseessssssssssussesssssnssstsetssseeeeeeeeesecc. 85
`
`Oak Ridge National Laboratory..isssesssssssssssscssssssssssssssssseseeeeeeecc 86
`Pacific Northwest National Laboratory......eeecesscscsssssssssecesssesssscsssscescese 87
`Savannah River Technical Center ResearCh.ccesssssssssscsseeeeeeeeeeeccc. 89
`Forensic Science Service .....cssssssssssssssssssssssstsnessestassststsessesseseeeeeeeessessss, 90
`
`0923-9/01/S0.00481.50
`
`by CRC Press LLC
`
`63
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`64
`
`Advancesin Fingerprint Technology, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent P
`
`DNA From Latent Prints........cccsssssssssssssssssssesssesssecssssscassesssisossseeseseceseccccece 91
`DNAFrom Blood Prints and Stains......ccsccscssssssessssssssssessoececeseesceeseeesenes 91
`
`DNA From Developed Latent Prints ..........ccsccscssesssssssscssesccsscosecsseseceeece, 92
`
`Miscellaneous Compounds and Contaminants.................
`93
`Conclusions .....-ssssccsssscssssesssssesssssessssscssssusssrsvssessssssssasesassussssssssosssesesseeeccsseccce 94
`References ......cssssscccssssssssssssesesssesssssssssessssussssssnasecsssuassssssssssessstvesesetueeccessseccccc 95
`
`epithelium called the epi
`150 pm. The underlying a
`connective tissue that cor:
`of the skin contains mast
`that produce sweat. Altha
`the mass of humanskin.:
`of the biochemical trans#
`tures that extend into the »
`follicles, are also metabolic
`
`Introduction
`eee
`The composition of human perspiration has been studied and reported
`The Epidermis
`extensively in the medical literature. The medical community has analyzed
`The epidermis (Figure 3.1"
`sweat for many purposes, including attempts to diagnose certain diseases,
`knownasthestratum germ
`suchascystic fibrosis, and studies of skin conditions, such as acne. Even the
`of columnarepithelial cei
`perfume and cosmetics industry has an interest in determining the precise
`spinosum.Thestratum spiz
`chemical natureofperspiration and how it mightinteract with their personal
`that are held together br g
`hygiene products. However,the information ascertained in these studies does
`sum andstratum germinazti
`not begin to address the issue that is mostcritical for forensic scientists.
`(namedin honorof Marce:
`Knowingtheprecise contents of the various skin glands does notaccurately
`fingerprint science pioneer
`represent the nature of what is actually secreted onto substrates from the
`fine structure ofridges and
`fingers and palms.In operational scenarios, numerous contaminants are present
`As these cells approach
`in the fingerprint deposit, including material from other glands, cosmetics,
`form the nextlayer, the str
`perfumes, and foodresidues. In addition, the secreted material is almost imme-
`granules (the precursor of k
`diately altered by oxidative andbacterial degradation mechanisms.These factors
`
`are formedin this laver,
`are particularly importantsince crimescenetechnicians seldom encounterlatent
`nuclei are then either
`print deposits immediately after they are deposited by a perpetrator. However,
`epidermalcell and an
`there is little information available that describes howalatent print deposit
`penultimate layer, the
`changes with time. Thus, a more thorough understandingofthese transforma-
`sists primarily ofeleidin,
`w*
`tions wouldallow forensic scientists to develop specific reagents for visualizing
`of the keratohyalin present
`compounds known to bestable for long periodsoftime.
`layer, the stratum corneum
`atin, which is the ultimate 4
`is continually sloughed of.
