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`U.S. Patent Nov. 20, 1990
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`271 of 589
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`
`U.S. Patent Nov. 20, 1990
`
`Sheet 3 of9
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`4,972,319
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`APPENDIX D
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`272 of 589
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`l.T.S. Patent Nov. 20, 1990
`
`Sheet 4of9
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`4,972,319
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`APPENDIX D
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`273 of 589
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 20, 1990
`
`Sheet 5 of9
`
`4,972,319
`
`APPENDIX D
`
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`274 of 589
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`· U.S. Patent Nov. 20, 1990
`
`Sheet6 of9
`
`4,972,319
`
`APPENDIX D
`
`FIG.14
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`!v1icrosoft Corp. Exhibit 1009
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1013
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`275 of 589
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sheet7 of9
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`4,972,319
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`APPENDIX D
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1013
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`276 of 589
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov~ 20, 1990
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`Sheet 8of9
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`4,972,319
`
`APPENDIX D
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1013
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`277 of 589
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 20, 1990
`Sheet9 of9
`FIG.20
`lllUS1'RATlOt4 OF K)LAR COl.IPRfSS!ON
`AT THE 8tn MAGNITUDE
`
`\
`
`APPENDIX D
`
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`!v1icrosoft Corp. Exhibit 1009
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`1
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`4,972,319
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`ELECTRONIC GLOBAL MAP G&.""''ERATING
`SYSTEM
`
`2
`spheres, on which the ci10rdinate lines of latitude and
`longitude are all arcs .of circles.
`U.S. Pat. No. i'St,226, issued to Grinten on Feb, 2,
`1904, represents the whole world upon the plllne sur-
`3 face of a single circle with twice the diameter of tile
`BACKGROtJNO OF THE INVE1''TION
`corresponding globe, the drde being delineated by a
`1. Technical Field
`graticule of coordinates ot latitude and longitude '\\'hich
`Th.is invention relates to a new variable resolution
`are also arcs of circles.
`global map generating system for structuring: digital
`U.S. Pat. No, 3,248,806, issued to Schrader on May 3,
`ma!'ping data in a new data base ~tructlll'e, managing
`wid controlling the digital mapping data isccording to 10 1966, discloses a subdivision of the earth into a system
`new mapping data access strategies, and displaying the
`of pivotally mounted flat maps, each map $t':gment rep-
`mapping data in a new map projection or the earth.
`resenting only a portion of the earth•s surface in. spheri·
`2. Background Art
`cal projection on an equilateral spherical triruJ.gle to
`minimize dfatortion.
`Numerous approaches have been forwarded to pro·
`L',S, Pat No. 2,094,343, issued to Lackey et al on
`vide improved geographical maps, for exam.ple:
`U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,747, issued to McBn·de: on Fe:b.
`Sept. 28, 1937, describes a projector for optically pro-
`16, 1982, describes a new map "projection-,' and inter·
`ducing a variety of different map projections, including
`secting array of coordinate lines known as the "grati-
`orthographic, stereographic and globular projections
`cule", which ii> a c-0mposlte: of two previously known
`onto flat tnms!ncent screens and a variety of other pro-
`forms of projection. [n particular, the equau;rial por· 20 jections on shaped screens,
`tions of the world are rep~nted by a fusiform equal
`U.S. Pat. No. 2,650.517, issued to Falk on Sept, 1,
`area projection in which the meridilm curves, if ex-
`1953, describes a photographic method for making geo-
`tended, wot.Ud meet at point! at the ~pective poles,
`graphical maps.
`:refi:rred to as "pointed poles". In contrast. the polar 25 U.S. ;Pat. No. 2,35~,785, issued to J;loh! on Aug, 1,
`.regtons of the world map are represented by n flat polar
`HI#, discloses two circular maps wluch a.re mou11ted
`equal area projection in which !he poles are depicted as
`side by side, and an ar.rnngcmcnt for rotating the twQ
`straigbJ horizontal lines with the meridians intersecting
`maps in unison so that corresponding portions of the
`along it.~ length. Thus, in a tlat polar projection the
`earth's surf.ace are at all times in pmper relationship.
