`
`
`
`Effectiveness of Rollover‐Activated Side Curtain Airbags
`in Reducing Fatalities in Rollovers
`
`Jeya Padmanaban1, Matthew Fitzgerald2
`
`Abstract This study uses U.S. field data to evaluate the effectiveness of rollover‐activated side curtain
`airbags in reducing fatalities in rollover crashes. Rollover‐activated side curtain airbags are designed to
`supplement seat belts in reducing risk of ejection and injury. Compared to traditional side‐impact airbags, the
`rollover‐activated side curtain airbags use more complex crash sensors and are designed to stay inflated longer
`to help secure occupants inside the vehicle in a rollover event. This technology, introduced in 2002, has since
`been widely used; about 30% of 2008 model year light vehicles on the road were equipped with rollover
`curtains as standard equipment. US fatal accident data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the
`National Automotive Sampling System/General Estimates System (NASS/GES) databases, and state accident
`data files were examined for model years 2000‐2009. A matched‐pair comparison was made of the fatality rates
`of belted front outboard occupants involved in rollover crashes in vehicles equipped with and without rollover‐
`activated side curtain airbags as standard equipment. Effectiveness was estimated for “all belted” and “belted,
`non‐ejected” front outboard occupants. Results indicate rollover‐activated side curtain airbags in single‐vehicle
`accident rollovers are about 23% effective in reducing fatalities for all belted front outboard occupants, and
`about 20% effective in reducing fatalities for belted, non‐ejected front outboard occupants. Crash severity
`factors, such as high travel speed, are also shown to contribute to injury severity.
`
`Keywords airbags, belted, fatal, rollover, side‐curtain
`
`INTRODUCTION
`I.
`In light of the final rule NHTSA established in FMVSS 226 on ejection mitigation, a comprehensive study of
`effectiveness involving vehicles with rollover‐activated side curtain airbag deployment was undertaken for this
`study.
`Rollover‐activated side curtain airbags were first introduced in the automobile industry in 2002, on the
`2002‐1/2 model year Ford Explorer and the 2002 Mercury Mountaineer, with many manufacturers later
`including this feature in their vehicles. In 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
`published its Final Rule (Docket No. NHTSA‐2011‐0004) to add a new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
`(FMVSS), Number 226, “Ejection Mitigation”, to parts 571 and 585. The rule requires that manufacturers include
`side‐impact and rollover‐initiated side curtain airbags—with the option to include laminated windows—and
`that these be installed in all vehicles by 2017 while allowing “advanced credits” to meet the phase‐in schedule
`[1]. NHTSA’s proposed phase‐in schedule requires side‐impact and rollover‐initiated side curtain airbags in 20%
`of each manufacturer’s vehicles by September 1, 2014; 40% by September 1, 2015; 75% by September 1, 2016;
`and “all vehicles (without use of advanced credits) manufactured on or after” September 1, 2017 [1].
`Compared to side‐impact‐only curtains, curtain airbags designed for rollover activation use more
`sophisticated crash sensors and are designed to stay inflated longer because rollover events can last for several
`seconds. O’Brien‐Mitchell et al. [2] have conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the ejection mitigation potential
`of rollover‐activated curtains, demonstrating the risk for neck injuries—as assessed by the use of Injury
`Assessment Reference Values (IARVs)—as the number of contact locations increase during a rollover. Berg et al.
`[3] also conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the performance of advanced rollover sensing systems,
`
`Jeya Padmanaban is a Statistician and President of JP Research, Inc. in Mountain View, California (ph. 650‐559‐5970; fax 650‐559‐5980;
`jeya@jpresearch.com). Matthew Fitzgerald is a Research Engineer for JP Research, Inc. (ph. 650‐559‐5999; fax 650‐559‐5980;
`matt@jpresearch.com).
`
`IPR 2016-01790
`American Vehicular Sciences
`Exhibit 2024
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`demonstrating the protection rollover curtains offer is strongly correlated to when they are triggered during a
`rollover event. To date, very little literature exists examining the field performance of this technology in real‐
`world crashes. This study examines the real‐world effectiveness of rollover‐activated side curtain airbags in
`reducing fatalities in rollovers.