`it. It has been estimated tha:
`to 1g of dead skin ceils ;
`
`
`estimated to take approxima
`showingall of the lavers of2
`
`is usually divided into two distinct lavers. The outer laver is a stratified
`
`Skin Anatomy
`ee
`Skin serves several functions, including regulation of body temperature,
`water retention, protection,sensation, excretion, immunity, blood reservoir,
`and synthesis of vitamin D (except where noted, the information in this
`section was obtained from Odland'). The skin of an average adult exceeds
`2 m* in area; yet, in most places it is no more than 2 mm thick. While the
`average thickness of epidermal skin varieslittle over most of the body, the
`thickness on the palmsand soles can be as much as0.4 to 0.6 mm.The skin
`
`
`
`
`
`The Dermis
`
`
`
`

`

`nology, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent Print Residue
`
`65
`
`ibanii
`
`SABEDEaaahoa
`
`| :
`
`weseaneersseseseneonsonsosnsosassenes 91
`wisuennessssesenseseestonesoesenseees 91
`
`
`
`x studied and reported
`community has analyzed
`iagnose certain diseases,
`xs, such as acne. Even the
`determining the precise
`teract with their personal
`zned in these studies does
`x for forensic scientists.
`ae
`248 does not accurately
`*E
`to substrates from the
`
`‘<Ontaminants are present
`ether glands, cosmetics,
`material is almost imme-
`nechanisms. Thesefactors
`s seldom encounterlatent
`¥ a perpetrator. However,
`sw a latent print deposit
`ingof these transforma-
`2s
`
`2 of body temperature,
`munity, blood reservoir,
`
`the information in this
`m average adult exceeds
`: 2mm thick. While the
`= most of the body, the
`&4 to 0.6 mm.Theskin
`ster layer is a stratified
`
`epithelium called the epidermis, which has an average thickness of 75 to
`150 um. The underlyinglayer of skin is called the dermis, a dense fibroelastic
`connective tissue that constitutes the primary mass ofthe skin. This portion
`of the skin contains most of the specialized excretory and secretory glands
`that produce sweat. Although the dermis constitutes between 90 to 95% of
`the mass of humanskin, the epidermis accounts for the major proportion
`of the biochemical transformations that occur in the skin (although struc-
`tures that extend into the dermis, such as the various sweat glands and hair
`follicles, are also metabolically important).
`
`The Epidermis
`The epidermis (Figure 3.1) consists of several cell layers.? The innermost is
`knownasthe stratum germinativum (basalcell layer). It consists of one layer
`of columnarepithelial cells, which upon division push into the stratum
`spinosum.The stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer) consists of several layers
`that are held together by intercellular fibrils. The combined stratum spino-
`sum and stratum germinativum are often referred to as the Malpighian layer
`(named in honorof Marcello Malpighi, a 17th century Italian professor and
`fingerprint science pioneer whofirst used high magnification to detail the
`fine structure of ridges and pores).
`Asthese cells approach the skin surface, they begin to grow larger and
`form the nextlayer, the stratum granulosum (granularlayer). Keratohyalin
`granules(the precursorof keratin, a fibrous, insoluble protein found in skin)
`are formed in this layer, which is approximately twoto four cells thick. The
`nuclei are then either broken up or dissolved, resulting in the death of the
`epidermal cell and an increase in the numberof cytoplasmic granules. The
`penultimate layer, the stratum lucidum (clear layer), is ill-defined and con-
`sists primarily ofeleidin, which is presumedto be a transformation product
`of the keratohyalin present in the stratum granulosum.In the outermost
`layer, the stratum corneum (cornified layer), the eleidin is converted to ker-
`atin, whichis the ultimate fate of the original epidermalcell. Keratin, which
`is continually sloughed off, must continuously be replaced by cells beneath
`it. It has been estimated thata typical individual will shed approximately 0.5
`to 1g of dead skin cells per day.? The total cell cycle in the epidermis is
`estimated to take approximately 28 days. Figure 3.2 is a stained skin section
`showingall of the layers of the epidermis.
`
`The Dermis.
`
`The dermis is a moderately dense fibroelastic connective tissue composed of
`collagen (a fibrous protein composed of primarily glycine, alanine,proline,
`and hydroxyproline), elastin fibers (a fibrous protein containing primarily
`
`

`

`
`
`
`ee ae s => »
`
`SPINOUS LAYER
`
`=
`
`8
`Filaments
`
`=
`
`“ag
`
`Yr
`BoogQi
`s
`|
`ah.
`LE
`oe
`i
`Sag
`rN
`yf
`‘
`hee
`Besal Lomino
`
`.