`meridian curves converge towa.rd the poles but do not 30 U.R P11t. No. 3, 724.;079, is.~ued t-0 Jruiperson et al on
`meet at a point and, inste.ad, intersect a. horizontal linear
`Apr. 3, l 973, disclo..«es a navigational chart dispfa)' de.-
`vice which is adnpted to display a portion of a map and
`pole. The two component porti0t1s of the fiat world
`enable a pilot to fix his position, to plot. course§ and ro
`map are joined where the parallds are of equal length.
`The composite ls said to be "homolinea.r" becal.llie all of measure distances_
`U.S. Pat, No. 2.431,847 issued to Van Dusen on Dec,
`the meridian curves are similar curves, for example, 35
`sine. cosine or tangent cun.·es, whk.h merge' where the
`2, 1947, discloses a pt'"ojection an:angwnent, in which a
`two forms of projection are joined where the respective
`portion of ihe surface of a spherical or curved map may
`be pro~ted in e,uct scale and in e-".act proportional
`parallels are equal, The flat polar projection! in the
`polar portions of the map provide a t..."Ompromise with
`relationship.
`the Mercator cylinder projections, thereby greatly re- 40 McBryde and Thomas, Equal Area Projections far
`World Statistkal Maps, Special Publication No, 245,
`ducing distortion,
`lLS. Pat. No. 1,0!m,596, issued to &con on Jan, 14,
`Coast & Geodetic Survey 1949.
`1913, de51..'Tibcs Mother composite projection for w-orld
`fa addition to the aoove further teachins-s as to geo·
`graphical ma:ppi.ng can be found in the Elements of Car-
`maps and charts which uses a Mercator or cylindrical
`projection for the central latitudes of the earth and a 45 tooroph,r, 4th edition which wa..-. written by Arthur Rob-
`inson, Randall Sale w1d Jod Morrison, and published by
`convergent projection at the respective poles. In the
`John Wiley & Sons (1978).
`central latitudes, the grids of the Mercator projection
`net or graticule are rectangular. In the polar regions, the
`The present invention seeks to provide a low cost and
`converging meridians may be either straight or curved.
`efficient mapping system which allows the quick and
`U.S. Pat. No 1,620,4U. issued to Balch on Dec, 14, 50 easy manipulation of and ru::cess to an extraordinary
`wnount of mapping information, i.e., a mapping S}"stem
`1926, discus.l>eS gnumic pr~iection& from a conformal
`sphere to a tangent plane and Mercator or cylindrical
`which allows a user to quickly and easily access a de-
`projections from the conformal ~phere to a tangent
`tailed map of any ·geographical are11. of tne world,
`Map information can be stored ming at least three
`cylinder. Balch is concerned with taking into account
`the non.spherical shape of the earth, and therefore, 55 different approaches, J.e,, paper, analog storage and
`digital storage, each approach having its ow:n advan-
`devises the so-called ''conformal sphere" which repre·
`sent.s the coordinates from the earth whose shape is
`tages and disadvantages as detailed below.
`actually that of a spheroid or ellipsoid of revolution,
`The paper mapping approach has been around since
`papyrus an<l will probably e:t:ist for the next thousand
`without material distortion.
`U.S. Pat. No. 7:'i2,9S7, issued to Colas on Feb. 23, 60 year.s.
`Advantages of papef smrage~
`1904, describes a map projection in which a map of the
`entire world is plotted or transcribed on an oval con·
`ine}l'.pensive.
`structed from two adjacent side by side circles with arcs
`once printed, no further pr0<:e3ing is required to
`joining the two drcie:s. The meridians are smooth
`access the map information. so not 5ubject to processfog
`curves equally spaced at the equator, while the latitude 65 breakdown.