`
`
`II. METHODS
`This study focused on “all belted” and “belted, non‐ejected” front outboard occupants in single‐vehicle
`accident (SVA) rollover crashes. A matched‐pair analysis was performed by selecting models that existed three
`years prior to the introduction of rollover curtains as standard equipment and comparing these to the same
`platform with rollover curtains. The risk of fatality in rollover crashes was estimated using Fatality Analysis
`Reporting System (FARS) data combined with National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) General Estimates
`System (GES) data. Case reviews were also conducted, using the NASS Crashworthiness Data System
`(NASS/CDS), NHTSA’s Special Crash Investigation (SCI) files, and Florida’s detailed state police reports (including
`photos).
`The term “rollover” as used in this study refers to vehicles that rolled at least one quarter turn and the term
`“ejected” includes both complete and partial occupant ejection.
`Data Sources
`VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION DATA
`First, a thorough review was made of owner’s manuals, the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) website,
`the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) website, and industry sources to identify vehicles equipped
`with different types of side airbags (including rollover‐activated side curtains) for 2000‐2009 model year
`vehicles. The sources were reviewed to identify whether rollover‐activated side curtain airbags were installed as
`standard or optional equipment. A list of makes/models which existed prior to the introduction of rollover
`curtains in the same platform was compiled to conduct a matched‐pair comparison of the fatality rates in
`rollover crashes in vehicles equipped with and without rollover‐activated side curtain airbags as standard
`equipment. The list of vehicles used in the study is provided in the appendix.
`
`FIELD PERFORMANCE DATA
`FARS data and NASS/GES data for the years 1999‐2010, and model years 2000‐2009, were used to address
`the fatality risk in rollover crashes.
`The FARS database is a census of all US traffic crashes that occur on public roads and result in death within
`30 days of the crash. FARS data are compiled from police accident reports, vehicle registration files, driver
`licensing files, death certificates, medical examiner reports, state highway department data, and hospital/EMS
`records, and extensive quality control procedures are used by the state and federal FARS professionals to
`ensure accuracy and completeness of each piece of information entered into the database. Because more than
`100 data elements associated with accident, vehicle, and occupant‐related factors are coded for each fatal
`traffic crash, FARS data files are widely used by crash and vehicle safety investigators.
`The NASS/GES database is a nationally representative weighted sample, selected from all police‐reported
`traffic crashes. To be included, a crash must have had a police report completed for it and must have involved at
`least one vehicle traveling on a public roadway and have resulted in a death, injury, or property damage. This
`database is typically used by NHTSA to obtain national estimates of injuries and crashes.
`
`CASE REVIEW DATA
`Multiple databases were examined to obtain fatal rollover cases involving belted occupants for vehicles with
`standard and optional rollover curtains. (The data set was expanded to include optional rollover curtains in
`order to obtain the maximum number of cases for review.) NASS/CDS data and SCI data files for calendar years
`2002‐2010 were examined for detailed case data. State data reports from Florida were also searched for
`rollovers involving 2002‐2009 model year case vehicles in calendar years 2002‐2010.
`The NASS/CDS database, which is maintained by NHTSA, is a nation‐wide representative sample of tow‐away
`crashes investigated in detail by NASS teams consisting of engineers, biomechanical experts, medical personnel,
`and statisticians. The NASS data
`files contain
`information on over 500 variables addressing
`crash/vehicle/occupant and injury factors associated with real‐world crashes and hence, are widely used by
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`NHTSA and other highway safety researchers in the US to examine injury experience in rollovers. For the CDS
`database, NASS investigates about 5,000 crashes a year involving passenger cars and light trucks.
`For the SCI database, information collected ranges from basic data maintained in routine police and
`insurance crash reports to comprehensive data from special reports by professional crash investigation teams.
`Hundreds of data elements relevant to the vehicle, occupants, injury mechanisms, roadway, and safety systems
`involved are collected for each of the over 200 crashes designated for study annually. SCI cases are intended to
`be an anecdotal data set useful for examining special crash circumstances or outcomes from an engineering
`perspective. The benefit of this program lies in its ability to locate unique real‐world crashes anywhere in the
`country, and perform in depth clinical investigations in a timely manner. Historically, the primary focus of SCI
`investigations was airbag deployments in crashes involving serious and fatal injuries and/or advanced airbag
`designs.