`
`™
`
`BASAL LAYER
`
`Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram showing thelayers of the epidermis. (From The
`Structure and Function of Skin, 3rd Edition, Montagna, W. and Parakkal, PF.,
`Eds., Academic Press, 1974. With permission.}
`
`glycine, alanine, valine, and lysine), and an interfibrillar gel of glycosamin-
`proteoglycans,salts, and water. This layer containsup to five million secretory
`glands, including eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous glands.’ Collagen fibers
`form an irregular meshwork that is roughly parallel‘to the epidermal surface
`and provides skin tensile strength and resistance to mechanical stress. Elastin
`gives skin its elasticity and its ability to resumeits natural shape after defor-
`mation. Fibrous matsofelastin are intermeshed with collagen to give skin
`its tension. This tension is greatest over body areas where the skin is thin and
`elastin is abundant(e.g., the scalp and face). Fibroblasts, which form elastin
`and collagen, and histiocytes, which form interferon for protection against
`
`66
`
`Advancesin Fingerprint Technology, Second Edition
`
`ae @_GRANULAR LAYER
`ee et
`
`Composition of Latent Pr:
`
`Figure 3.2 A stained section
`layers. Section A is the stre
`section C is the stratum gra
`The structure evident in the
`
`gland. (From The Structure 2:
`Parakkal, P.F., Eds., Acaderm:
`
`viral infections, are present
`nerve vessels is also present
`The dermis is divided .
`and the parsreticularis. The
`dermal layer and containss
`collagen fibrils than does tt
`numerouscapillaries, which
`via diffusion. The second re
`illary dermis and comprises
`collagenous and elastic «
`arranged predominately in
`surface, although sometans
`
`
`Re
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`schnology, Second Edition
`
`
`
`SPOS LAYER
`
`Cm LAYER
`
`et the epidermis. (From The
`xena, W. and Parakkal, PE.
`
`Composition of Latent Print Residue
`
`67
`
`Figure 3.2 A stained section of the epidermis from the palm showing all of the
`layers. Section A is the stratum corneum, section B is the stratum lucidum,
`section C is the stratum granulosum, and section D is the stratum malpighii.
`- The structure evident in the stratum corneum is the duct of an eccrine sweat
`gland. (From The Structure and Function of Skin, 3rd Edition, Montagna, W. and
`Parakkal, P.F., Eds., Academic Press, 1974. With permission.}
`
`
`viral infections, are present in this layer. A system of blood, lymphatic, and
`
`nerve vessels is also present.
`
`The dermis is divided into two anatomical regions, the pars papillaris
`
`and the parsreticularis. The papillary dermis is the outermost portion of the
`dermallayer and contains smaller and more loosely distributed elastin and
`
`collagen fibrils than doesthe reticular dermis. The papillae are supplied by
`
`“numerouscapillaries, which ultimately supply nourishmentto the epidermis
`
`via diffusion. The second region,the reticular dermis, lies beneath the pap-
`_ulary dermis and comprises the bulk ofthis layer.It is characterized by dense
`collagenous and elastic connective tissue. These collagen bundles are
`
`
`arranged predominately in interwoven strands that are parallel to the skin
`surface, although some tangentially oriented bundlesare present.
`
`ibrillar gel of glycosamin-
`up to five million secretory
`28 glands.* Collagen fibers
`2! to the epidermal surface
`+ mechanical stress. Elastin
`natural shapeafter defor-
`with collagen to give skin
`where the skin is thin and
`»Dlasts, which form elastin
`ron for protection against
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
` Eccrine
`Gland Nw
`
`
`
`Sadia,
`
`
`
`68
`
`Advancesin Fingerprint Technology, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent F:
`
`are found primarily in the
`However, in most instances
`significantly to the latent ;
`is approximately 99% wats
`of chemical compoundsaz:
`compounds (303 of which
`residues.*°
`
`Eccrine Glands
`
`There are between two az
`throughout the human >
`information was obtained
`to have an estimated weigh=
`100 g. In normalindividuz
`as 2 to 4 L offluid per hour.
`approximately 18 kcal/min.