`lines are non-parallel curves,
`Dwwvantages of pa.per storage:
`U.S. Pat. No. 400,642 issued to Beaumont on Apr. 2,
`can become bulky and unwieldy when dealing with a
`1889, describes a map of the earth on iwo intersecting
`large geographical area. or a large amount of maps.
`
`15
`
`APPENDIX D
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`APPENDIX D
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`4,972,319
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`4
`3
`the big:giest disadvantage is ilia>, since frames have to
`paper dnes not have lhe proc:essing capabilitie.. or
`be arnmged in a checkerboard fashion, there is no way
`"intelligence" of computer&, and therefore does not
`w jump m ilirections other that nor~h, south, east or
`support a:utomated search or data processing capabili·
`west and maintain vi~uaI t;Ontinuity. As an example, Hte
`ties.
`cannot be updated cheaply illl<l easily.
`5 visual disc-ontinuity in viewing a "great cird.e" route
`from Alask<I to New York would be unbearable for a!I
`The analog mapping approach 1s used to provide
`"""hat is commonly k.nowa as videodisc roaps. The infor·
`but the most hearty.
`Tile digital mapping approach has been around for at
`ruation is ::>tcired as still frames under RT.S.C (National
`least 20 years and is much more frequently used t.him the
`Television Standards Committee) conventions. To
`make maps, a television camera moves acm~s a paper 10 analog approach. D1gital data bases are steired in com·
`map lying on a workbench. Every fow inches a frame i5
`puters in a format ~imilnr to te..'tt of othe.r databases.
`recorded on videotape. After one row of the map is
`UnHke map information on a videodisc, the out~tanding
`completely recorde.d, the camera is moved down to the
`map featlll'es am stored as a list of object> to be drawn,
`next row of frames to be recorded. This precess is re·
`each object being defined by ;l plurality of vector "dot"
`peatetl until frames rep=enting a checkerboard pattern 15 coordinat~ whkh define the crude outline of the ob~
`J. ect. A~ one example, a road i.s drawn b~· connecting a
`Th
`d
`of the entire map are recorded. • .e recorde videotape
`,
`-
`series of dots which were cho~ to define the path (Le.,
`could be used to view the map: however, a<-x:ess time tci
`scan to different areas of the recorded map ls usually
`the "outline") of the road. Once drawn, tbnher data and
`l>rocessing c;;n be used to smooth tlie c;rude <Jutliue of
`excessive. As a result, a videodisc, with its quicker ac·
`ccss ttnie, is typically Ill.led as the medium for analog W the object, place text, such as the name or de.scription of
`the object ifl a mru:mer similar to what happens \vhen
`man storage, The recorded videotan.a is sent to a pm·
`di:a'>ving on a paper map.
`,.
`r
`duction house which "stamps" out 8 inch or 12 inch
`-
`diameter, videodil«:s.
`Advantages of the digital approach:
`digitil ma•"S are the pilrest form of "OOgraphical map-
`Advanta,ges of the itmu_'og &t_or:age_ approach:
`"S
`"
`"'
`-
`one side of a 12 inch videodisc can hold 54.000 "· pfog data: from them, paper and analog mi.ps can be
`"'
`f
`-
`.
`·
`produced.
`I'
`1
`' irames" o a paper map, A trnm<~ i.s typica •Y equa to
`digital maps can be quickly and easily updated in near
`real-time, and this updating can be in response to data
`2! X 3 inche5 of the paper nrnp.
`access time to ruiy frame can be fast usually under 3
`.
`i-nput from external sources (e.g., g1:.-ogrnphical ml)wtor·
`seconds.
`30 ing devices such as sa:t.ellite photography},
`once located on the videodisc, the rec~)rded analog
`digital maps can be easily modified to effect desirable
`mao information 14-i!l be used to control the ra~ter scan
`mapping treatments such as !k'l.duttering, enhancing, ·
`Qf ~ mo.nitor and to "roduce a rem.· mduction of the map
`,.