`Florida state data were also used for the detailed case studies. Police‐reported accident data files maintained
`by the state highway department provide comprehensive information about occupants involved in crashes.
`Police officers, investigating the crash at the scene, complete a report that includes information about the
`crash, the vehicles, the persons involved, as well as driver‐related factors for each accident that resulted in
`injury, fatality, or property damage. In addition, the state of Florida provides photographs, which enables
`positive identification of rollover curtain deployment.
`FARS and NASS/GES Analysis
`To calculate the effectiveness of rollover‐activated curtain airbags, the first step was to determine the
`fatality rate for belted front outboard occupants in SVA rollover crashes. The number of fatalities was obtained
`from FARS data, and the number of occupants involved in rollover crashes was obtained from the NASS/GES
`data. The fatality rate was then calculated as follows:
`
`
`Fatal rate per belted front outboard occupant = number of belted
`fatalities / number of belted front outboard occupants involved in SVA rollover crashes
`
`
`
`
`Once the fatal rate was determined, the effectiveness of rollover curtains in reducing fatalities could be
`calculated:
`
`(1)
`
`
`
`
`
`Effectiveness = 1 – (fatal rate per occupant for curtain equipped vehicles / fatal rate per occupant
`for non‐curtain equipped vehicles)
`
`The analysis results are given in the following section, along with detailed case reviews.
`
`
`(2)
`
`III. RESULTS
`Analysis of Rollover Curtain Airbag Effectiveness in Rollover Crashes
`Vehicle registration data from R.L. Polk & Company were used to identify the percentage of vehicles
`equipped with rollover curtain airbags that were registered in the U.S. As seen in Figure 1, only about 1% of
`2003 model year light vehicles on the road were equipped with rollover curtains as standard equipment, while
`for model year 2008, about 30% were equipped with rollover curtains as standard equipment.
`FARS and NASS/GES data were used to identify the fatal rates of “all belted” and “belted, non‐ejected” front
`outboard occupants (Figures 2 and 3) in vehicles with rollover curtain airbags as standard equipment, versus a
`matched set of vehicles without, and to calculate the effectiveness of rollover curtains in reducing fatalities.
`As shown in Figure 2, the fatality rate per 1,000 occupants for belted front outboard occupants was about
`12.8 for vehicles without rollover curtains and 9.9 for vehicles with rollover curtains as standard equipment. The
`effectiveness of rollover curtains in reducing belted occupant fatalities was found to be about 23% (95%
`confidence bounds: 3.5%‐41.2%), calculated as:
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(1 – (9.9 / 12.8)) * 100 = 22.6%
`
`(3)
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`30.2
`
`17.2
`
`7.9
`
`4.7
`
`1.1
`
`2.1
`
`2000
`
`2001
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`Model Year
`
`2005
`
`2006
`
`2007
`
`2008
`
`35
`
`30
`
`25
`
`20
`
`15
`
`10
`
`05
`
`Percent of Light Vehicles with Rollover Curtains
`
`Fig. 1. Percent of Registered Light Vehicles with Rollover‐Activated Side Curtain Airbags, by Vehicle Model Year
`
`
`
`
`
`
`12.8
`
`9.9
`
`Standard Rollover Curtains
`Without Rollover Curtains
`Rate per 1,000 Occupants
`
`100
`
`75
`
`50
`
`25
`
`0
`
`Fatal Rate
`
`Fig. 2. Fatality Rates for Belted Front Outboard Occupants in Vehicles Equipped
`With and Without Rollover Curtains
`
`
`
`
`As Figure 3 shows, the fatality rate per 1,000 occupants for belted, non‐ejected front outboard occupants
`was again about 12.8 for vehicles without rollover curtains and 10.2 for vehicles with rollover curtains as
`standard equipment. The effectiveness of rollover curtains in reducing fatalities for belted, non‐ejected front
`outboard occupants was found to be about 20% (95% confidence bounds: 6.0%‐40.8%), calculated as:
`
`
`
`
`(1 – (10.2 / 12.8)) * 100 = 20.3%
`
`
`(4)
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`12.8
`
`10.2
`
`Standard Rollover Curtain
`Without Rollover Curtain
`Rate per 1,000 Occupants
`
`100
`
`75
`
`50
`
`25
`
`0
`
`Fatal Rate
`
`
`
`Fig. 3. Fatality Rates for Belted, Non‐Ejected Front Outboard Occupants in Vehicles Equipped
`With and Without Rollover Curtains
`
`
`
`The crash severity factors contributing to fatal rollover crashes could influence the effectiveness of rollover
`curtains in reducing fatalities. A comprehensive review of fatal cases with rollover curtain deployment was done
`to understand some of the factors influencing these fatality rates in rollovers.