`faster than any other anim
`of the feet (620/cm2) and }
`mation begins around the
`about 5 months for the n
`matured by theeighthfeta!
`shaped structure with a du
`into the dermislayer. The =
`is to reabsorb sodium,chic:
`solutes. Under normal conot
`the skin surface without
`
`Inorganic Compounds
`Although eccrine sweat is
`numerous organic and iner
`on the skin surface causes 2
`have been modeled and qua
`has been reported to be 2
`surfaces by particular indiv
`in patients suffering from
`sweat production. The rate
`on the amountofwater inge
`effect on therelationship <
`been reported to contain @
`times higher than plasma te
`inorganic substances have <
`
`Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of the three major secretory glands in relation
`to other cutaneous appendages. (From The Structure and Function of Skin, 3rd
`Edition, Montagna, W. and Parakkal, P.F., Eds., Academic Press, 1974. With
`permission.}
`
`
`
`Secretory Glands .
`
`The three major glands (eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous) responsible for
`the secretion of “sweat” are shown in Figure 3.3. The eccrine glands are
`usually found throughout the body, but the highest densities ‘are found in
`the palms andsoles. The sebaceous glands are typically localized to regions
`containinghair follicles, as well as the face and scalp. The apocrine glands
`
`

`

`amclogy, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent Print Residue
`
`69
`
`
`
`wor Pui
`
`eecretory glands in relation
`cand Function of Skin, 3rd
`ademic Press, 1974. With
`
`‘aceous) responsible for
`. The eccrine glands are
`:st densities are found in
`callylocalized to regions
`aup. The apocrine glands
`
`are found primarily in the axillary regions (e.g., armpits and genital areas).
`However, in mostinstances, only the eccrine and sebaceous glandscontribute
`significantly to the latent print deposit. Although the composition of sweat
`is approximately 99% water,’ studies have shown that a considerable variety
`of chemical compoundsare-present. A recent study found approximately 346
`compounds (303 of which were positively identified) present in surface skin
`residues.*5
`
`Ecctine Glands
`
`There are between two and four million eccrine sweat glands distributed
`throughout the human body surface (except where noted, the following
`information was obtained from Quinton®). Each gland has been calculated
`to have an estimated weight of 30 to 40 ug, for an aggregate weight of about
`100 g. In normal individuals, these glands are capable of secreting as much
`as 2 to 4 L offluid per hour. The evaporation ofthis quantity ofsweat requires
`approximately 18 kcal/min, which affords humansanability to dissipate heat
`faster than any other animal. Sweat glands are most abundantonthesoles
`of the feet (620/cm2) and least abundant on the back (64/cm?).’ Gland for-
`mation begins around the third fetalmonth on the palms and soles and at
`about 5 monthsfor the rest of the body. Typically, the glands have fully
`maturedby the eighth fetal month. Theeccrine glandis essentially a tubular
`shapedstructure with a duct portion that coils in helical fashion down deep
`into the dermislayer. The function ofthe distal half of the sweat gland tubule
`is to reabsorb sodium,chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, and several other small
`solutes. Under normal conditions, this allows water to be evaporated from
`the skin surface withouttheloss of essential solutes.