`coloring, etc,
`in I/30th of a ~econd,
`digital maps can be easily and a.ccurately scaled, rfl·
`through additional hardware and software, mapping :i 5 tated and dra-..vn at any perspective view point,
`digital maps can be cau~ to reproduce maps in 3-D.
`!lymhols, text and/or patterhsn can he overlaid on top of "
`rligital maps can drive pen-plotters (for easy paper
`the recoxded frame,
`Disadvantages of the am1log stomge approach:
`reproductions), robots, etc ..
`the «frames'' are phot.ogmphed from paper maps,
`digital maps can he storc:d cin any mass storage de·
`which, as mentionoo above, cannot be updated cheaply 40 vice.
`or easilv.
`Disadvantages of the digital approach:
`due to paper map projections, mechanical camern
`digital maps re.quire the use or creation of a digital
`movements, lens distmtions and an.a.log recordin.g elec-
`database: this is a very time-<:ionsu...'Uing ruid expensive
`process_, but once it is made, the data base can be ·very
`trorrics, the videodisc image whkh is reproducc::d is not
`as accurate as the original paper map.
`45 ~s:il~' copied nnd used for m!U\y different projects.
`The digital approach is utlfo:ed with the present in·
`as a reslllt of the im.mcdiately above phenomena,
`latitude and longitude inforaiation which is c;.;:tracted
`ventlon, a.'> t.1lis approach provides overwhelming ad·
`vanU<ges <wer the ahove-de~cribed paper and im,·ifog
`from the reproduced image cannot be fully trusted.
`if a major error is made in recording a11y one of the
`approaches.
`In designing any mapping systei:n., severnl featureg are
`54.000 fr=~. it usually requires redoing and re-str.mp- 50
`ing.
`highly desirable:
`since frames cannot be scmiled, most implementa·
`First, it is highly desirable that the mapping system be
`tion..,; employ a SO% overlap technique. This allmvs the
`of lo\v' cost,
`viewer to jump around the database with a degree of
`Second, and probably most import1mt, is ace<.-ss time.
`visual continuity~ however, this i~ at a suc.rifice of &tor- 55 Not only is it generally de;>irnhle that the desired map
`age capacity. If the frame originally c~Nered 2t X 3
`section be accessible and displayed within a reasonable
`inches or approltimatel'1' S square inches of the paper
`amooot cf time, t:mt in some instances, this access lime is
`critical,
`map, the redundant overlap infonnation is 6 square
`inches, leaving only 2 square inches of new information
`In addition to the above, the present invention {as
`in the centroid of each fnune.
`60 mentioned above), seeks to provide a thi:rd imponam
`as a result of the immediately above detkiency, a
`feature,-a mapptng system 'Which allm•l~ the rnanipula-
`2 X 3 foot m!tp c-0ntaining 864
`square inch~ \VOU!d
`tion of and 11cces.<; to an extrnor<linary amount of map-
`require 4n frames; thus, m1ly 125 paper maps ccmld be
`ping information, Le., a mapping system which allows a
`stored m1 1me ~ide <)fa 12 iud1 videodisc.
`user to quickly and easily access a detalled map of any
`must take hundreds of video screen dumps to make a iiS geographical area of the world.
`hard copy of a map are.a of interest and, even then, the
`A tremendous barrier is encountered. in riny attempt
`screens do not immediately splice together because of
`to provide I.his third fei!ture. In utUizing the digital
`the overlap areas.
`approach to map a large geographical area in detail
`
`~1icrosoft Corp. Exhibit 1009
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1013
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`280 of 589
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`

`
`4,972,319
`
`APPENDIX D
`
`5
`{e.g., the earth), one should be able to appreciate that
`the storage of mapping data sufficient to accurately
`define all the geographical features would represent a
`tremend-0us dam base.
