THIRD EDITIO
`
`_.
`~~
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`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 1
`
`

`
`Random House We6sier's Computer & Internet Dictionary, Third Edition
`
`Copyright m 1999 by Philip E. Margolis
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
`No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic
`or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the pub-
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`Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York and simultane-
`ously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited.
`The Random House Living Dictionary Database*", is a trademark of Random
`House, Inc.
`
`Trademarks
`A number of entered words which we have reason to believe constitute trademarks
`have been designated as such. However, no attempt has been made to designate as
`trademarks or service marks all terms or words in which proprietary rights might
`exist. The inclusion, exclusion, or definition of a words or term is not intended to
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Margolis, Philip E.
`Random House Webster's computer &Internet dictionary /Philip E.
`Margolis. -- 3rd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Rev. ed. of: Random House personal computer dictionary. 2nd ed.
`c1996.
`Includes biographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-375-70351-9
`1. Microcomputers--Dictionaries. 2. Computers--Dictionaries.
`I. Margolis, Philip E. Random House personal computer dictionary.
`II. Title.
`QA7G.15.M37 1998
`004.16'03--dc21
`
`98-45280
`CIP
`
`www.randomwords.com
`
`Typeset and printed in the United States of America.
`
`1999 Third Random House Edition
`
`098765432
`January 2000
`
`ISBN: 0375-70351-9
`
`New York
`
`Toronto
`
`London
`
`Sydney
`
`Auckland
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 2
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`

`
`~
`
`j
`
`'~
`
`'
`
`8
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`—.
`
`CD-i
`
`CD-I
`R
`a~
`(r
`di
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`b~
`P~
`lc
`P~
`~1
`
`s~
`S~
`
`p~
`~'
`
`CD-
`
`CD-
`
`CD-I
`
`80
`
`disk cache, which results in much smoother playback.
`~ SE8 dISO CD-ROM PLAYER; MSCDEX; VCACHE.
`
`CD-I Compact) D(isc)—I(nteractive), a software and hardware standard de-
`veloped jointly by Philips International and Sony Corporation for storing
`video, audio, and binary data on compact optical disks. It supports
`552MB (megabytes) of binary data and specifies several different types of
`video and audio encoding formats. Unlike conventional CD-ROM drives,
`CD-I drives have abuilt-in microprocessor to handle many of the com-
`puting functions. CD-I is sometimes referred to as the Green Book stand-
`ard.
`Although there are some CD-I devices and titles, the format has not be-
`come widely accepted.
`
`~ See also CD-ROM; CD-ROM/XA; DVD; DVI; GREEN BOOK; OPTICAL DISK;
`OS/9.
`
`CDMA Short for C(ode)-Division) Multiple) A(ccess), a digital cellular
`technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing sys-
`terns, such as GSM, that use time-division multiplexing (TDM), CDMA
`does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel
`uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded
`with apseudo-random digital sequence.
`CDMA was developed by Qualcomm, Inc.
`
`~ Se2 dISO CELLULAR; GSM; MULTIPLEX; PCS; TDM; TDMA.
`
`CDPD Short for Cellular) Digital) Packet) D(ata), a data transmission
`technology developed for use on cellular phone frequencies. CDPD uses
`unused cellular channels (in the 800- to 900-MHz range) to transmit data
`in packets. This technology offers data transfer rates of up to 19.2 Kbps,
`quicker call setup, and better error correction than using modems on an
`analog cellular channel.
`
`~ Se2 dISO CELL; PACKET SWITCHING.
`
`~~-R S22 CD-R DRIVE.
`
`CD-R drive Short for Compact) D(isk)-Recordable) drive, a type of disk
`drive that can create CD-ROMs and audio CDs. This allows users to
`"master" a CD-ROM or audio CD for publishing. Until recently, CD-R
`drives were quite expensive, but prices have dropped dramatically.
`A feature of many CD-R drives, called multisession recording, enables
`you to keep adding data to a CD-ROM over time. This is extremely im-
`portant if you want to use the CD-R drive to create backup CD-ROMs.
`To create CD-ROMs and audio CDs, you'll need not only a CD-R drive
`but also a CD-R software package Often, it is the software package, not
`the drive itself, that determines how easy or difficult it is to create CD-
`ROMs.
`CD-R drives can also read CD-ROMs and play audio CDs.
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 3
`
`