`
`Inorganic Compounds
`Although eccrine sweat is usually in excess of 98% water, it also contains
`numerous organic and inorganic constituents. The presence of these solutes
`on the skin surface causes a reduction in sweat vapor pressure. These effects
`have been modeled and quantified.* Excess secretion ofcertain chloridesalts
`has been reported to be a cause for increased rates of corrosion of metal
`surfaces by particular individuals.’ This effect was particularly pronounced
`in patients suffering from hyperhidrosis, a condition which causes excess
`sweat production. The rate of eccrine sweating has been shown to depend
`on the amountofwateringested, but does not appearto exert an independent
`effect on the relationship of sweat composition to sweat rate.'? Sweat has
`been reported to contain 0.5 to 8 mM total ammonia,'! which is 20 to 50
`~ umes higher than plasmalevels. In addition, trace amounts ofthe following
`inorganic substances havealso been detected in sweat: magnesium, iodide
`
`SecaaaRAtecathaOAc
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`70
`
`Advancesin Fingerprint Technology, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent F
`
`(5 to 12 pg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.5 mg/L), fluoride (0.2 to 1.18 mg/L), phos-
`phate (10 to 17 mg/L), sulfate (7 to 190 mg/L), iron (1 to 70 mg/L),” zinc,
`copper, cobalt, lead, manganese, molybdenum,sulfur, tin, and mercury.!*°
`Interestingly, the eccrine gland is one of the target organs for cystic
`fibrosis. Historically, this condition has been diagnosed on thebasis ofele-
`vated sodium chloride concentration in sweat. In general, the sweat sodium
`ion concentration appearsto beisotonic to that of human plasma, although
`significant variations can be obtained depending on the methodofcollection
`(e.g., thermal vs. pharmacologically induced sweat).'* One study found that
`the sodium concentration varied over a rather large range, from 34 to 266
`mEq/L. Others reported the average concentration at 140 + 1.8 mEq/L’ and
`60 mEq/L.” The latter source reported that the chloride concentration is
`generally lower than that of sodium, averaging around 46 mEq/L,andthat
`the potassium level ranged from 5 to 59 mEq/L.In general, chloride levels
`are isotonic with those in plasma.'8 Other studies have determined the potas-
`sium levels to be between 4.9 to 8.3 mEq/L" and 8.8 mEq/L.'? The amount
`of calcium in sweat was found to be about 3.4 mEq/t. and the amountof
`magnesium was 1.2 mEq/L.
`The HCO;-CO,buffer system appears to play a critical role in maintain-
`ing sweat pH. The pH of sweatisolated from humansecretory coils (in the
`dermis) is approximately 7.2, while the pH of sweat secreted from the gland
`can vary from as low as 5.0 (at a low sweatrate) up to 6.5 to 7.0 (at a high
`sweat rate). This indicates that the duct itself acidifies the sweat, presumably
`by reabsorbing bicarbonate and/or secreting H* in exchange for a Na* ion.”°
`At low sweat rates, this mechanism can conserve bicarbonate (and other
`solutes) efficiently and thus maintain a slightly acidic sweat pH. At higher
`sweat rates, the mechanism is overwhelmed and cannot reabsorb solutes
`effectively. This results in secreted sweat containing higher amounts of bicar-
`bonate and thusit has a higher pH. Thetypical bicarbonate concentration
`has been reported to be between 15 to 20 mM.
`
`Amino Acids
`Of critical importance to latent print visualization with ninhydrin is the
`concentration of aminoacids andproteins. The total amount of aminoacids
`presentin a print has been reported to be between 0.3 to 2.59 mg/L.'* The
`first amino acid found in eccrine sweat was serine,isolated as -naphtha-
`linesulfoserine by using a microbiological method, and was reported by
`Embden and Tachau in 1910. A study of samples of pharmacologically
`induced sweat (using pilocarpine hydrochloride) collected after a hygienic
`bath yielded 22 amino acids.?' Amino acid amounts in sweat have been
`reported to be several times higher than corresponding values in plasma.”
`Onestudy found the most abundant aminoacidsto be serine and alanine,
`
`Table 3.1 A Sumz
`(Serine Ratio) of Ay
`
`Serine
`
`Glycine
`Ornithine
`(Ornithine,lysine:
`Alanine
`
`Aspartic acid
`Threonine
`Histidine
`Valine
`Leucine
`Isoleucine
`Glutamic acid
`Lysine
`Phenylalanine
`Tyrosine
`
`15.44 and 14.63 mg%,resp
`participants found that in
`most abundant amino acx
`others.?4-6
`Quantitatively, amine
`times depending on colle:
`exercise-induced sweat? an
`paring sweat samples obta
`somesignificant differences
`higher amounts of amine|
`differences appeared to be
`levels, suggesting that ami
`filtration from the blood ;
`acid abundance values froz
`series of ninhydrin positive
`eccrine sweat.*° Someofthe
`ine sulfoxide, a-amino-is
`acid, cystathionine, B-ar
`butyric acid, and carnosine
`
`Proteins
`The total protein content it
`to 25 mg/dL. One study uw
`sensitive silver staining fax
`specific examples determim
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`mology, Second Edition
`
`0.2 to 1.18 mg/L), phos-
`m #1 to 70 mg/L),” zinc,
`ar, tin, and mercury.