`While there have been digital mapping implementa- 5
`tions which have successfully beem able to manipulate a
`tremendous data base, these impkmentations invoiYe:
`tremendous cost (i.e., for the operation and maintemmce
`of mamve mainframe computer and data storage facili(cid:173)
`ties), Furthermore, >here is much toom for improve~ 10
`meat in terms of access time as these mainframe imple(cid:173)
`mentations .te5ult in access times which are only as
`quick as 20 se<:onds. Thus, there s!ill exists a need for a
`low-cost digital mapping system which cim allow the
`storage, manipulation and quick (Le., ''real time") access 15
`anrl visual display of a desired map section from a tre·
`mendcus mawing data base.
`There are several additional mapping system features
`whlch are attractive.
`It is highly desirable th.at a mapping system be sensi- 20
`tive to and compensate for distortions caused by mat"'
`ping curved geographkat (Le., earth) surfuces onto a
`fl.at, two--0.imen"!lional. representation. While prior art
`approaches have provided numerous methods with
`varying degrees of success, there is a need for further 2:5
`improvements which are particularly applicable to the
`digital mappi.n.g syistem ·Of the present in.vcntion.
`It is additionally attractive for a mapping system to
`easily allow a wer to change his/her "relative "li"iewing
`position.", and that in changing this relative position, the JO
`change in the map displa)' should reflect a fcf!li:ng of
`continuity. Note that the "relative viewing position
`shocld be able to he changed in a nttmber of different
`ways. First, the mapping system should allow a uses to
`selectively cause the map display to scroll or "fly" 35
`along tbe geographical map to view a different (Le,,
`"lateral") position of the geographical map while main(cid:173)
`taining the same degree o! resolution as the !tarting
`]:>OSition. Second, the mapping system should allow a
`user to selectively vary the size of the geographicl&l area 40
`being displayed (i.e., "zoom") while still maintaining a.n
`appropriate degree of resolution, i.e., .allow a uses to
`!!electively zoom to a higher '"relative viewing position"
`to view a larger geographical = with lower resolu·
`tion regarding geogra.pbi<:al, political and ;;:u!tural ;;hat .. 4S
`acteristics, or zoom to a lower "relative viewing posi(cid:173)
`tion" to view a smaller geographical a.rea with higher
`resolution. {Note that maintaining
`the appropriate
`amount of resolution is impottant to avoid map displays
`which are effectively b;:m:erl or are cluttered with gen- so
`graphical, politi;;:al and cult1.1ral featllWl.) Again, while
`prior att approaches have provided numerous methods
`with varying degrees of success, there is a need for
`forthel" improvements which are partku.larly applicable
`to the digital mapping system of ilie present inYention. SS
`The final feature concerns compatibility with ~ting
`mapping formats. As mentioned above, the creation of a
`digital database is a very tedious, time-consuming and
`expensive process. Tremendous bodies of mapping data
`are avrulable from many impcrtmt mapping anth.orities, 60
`for example, the U.S. Grologka.l SurvC)' (USGS), De·
`Fense l\.1apping Agen;;:y (DMA), National Aeronautics
`and Space Administration (NASA), etc. In ten»$ of
`both being able to easily utilize the mapping data pro(cid:173)
`duced by these agencies, and represent an attractive M
`mapping system to these mapping agencies, it would be
`highly desirable for a mapping system to be compatible
`with all of the mapping formats used by these re$pective
`
`6
`sgenci~. Prior art mapping systems have been ddi.cfont
`in this regard; heno;ie, there still ~ts a need for such a
`mapping system.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention provides a digital mapping
`method and syi;;em of a 1.mique implementation to sat~
`isfy the aforementioned needs,
`The present invention provides. a computer imple(cid:173)
`mented method and system for manipulating and ac(cid:173)
`cessing digital mappiug data in a tremendous data base,