`
`Review of Fatal Cases with Rollover Curtain Deployment
`A review of fatal accident reports and photographs for vehicles with rollover curtains was made to identify
`factors associated with rollover crashes in which, despite the presence of rollover curtain airbags, a belted front
`outboard occupant sustained fatal injury. A secondary purpose of the detailed review was to confirm the
`deployment of the rollover curtain airbags. In every case reviewed, the rollover curtain airbags deployed.
`
`NASS/CDS CASE REVIEW— BELTED, FATAL OCCUPANTS
`For the years 2002‐2010, the NASS/CDS files contained three rollover cases in which belted front outboard
`occupants were fatally injured in vehicles with rollover‐activated curtain deployment.
`
`Case # 2007‐12‐189
`The subject vehicle (2004 Lincoln Aviator) was struck on its right side in a 55 mph intersection by another
`vehicle (2005 Chevrolet Suburban), causing significant damage to the Aviator’s passenger side. Both vehicles
`then side slapped, which caused the subject vehicle to lose control, depart the road, and roll three quarter turns
`over a distance of 45 ft.
`The right front belted 90‐year old female sustained a fatal injury. The passenger’s age and her proximity to
`the side impact might be important contributing factors to the fatal injury. The belted 60‐year old female driver
`sustained minor injury.
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`Fig. 4. 2004 Lincoln Aviator
`
`Fig. 5. Deployed Passenger‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`Case # 2008‐45‐137
`This single‐vehicle rollover accident involved a 2005 Toyota 4Runner that departed the road to the right,
`travelled down an embankment, and contacted a street sign, followed by a tree, with its front. The vehicle then
`began to rotate and rolled over, left‐side leading. During the rollover, the 4Runner contacted another tree with
`its roof and a steel guardrail with its undercarriage before coming to final rest approximately 79 feet from the
`initial roll point.
`The 60‐year old belted female driver sustained fatal injuries at the scene. The frontal impacts prior to the
`rollover, the tree impact to the roof during the rollover, and the roll distance are likely significant factors in this
`case.
`
`
`Fig. 6. 2005 Toyota 4Runner
`
`Fig. 7. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`Case # 2007‐45‐182
`The subject vehicle (2005 Acura MDX) departed a rural road, struck a guardrail with its front, and then began
`to roll to the left one quarter turn, where the vehicle’s left side and roof struck a tree. The tree impact caused
`the vehicle to then roll to the right two quarter turns.
`The fatal belted male driver sustained an AIS 3 head attributed to the roof by investigators. The impact with
`the guardrail prior to rollover and the interrupted roll with the tree, which reversed the direction of roll
`rotation, were likely significant factors in this fatality.
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`Fig. 8. 2005 Acura MDX
`
`Fig. 9. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`SCI CASE REVIEW — BELTED, FATAL OCCUPANTS
`SCI files for the years 2002‐2010 contained three rollover cases in which belted front outboard occupants
`were fatally injured in vehicles with rollover‐activated curtain deployment.
`
`Case # CA10006
`This single‐vehicle rollover involved a 2003 Lincoln Navigator that departed the right road edge and rolled a
`minimum of eight quarter turns over a distance of 221 ft. The posted speed limit of the roadway was 75 mph.
`Police reported the vehicle traveling at approximately 80 mph.
`The 62‐year old belted female driver was partially ejected through the glazing opening. Her head was
`captured between the ground and the left side rail, evidenced by body fluid on the outboard side of the curtain
`airbag. Body fluid was also present on the inboard side of the window glazing, which post‐crash was found
`folded over against the outer door panel. Crash severity factors such as high speed, number of rolls, and long
`roll distance were significant factors in this case.