`
`85
`
`channel
`
`~ See dISO BACKWARD COMPATIBLE; EGA; GRAPHICS MODE; IBM PC; MCGA;
`PALETTE; RESOLUTION; SVGA; TEXT MODE; VGA; VIDEO ADAPTER; XGA.
`
`CGI Abbreviation of Common) Gateway) I(nterf'ace), a specification for
`transferring information between a World Wide Web server and a CGI
`program. A CGI program is any program designed to accept and return
`data that conforms to the CGI specification. The program could be writ-
`ten in any programming language, including C, Perl, Java, or Visual Ba-
`sic.
`CGI programs are the most common way for Web servers to interact
`dynamically with users. Many HTML pages that contain forms, for exam-
`ple, use a CGI program to process the form's data once iYs submitted.
`Another increasingly common way to provide dynamic feedback for Web
`users is to include scripts or programs that run on the user's machine
`rather than on the Web server. These programs can be Java applets, Java
`scripts, or ActiveX controls. These technologies are known collectively as
`client-side solutions, while the use of CGI is a server-side solution because
`the processing occurs on the Web server.
`One problem with CGI is that each time a CGI script is executed, a
`new process is started. For busy Web sites, this can slow down the
`server noticeably. A more efficient solution, but one that it is also more
`difficult to implement, is to use the server's API, such as ISAPI or NSAPI.
`Another increasingly popular solution is to use Java servlets.
`
`~ S2@ dISO ACTIVE SERVER PAGES; nYrrnNttc HTML; FORM; ISAPI; JAVA;
`NSAPI; PERL; SERVLET; WORLD WIDE WEB.
`
`CGM Abbreviation of Computer) Graphics) M(etaftle), a file format de-
`signed by several standards organizations and formally ratified by ANSI.
`It is~ designed to be the standard vector graphics file format and is sup-
`ported by a wide variety of software and hardware products.
`
`~ See also ANSI; GRAPHICS FILE FORMATS; VECTOR GRAPHICS.
`
`Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol See CHAP.
`
`Challenge-response A common authentication technique whereby an indi-
`vidual is prompted (the challenge) to provide some private information
`(the response). Most security systems that rely on smart cards are based
`on challenge-response. A user is given a code (the challenge) that he or
`she enters into the smart card. The smart card then displays a new code
`(the response) that the user can present to log in.
`
`~ S22 dISO AUTHENTICATION; CHAP; SMART CARD.
`
`channel 1. In communications, the term channel refers to a communica-
`tions path between two computers or devices. It can refer to the physical
`medium (the wires) or to a set of properties that distinguishes one chan- .,
`nel from another. For example, TV channels refer to particular frequen-
`cies at which radio waves are transmitted. IRC channels refer to specific
`discussions. 2. For IBM PS/2 computers, a channel is the same as an ex-
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 4
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`