`and for the reproduction and display of electronic dis(cid:173)
`play maps which are .represeni.ative of the geographical,
`PQliik:a! and cultural feaiures of a selected geographical
`area. The system inchldes a digital computer, a mass
`storage device (optical etr magnetic), a graphlcs moni(cid:173)
`tor, a graphics controller, a pointing device, ~uch as a
`mouse, and a 1.mique approach for structuring, manag(cid:173)
`ing, c-0ntmUing and displaying the digital map darn.,
`The global map generating s;rstcrn organizes the map·
`ping data into a hierarchy of successive magnitudes or
`levels for presentation of the mapping data with vari·
`able resolution, startillg from a first or highest magni(cid:173)
`tude with lowest reoolution and progressing to a last or
`lowest magnitude with highest resolution, The idea of
`this hie-l"atehical stntcture can be likened to a pyramid
`,,..·ith fewer sroncs or "tiles" at the ttJp, and whe.re each
`successive deK.'ellding horizontal level or magnitude
`contains four times as many ''tiles" as the level or mag(cid:173)
`nitude directly above tt, The top or first level of the
`pyramid contains 4 tile'!, the second level contains 16
`tiles, the third contains 64 tiles and so on, sud1 that the
`base of a 16 magnittide or lcv el pyramid would contain
`4 to tile 16th power or 4,294,%7,296 tiles. ·nus tow
`includes "hyperspace'"' which is later clipped or ig(cid:173)
`nored, Hyperspace is that excess imaginary space left
`over from mapping of 360 deg, space to a zero magni(cid:173)
`tude virtual or imaginary .space of 512 deg, square.
`A first object of the present invention i.s to provide n
`digital mapping method and system which are of low
`cost.
`A second and more important object of the present
`invention ls t.o provide a unique digital mapping method
`and sy5tem which allow access to a display of the goo·
`graphical, political and cultural feature; of a selected
`geographical area wlthin a minimum amount of time.
`A third object of the present invention is to provide a
`digital mapping method and system which allow the
`manipulation of and access to an extraordinary amount
`of mapping information, Le., a mapping method and
`system which allow a user 10 quickly and eas.ily access
`a detailed map of any g!!!lgraphlcal area of the world.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide
`a digital mapping method and system. which recognii:c:
`and compensate for distortion inuodu.ced by the repre(cid:173)
`sentation ofcll'rved \i.e., earth) sn.tla~ onto a flat two.
`dimensional dh\play.
`Still a further object of the present inYention is to
`provide a digit.al mapping method and system which
`allow a user to S(:lectively change his/her "relative
`viewing position", i.e., to came the display mm1itor to
`scroll ot "fly'' to display a different "lateral" mapping
`position of the same resolution, and to cause the d:lsp!ay
`monitor to ''zoom" to a higher or lower position to
`display a greater or smaller geographical area, "''ith an
`appropriate degree .of resolution.
`A fifth object of the present invention is to provide a
`digital mapping method and system utilizing a unfque
`
`rv1icrosotl Corp. Exhibit 1009
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1013
`
`281 of 589
`
`

`
`APPENDIX D
`
`7
`mappiug graticule ity~tem which allov.-~ mapping data
`to be compatibly adopte{j from several widely utilized
`mapping graticule systems.
`
`4,972,319
`
`s·
`FIG. 16 is the s.ime plan view iHustrntion ofF1G, 15,
`with a third quadnmt division dividing the mapping
`:u:ea into 64 equal 64°X64" mapping a.rem;.
`FIG. 17 is the s.ime plan view illu5t.ration of F1G. Hi,
`5 with a fourth quadrant division dividing the mapping
`area into 236 equal 32' x 32° mapping ate;rn.
`FIG. 18 is the i>ame plan view illu..mation ofF1G. 17,
`with a fifth quadrant division dividing the mapping area
`into l024 equal 16° X l 6' mapping areas.
`FIG. HI is the same plan vie•,-,.• illu~tration of FlG. 18.
`with a sixth quadrnut di1.1isiot1 dividlng the mapping
`area into 4096 equal 8' X 8° m:appiug ar<>...a».