`
`
`Fig. 10. 2003 Lincoln Navigator
`
`Fig. 11. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`Case # CA05050
`The subject vehicle (2004 Infiniti QX56) was involved in a severe run‐off‐road collision where it departed the
`road and yawed down a slight embankment. The vehicle then severely impacted a large diameter tree with its
`front left corner and subsequently rolled two quarter turns onto its roof. The impact location of the tree was
`such that it crushed the occupant compartment at the area of the left A‐pillar and continued down the left side
`plane to the left D‐pillar area.
`The 18‐year old belted female driver of the subject vehicle sustained massive head trauma. Per the SCI
`investigator: “[D]ue to the intrusion of the left A‐pillar and left roof area, the driver contacted the roof at the
`junction of the A‐pillar with her head.” Additionally, “the EDR recorded an 11‐degree roll angle with a total roll
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`rate of 130 degrees per second to the left, which triggered the deployment of the left and right canopy airbags”
`while the vehicle yawed down the embankment. Per the SCI report, this airbag deployment would have
`occurred prior to both the severe tree impact and the subsequent roll. Compounding factors such as the
`multiple events and the severe fixed object impact were likely significant components in this fatal case.
`
`
`Fig. 12. 2004 Infiniti QX56
`
`Fig. 13. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`Case # CA06029
`The subject vehicle (2005 Ford Escape) was involved in a run‐off‐road frontal impact with a concrete median
`barrier before rolling over ten quarter turns before coming to final rest on its roof. The vehicle was traveling on
`a 65 mph divided interstate roadway.
`The 31‐year old belted male driver sustained massive head injuries and expired at the scene. Although the
`driver’s sunroof was closed prior to the sequence of events, the investigator reports that the sunroof
`disintegrated as the roof contacted the ground during the rollover. This allowed the driver’s head to be partially
`ejected through the sunroof opening and consequently contact the road surface. The left door glazing was also
`reported as disintegrated, allowing the partial ejection of the driver’s left hand and arm, which also contacted
`the road surface. Factors such as speed, number of quarter turns, and ejection portals are likely significant in
`this fatal case.
`
`
`Fig. 14. 2005 Ford Escape
`
`Fig. 15. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`FLORIDA STATE (POLICE ACCIDENT REPORT) CASE REVIEW — BELTED, FATAL OCCUPANTS
`For the years 2002‐2010, Florida’s state data files contained three rollover cases in which belted front
`outboard occupants were fatally injured in vehicles with rollover‐activated curtain deployment.
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`Case # 77065990
`This single‐vehicle rollover involved a 2007 Volvo XC90 that departed the roadway to the right, struck a
`utility pole, shrubs, and a fence before rolling over an unknown number of times. It ultimately impacted the side
`of a building, which brought it to final rest.
`The belted 46‐year old male driver expired due to injuries sustained in this crash. The police report stated an
`estimated travel speed of 70 mph on a 55 mph roadway prior to the multiple collisions, subsequent roll, and
`final impact with the building. Factors such as high speed, multiple pre‐rollover collisions, and the arrested
`rollover were significant contributing factors in this case.
`
`
`Fig. 16. 2007 Volvo XC90
`
`Fig. 17. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`Case # 76765691
`The subject vehicle (2007 Cadillac Escalade) was traveling at approximately 45 mph on a 35 mph state road
`when the driver failed to negotiate a left curve and departed the roadway on the right side. The driver then
`impacted one of two 3‐foot tall steel poles on either side of the adjacent driveway with his right front tire. This
`caused the vehicle to yaw and subsequently roll over two quarter turns, during which the vehicle struck two
`parked cars. The vehicle came to final rest on its roof upon impacting the second steel driveway pole with the
`rear part of its roof.
`The 61‐year old male driver was unresponsive when medical personnel arrived and never regained
`consciousness. The police report coded that the driver had been drinking. Contributing factors of this accident
`include fixed object impacts, an arrested roll, alcohol and exceeding the stated speed limit.
`
`
`Fig. 18. 2007 Cadillac Escalade
`
`Fig. 19. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
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`Case # 77175626
`This rollover involved a 2006 Mercedes CLS that departed a 55 mph roadway at a high rate of speed
`(estimated at approximately 100 mph). The vehicle rolled an unknown number of times, striking a barbed wire
`fence, a tree, and another barbed wire fence before coming to final rest in an adjacent field.