`target organs for cystic
`ased on thebasis of ele-
`zneral, the sweat sodium
`wvaman plasma, although
`the methodofcollection
`.* One study found that
`2 range, from 34 to 266
`at 140 + 1.8 mEq/L’ and
`hioride concentration is
`sand 46 mEq/L,and that
`wedecrminedthepotas-
`
`
`:Eq/L. The amount
`and the amount of
`
`critical role in maintain-
`an secretory coils (in the
`t secreted from the gland
`gto 6.5 to 7.0 (at a high
`1¢3 the sweat, presumably
`exchange for a Na* ion.*°
`- bicarbonate (and other
`idic sweat pH. At higher
`cannot reabsorb solutes
`higher amountsof bicar-
`scarbonate concentration
`
`sa. with ninhydrin is the
`2: amountof aminoacids
`a 9.3 to 2.59 mg/L."* The
`é. isolated as B-naphtha-
`xc, and was reported by
`es of pharmacologically
`collected after a hygienic
`wnts in sweat have been
`nding values in plasma.”
`to be serine and alanine,
`
`Composition of Latent Print Residue
`
`71
`
`Table 3.1 A Summary of the Relative Abundance
`(Serine Ratio) of Amino Acids in Fingerprint Deposits
`Hamilton*® Hadorn etal.” Oro and Skewes”?
`
`
`100
`100
`100
`Serine
`59
`54
`° 67
`Glycine
`45
`45
`32
`Ornithine
`45
`47
`42
`(Ornithine, lysine)
`28
`35
`27
`Alanine
`22
`ll
`22
`Aspartic acid
`18
`9
`17
`Threonine
`14
`13
`17
`Histidine
`9
`10
`12
`Valine
`10
`7
`10
`Leucine
`8
`6
`8
`Isoleucine
`5
`12
`8
`Glutamic acid
`—
`5
`10
`Lysine
`5
`5
`7
`Phenylalanine
`
`Tyrosine 5 6 3
`
`
`
`15.44 and 14.63 mg,respectively. Another study of both active and inactive
`participants found that in both cases, serine, glycine, and alanine were the
`most abundant aminoacids.” A similar trend was also reported by several
`others.74-26
`Quantitatively, amino acid concentrations can vary as much as 2 to 20
`times depending on collection methods(e.g., thermally induced sweatvs.
`exercise-induced sweat) and by sample location on the body. A study com-
`paring sweat samples obtained from the back and hands ofsubjects found
`somesignificantdifferences.”” The samplesfrom the backs of subjects showed
`higher amounts of amino acids involved in the urea cycle. These and other
`_ differences appeared to be independent of plasma and urine amino acid
`levels, suggesting that amino acids do not appear in sweat as a result of
`filtration from the blood plasma. Table 3.1 summarizes therelative amino
`acid abundance values from several different studies. One study reported a
`series of ninhydrin positive substances, in addition to aminoacids, in human
`eccrine sweat.*° Some ofthese substances include o-phosphoserine, methion-
`ine sulfoxide, a@-amino-isobutyric acid, glucosamine, a&-amino-n-valeric
`acid, cystathionine, B-amino-isobutyric acid, ethanolamine, y-amino-
`butyric acid, and carnosine.
`
`Proteins
`The total protein contentin sweat has been determined to range between 15
`to 25 mg/dL. One study using two-dimensionalelectrophoresis and ultra-
`sensitive silver staining found over 400 polypeptide components.3! Some
`specific examples determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`72
`
`Advancesin Fingerprint Technology, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent Print Resic
`
`Table 3.2 A Summary of the Com
`electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include albumin, Zn-a,-glycoprotein,
`Fable206
`lysozyme, and the a,-acid glycoprotein orosomucoid.** An agarose gel iso-
`Inorganic (major)
`Sodium
`tachophoresis analysis of thermally induced sweat detected transferrin, fast-
`Potassium
`migrating y-globulins, o- and B-lipoproteins, and several glycoproteins.*? It
`Calcium
`has been determinedbysize fractionation HPLC thatthe bulk of the peptides
`Iron
`in sweat are in the low endof the molecular weight range. Secretion of higher
`Chloride
`molecular weight proteins(i.e., in excess of 10,000 Da) has been reported to
`Fluoride
`Bromide
`increase as the rate of sweating increases.