`FIG . .20 is an illustration showing the application of
`polar compression at the 8.th level m· magnitude of reso·
`lution.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR.A WINGS
`The foregoing and other objects, structim~s nnd fea.
`tures of tl1e present invention ·.vill become more appar(cid:173)
`em from the following detll.i.led description of the pre·
`ferred made far carrying out the invention; in the de(cid:173)
`scription to follow, rderence will be made to the ac· W
`companying drawings in which:
`FIG. I is an illui>t.ration corresponding to a t1at pro(cid:173)
`jection of the earth's surface.
`FIG .. Z is an illustration of a digital comput.er nnd
`mnss storage devices which can be utilized in imple- I~
`mentfog the present itivention.
`DETAlLED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`FIGS. 3A-3F are illustrations of monitor displays
`PREFERRED E:l\IIBODrMEl'i'TS OF THE
`showing the abiiity of the present invention to display
`!NVEN'T!ON
`varying !lizes of geographical areas at varying degrees ~o
`Before tuming to the detailed cle::.cription of the pre-
`of resolutkm.
`"
`ferred embodiments of the invention, it should he noted
`FlG. 4 is: a cios.s-se1::.tional diagram of a simple build-
`that the map illustrations nsed throughout the dmwings
`ing e:s.ample explaining the operation of the present
`are only crnde approximations whi<.'h are only being
`invention.
`used to mu.~trate important fe.aturc-s and asp~ts and the
`FIG. SA and B are plan view. representations of a 25 operation of the present invention; therefore. the geo-
`paper 450 as it is viewed from tlte relative viewing
`graphical political and cultural ont!mes may vefy we.Jl
`position A shown in FIG. 4.
`difl:'t-'1' from actual outlines.
`FIG, 1 i~ a crude repre~itation of what the earth's
`FIG. fi is a plan viei,v representation of a paper 450 as
`surface \VOnld took like if it were laid flat and. viewed
`it i& viewed from the relative viewing position B shown
`in FIG. 4.
`.10 rmm a "relative viewing position" which is a great
`FIG, 7 is a plan view representati<m of a paper 450 a:>
`distance in space. Shown a-5 vertical lines ate: 10,. com:-
`spondlng to the o• meridian extending th.rough Green-
`it is viewed from the refative viewing position C shown
`iu FIG. 4.
`wich, Eng!arid; 20, corresponding to the 180" west me-
`ridiam and, 3-0, corresponding to the t80' l:lMt mcrid.ian.
`FIG. 8 "!s a pyramidal hierarchy of the data base Jile
`structure showing an e."S:ample of the ancestry which 35 Shown as horizontal Hnt:s are: .W, corresponding to the
`exits between mes.
`equator: 50, couespmtding to 90° north (i.e .. the north
`FIG .. 9A ls a plan view representation of a paper 450,
`pole): and 60, eorrespoudiug to 90" south (i.e .. the sonth
`with the paper being divided into a first level of quad-
`pole).
`Note that at thi'l "rei!ltive viewing pooitkn1", not
`rant areas.
`FlG. 9B i:> an illustration of a monitor displaying a 40 much detail as to cultural foattirx:s is seen; i.e., all that h
`digital map of the are.a endosed by the dashed portions
`seen is the general outline of the main geograph.ka!
`in FIG, 9A.
`masses of the contfo1:mts,
`FIG, tOA is a plan view representation of a paper
`The present invention &eeks to provide a low cost and
`450, with the uppedeft and lower-right pape..r quadrant
`efficient con1putex·based mapping method nnd systi::m
`areas being further divided into quadrnnR
`45 having a unique approach for arranging arid accessing a
`FIG. lOB is an illustration of a mo.nit.or displaying a
`digital. mapping database of unlimited size, i.e., a map--
`digital map of the area enc!o:>ed by the upper~leJ't
`ping method and system which can manipulate and
`access a data ba.'le having sufficie.nt data to allow the
`dashed portion ia FIG. lOA
`FIG. 11A is a plan view representation of a paper
`mapping system to reprodllce digi.tal maps of any geo-
`450, wit.h i;cveral ~ctions of the second level of quad- 50 graphical area with different degrees of rl:llk."'llutlon. This
`can be most easily understood by viewing FIG. 2 and
`rants being further divided into additional qmidrants.