`The 49‐year old male driver sustained fatal injuries at the scene. Factors such as high speed and multiple
`fixed object impacts were present in this case.
`
`
`Fig. 20. 2006 Mercedes CLS
`
`Fig. 21. Deployed Driver‐Side Rollover Airbags
`
`
`
`
`IV. Discussion
`While no hard and fast conclusions regarding the ways in which rollover‐activated side curtain airbags work
`best or are least effective may yet be drawn from the existing crash data, the case reviews do show that crash
`severity (due to speed, force of impact, or number of rolls and events) likely plays a significant role. Several
`other issues that are indicated by the studies deserve more research. First, when a roll‐activated curtain deploys
`can be critical. The first case discussed (a Lincoln Aviator) had a side impact followed by a rollover, and it was
`not clear when the curtains deployed. In SCI Case # CA05050 (an Infiniti QX56), the side curtains were known to
`be activated prior to the rollover or side impact. In addition, there are some crashes involving occupants in the
`front outboard positions where one suffers a fatality and the other does not in the same crash. It would be
`useful to review the accident circumstances and sequence of events leading to rollovers in these cases.
`The principal value of these detailed reviews is that they show what has actually happened in a complex
`crash event such as a rollover. Reviews such as this one provide a ready reference for tracking real‐world
`performance. Further research, especially as more vehicles are equipped with this safety feature and more data
`become available, could greatly enhance our knowledge on rollover safety.
`A final note: Since the research reported here was completed, several new studies of vehicle performance
`with various mandated safety features have been published. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
`reports [4] that, due to Electronic Stability Control (ESC) systems, drivers in SUVs are now less likely to die in a
`rollover than are drivers in passenger cars—a complete turnaround from IIHS’s position of just a few years ago.
`Since ESC systems were introduced nearly concurrently with rollover‐activated side airbags, the influences of
`these two safety features on crash and injury severity would be interesting to separate and track. But the
`problem is still one of data. As the recent NHTSA Rollover Data Special Study noted of its own research into
`rollover cases involving vehicles equipped with ESC and/or side curtain airbags (with or without rollover
`sensing): “… only sixty‐two percent of the rollover‐involved vehicles were equipped with ESC” [5]. The number
`of vehicles with the new safety features is growing, and the crash data will very soon allow for more
`sophisticated analysis; in the meanwhile, studies such as this one can help researchers to frame the questions
`that need to be asked as safety regulators mandate increasingly sophisticated measures meant to keep
`motorists safe.
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`V. Conclusions
`Field data (FARS and NASS/GES) on rollover crashes involving vehicles that have rollover‐activated side
`curtain airbags as standard equipment show that:
` Rollovers are complex events and crash severity factors, such as high travel speed, are important factors
`contributing to injury severity and fatality.
` Rollover‐activated side curtain airbags are about 23% effective in reducing fatalities for all belted front
`outboard occupants in SVA rollovers.
` Rollover‐activated side curtain airbags are about 20% effective in reducing fatalities for belted, non‐
`ejected front outboard occupants in SVA rollovers.
`In‐depth reviews of NASS/CDS, SCI, and police reports and photos for individual rollover cases involving vehicles
`in which a belted front outboard occupant sustained a fatality, despite the fact that the rollover‐activated side
`curtain airbags deployed, support the statistical analysis findings that rollovers are complex events and that
`crash severity is an important factor in injury outcome.
`
`
`VI. References
`[1] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Ejection Mitigation; Phase‐In Reporting Requirements,
`Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Final Rule, Docket No. NHTSA‐2011‐0004, pp. 1‐310, March 1,
`2011.
`[2] O’Brien‐Mitchell BM, Cassata SJ, Giasson MA, Lange RC, Melocchi AG, Data Analysis Methodology and
`Observations from Rollover Sensor Development Tests, 20th International Technical Conference on the
`Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV), Lyon, France, paper no. 07‐0308, pp. 1‐12, June 18–21, 2007.
`[3] Berg A, Rücker P, Kröninger M, A Realistic Crash Test Setup To Assess The Real World Performance Of
`Advanced Rollover Sensing Systems, 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of
`Vehicles Conference (ESV), Lyon, France, paper no. 07‐0362, pp. 1‐9, June 18–21, 2007.