`Iodide
`Bicarbonate
`Phosphate
`Sulfate
`Ammonia
`
`34-266 mEq/L
`4.9-8.8 mEq/L
`3.4 mEq/L
`1-70 mg/L
`0.52-7 mg/mL
`0.2-1.18 mg/L
`0.2-0.5 mg/L
`5-12 pe/L
`15~20 mM
`10-17 mg/L
`7-190 mg/L.
`0.5-8 mM
`
`0.3-2.59 mg/L
`15-25 mg/dL
`0.2-0.5 mg/di
`30-40 mM
`10-15 mM
`0.2-1.6 mAI
`
`Organic (general)
`Aminoacids
`Proteins
`Glucose
`Lactate
`Urea
`Pyruvate
`Creatine
`Creatinine
`Glycogen
`Uric acid
`Vitamins
`
`Miscellaneous
`Enzymes
`Immunoglobulins
`
`
`Note: Some compounds and species”
`concentrations were specified fcr
`
`of the L-dimethylamphetamin
`found to be approximately 2 te
`Unlike the urine concentration.
`found to be independent ot ;
`relatively rapid, noninvasive
`ethanol (as well as other vou
`composition of eccrine sweat i
`
`Sebaceous Glands
`The second major class of s<
`throughout the body, except:
`where noted, the informatie
`
`
`
`.
`
`Lipids
`Thelipid content of secretions from the eccrine gland has also been investi-
`gated.* Contamination of samples by lipids of sebaceous and epidermal
`origin is a major consideration in these analyses.In this particular study, thin
`layer chromatography was used to separate the lipid fraction collected from
`both “clean” and “scraped” sweat samples. Results indicated that the
`“scraped” samples contained a significant amountoflipids that were consis-
`tent with those found in the stratum corneum. In contrast, the “clean” sam-
`ples collected using the method described by Boysénetal.*° contained only
`onesignificantlipid band, which correspondedto the cholesterol/fatty acid
`standard.In the samplescollected, fatty acid concentrations ranged from less
`than 0.01 to 0.1 g/mL andsterol concentrations ranged from less than 0.01
`to 0.12 pg/mL. These results would indicate that “scraped” samples were
`contaminatedbylipids from the epidermis, while “clean” samples gave a more
`realistic characterization ofeccrine lipids.
`
`Miscellaneous Constituents
`Lactate and urea have beenreportedat significantlevels in perspiration. The
`amounts of these compoundscan vary from 30 to 40 mM at low sweatrates
`to as low as 10 to 15 mM athigherrates.!? Other miscellaneous components
`of eccrine sweat includecreatine, creatinine,glucose (0.2 to 0.5 mg/dL),
`pyruvate (0.2 to 1.6 mM), cAMP, phenobarbitone, and immunoglobulins.”
`Numerous enzymeshave also been detected in dissected sweat glands,includ-
`ing alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Na/K ATPase, phosphatidic acid
`phosphatase, monoamine oxidase, acetyl cholinesterase, and lactic, malic,
`glucose-6-phosphate, isocitric, and succinic dehydrogenases.
`Drugs have also been foundin eccrine sweat.** Sulfonamides, antipyrine,
`and aminopyrine were found to exhibit sweat concentrations that were
`directly proportional to plasmalevels. Simple diffusion, aided bytherelatively
`low ionization of the drugs studied within the physiological pH range, was
`assumedto be the mechanism by which these drugs entered the sweat glands.
`Another study found that L-dimethylamphetamine as well as its metabolite
`L-methamphetamine were foundto be excreted in sweat.*? After taking 25 mg
`
`

`

`mology, Second Edition
`
`Composition of Latent Print Residue
`
`73
`
`» 2£n-a,-glycoprotein,
`