`FIG. UB fa a higher resolution display of the area
`FIGS, 3A-F.
`enclo~d within die das!1ed porMn in FIG. UA.
`Becau5e of the overwhelming: advantages over the
`FIG. 12 is a plan view illustration or a quadrant MC.n
`paper and analog mapping approaches, the digital map-
`divi~ion, with a two-bit naming protoct)l being ll$!<igned 55 ping approach i~ utilized \Vlth the pre~ent inveation;
`to each of the quad.rant areas.
`thus, there is shown in FIG. 2, a digital computer .200,
`FIG. 13 is a pyramid.al hierarchy of tluo: data base files
`having a disk or hard drive 280, a monitor 210, a key·
`using the two,bit naming protocol of FIG, 12, ll.nd
`board 220 (having a c1mor control portion 2:30), and a
`mouse device 240. As mentioned previ11usly, in a digital
`showing iln exampl.e of the anct~try which exits be-
`tween mes.
`60 mapping approach, mapping information .is stored hi a
`FIG. 14 is a plan view illustration of a 360' X 180" !1at
`format similar to the text of 1Jtner databu.'l-CS, i.e .. , the
`outstanding map feittures are stored ~a list of objects to
`projection of the earth bei.ng
`impressed
`in
`the
`; l 2° x 512" mapping area of i:he prese.ut in ventiou, with
`be drawn, each object being defined by a plurality of
`a first quadrant division dividing the mapping area into
`vector "dot" coordinates which define the crude out~
`four equal 2so·x256' mapping areas.
`65 line of the object. (Note: the reproductiou of a digital
`FlG. 15 is the same plan view illustration of FIG, 14,
`map from a list of obJects and "dot" vectors is well
`with a second quadrant divisi<ln dividing the mapping
`known the art, and is not the subject matte,r of the pres·
`area into l6 equat 126' X 128° mapping areas.
`et1t invention; i.nsteru:l, the invention relates to a 11uique
`
`·Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1009
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1013
`
`282 of 589
`
`

`
`APPENDIX D
`
`4;972,319
`
`9
`method and system for storing and acces.~ing the list of
`objects and "dot" vectors contained in a tremendous
`di.gi tal data base.)
`Once a geographical map has been "digitized",-i.e.,
`c-0nverted to a list of objects ro be drawn and a plurality 5
`of vector "dot" coordinates which define the crude
`outline of the object -, the mapping database must be
`sti1red in the memory of a mass storage device. ThllS,
`the digital computer 100, which is to be ~sed with the
`mapping method and system of the the present inv'e11· lO
`tion, is shown associated '"-<ith the magnetic disk 260
`(which represent.'> any welI-km:iwn magnetic man sror·
`age medium, e.g., floppy disks, hard disks. magnetic
`t.ape, etc.), and the CD-ROM 270 (which represents any
`well-known optical stornge medium, e.g. a la8er-read 15
`compact di!!ik). Alternatively, the digital mapping data·
`base can be stored on, and the digital computer can be
`assoc:iated with itn.y well known electronic mass stora.ge
`memory medi1tm (e.g., ROM, RAM, etc.). Because of
`eve.ry increasing availability. reductions in cost, and 2-0
`tremendous storage capacities:, t.be preferred memory
`mass storage medium is the CD-ROM, i.e., a laser-read
`compa<:t disk.
`The discussion m:iw turns to FIGS. 3A-F, showing
`illustrations of monitor displays which provide a brieJ 25
`illustration or the operation of the present invention.
`Although the digital nature or the maps of FIGS.
`3A-3F can easily be detected due to the jagged outlines,
`it ~houl