`[4] Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “Dying in a Crash”, Status Report, Vol. 46, No. 5, June 9, 2011.
`[5] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Rollover Data Special Study, Final Report, DOT HS 811 435,
`p. iv, January 2011.
`
`
`
`
`Make
`ACURA
`ACURA
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`
`Model/Trim
`
`MDX
`MDX TOURING
`A3 2.0
`A3 3.2 QUATTRO S‐LINE
`A3 PREMIUM
`A4 2.0 AVANT QUATTRO
`A4 2.0 AVANT QUATTRO
`S‐LINE
`A4 2.0 QUATTRO
`A4 2.0 TURBO
`A4 2.0T QUATTRO S‐LINE
`A4 2.0T S‐LINE
`A4 3.2
`A4 3.2 AVANT QUATTRO
`
`VII. Appendix
`VEHICLE SELECTION
`
`Doors
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`
`Body Style
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`Wagon
`Wagon
`Wagon
`Wagon
`
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`
`Wagon
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`Wagon
`
`Min. Model
`Year Std.*
`2004
`2004
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`
`Max. Model
`Year Std.*
`2009
`2006
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2008
`
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`
`2008
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`
`IRC-12-16
`
`IRCOBI Conference 2012
`
`- 86 -
`
`
`
`
`
`Make
`
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`AUDI
`BMW
`BMW
`BMW
`CADILLAC
`CADILLAC
`CADILLAC
`CADILLAC
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`CHEVROLET/GEO
`
`CHRYSLER
`
`CHRYSLER
`
`CHRYSLER
`DODGE
`DODGE
`DODGE
`
`DODGE
`DODGE
`DODGE
`DODGE
`DODGE
`
`Model/Trim
`A4 3.2 QUATTRO
`A6 3.0 QUATTRO
`A6 3.2
`A6 3.2 AVANT QUATTRO
`A6 3.2 QUATTRO
`A6 4.2 QUATTRO S‐LINE
`A8 4.2 QUATTRO
`A8 L 4.2 QUATTRO
`A8 L W12 QUATTRO
`RS4 QUATTRO
`S4 AVANT QUATTRO
`S6 QUATTRO
`S8 QUATTRO
`X3 3.0SI
`X5 3.0I
`X5 4.8I
`ESCALADE
`ESCALADE ESV
`ESCALADE EXT
`SRX
`AVALANCHE C1500
`AVALANCHE K1500
`EQUINOX LS
`EQUINOX LT
`EQUINOX LTZ
`EQUINOX SPORT
`SUBURBAN C1500
`SUBURBAN C2500
`SUBURBAN K1500
`SUBURBAN K2500
`TAHOE C1500
`TAHOE K1500
`TRAILBLAZER
`TRAILBLAZER SS
`TOWN AND COUNTRY
`LIMITED
`TOWN AND COUNTRY
`LX/LXI
`TOWN AND COUNTRY
`TOURING
`DURANGO LTD
`DURANGO SLT
`DURANGO SXT
`GRAND CARAVAN
`SE/SPORT
`GRAND CARAVAN SXT
`RAM 1500
`RAM 1500 MEGA
`RAM 1500 QUAD
`
`Doors
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`4
`
`V
`
`V
`
`V
`4
`4
`4
`
`V
`V
`2
`4
`4
`
`Body Style
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`Wagon
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`Wagon
`SEDAN
`SEDAN
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`PICKUP ‐ CREW CAB
`PICKUP ‐ CREW CAB
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`
`Van
`
`Van
`
`Van
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`UTILITY
`
`Van
`Van
`PICKUP ‐ REGULAR CAB
`PICKUP ‐ CREW CAB
`PICKUP ‐ CREW CAB
`
`Min. Model
`Year Std.*
`2008
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2007
`2007
`2007
`2006
`2008
`2008
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`
`2008
`
`2008
`
`2008
`2007
`2007
`2007
`
`2008
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2009
`
`Max. Model
`Year Std.*
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2008
`2009
`
`2009
`
`2009
`
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`
`2009
`2009
`2009
`2008
`2009
`
`IRC-12-16
`
`IRCOBI Conference 2012
`
`- 87 -
`
`
`
`
`
`Make
`DODGE
`D