`
`208
`
`209
`
`fiber optics
`
`ways transmit documents at the max-
`eas not all faac machines support
`eS.
`of documents transmitted by fax mo-
`e the documents remain in electronic
`
``ax modems is that you cannot f~ pa-
`separate optical scanner, which elimi-
`dvantages of fax modems. Another
`each document you receive requires a
`ut 100K per page). Not only does this
`long time to print such files.
`
`E; MODEM; OPTICAL SCANNER.
`
`rnunications) C(ommission). Among
`le for rating personal computers and
`or Class B. The ratings indicate how
`ter emits. Almost all personal computers
`;h means that they are suitable for of-
`are suitable for use anywhere (includ-
`ringent tests. Class B indicates that the
`nissions are so low that they do not in-
`radios and TVs.
`
`3 FORMAT.
`
`5uted) Data) I(nterface), a set of ANSI
`ever fiber optic cable. FDDI networks
`ipport data rates of up to loo Mbps
`~I networks are typically used as back-
`
`~DI-2, supports the transmission of
`X11 as data. Another variation of FDDI,
`y (FFDT), uses the same network infra-
`art data rates up to 200 Mbps.
`
`CS; NETWORK; PROTOCOL.
`
`gh) d(ensiry), and pronounced fud-hud.
`~s for Macintosh computers that can ac-
`i 31/a-inch floppy disks. FDHDs can
`
`~
`
`~
`j
`~
`
`~
`
`also read DOS-formatted floppy disks, which enables Macintosh comput-
`ers and PCs to share data. FDHD drives are often called SuperDrives.
`
`~ Ste dISO DENSITY; DOS; FLOPPY DISK; MACINTOSH COMPUTER; SUPERDRIVE.
`
`fdisk A DOS and Windows utility that prepares a hard disk for formatting
`by creating one or more partitions on the disk.
`
`~ See also roxMnr; PARTITION.
`
`~
`
`FDM Abbreviation of Frequency) Division) M(ultiplexing), amultiplexing
`technique that uses different frequencies to combine multiple streams of
`data for transmission over a communications medium. FDM assigns a
`discrete carrier frequency to each data stream and then combines many
`modulated carrier frequencies for transmission. For example, television
`tT8riSri11tteTS llS2 FDM YO 17TOdC1CdSt SeVeTdl ClldririQlS di ORCe.
`
`~ S22 dISO CARRIER; MULTIPLEX; TDM; WDM.
`
`feathering In desktop publishing, feathering is the process of adding space
`between all lines on a page or in a column to force vertical justification.
`
`~ S2C' dISO JUSTIFICATION; VERTICAL JUSTIFICATION.
`
`feature A notable property of a device or software application. Many ana-
`lysts bemoan the advent of featuritis—the seemingly endless addition of
`more and more features onto what was once a simple application. One of
`the principal challenges of modern applications is to offer a multitude of
`features without making the application complex.
`
`~ Se2 dISO BELLS AND WHISTLES; BLOATWARE; OVERHEAD; VANILLA.
`
`Federal Communications Commission see FCC.
`
`female connector See under corrNECTox.
`
`FF See FORM FEED.
`
`Fiber Distributed Data Interface See FDDI.
`
`fiber optics A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to
`transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads,
`each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light
`waves.
`Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal
`communications lines:
`
`• Fiber optic cables have~a much greater bandwidth than metal ca-
`bles. This means that they can carry more data.
`• Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interfer-
`ence.
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 5
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`

`
`364
`
`I
`
`365
`
`multiplex
`
`>OM; CYBERSPACE; MOO; MUCK; MUSH; VIRTUAL
`
`sage to a select group of recipients. A simple
`sending an e-mail message to a mailing list.
`~conferencing also use multicasting but require
`networks.
`loped to support multicasting over a TCP/IP
`et. These standards, IP Multicast and Mbone,
`lticast groups easily.
`fers to sending a message to a select group
`to sending a message to everyone connected
`
`narrowcast are often used interchangeably, al-
`refers to the business model whereas multicast
`~gy used to transmit the data.
`
`'IULTICAST; RTSP; TELECONFERENCE.
`
`ie) See Msorre.
`
`iee MCGA.
`
`database management system (DBMS) organ-
`rds that share a common field value. Multidi-
`ten generated from relational databases.
`'s make it easy to work with individual re-
`tabases are designed for analyzing large
`
`Analytical Processing) has become almost
`ensional databases, whereas OLTP (On-Line
`ierally refers to relational DBMSs.
`
`CEMENT SYSTEM; OLAP; RDBMS.
`
`version of Finder for Apple Macintosh com-
`'~e operating system responsible for managing
`vents and folders and handling the Clipboard
`G, and earlier versions of the Mac OS, Multi-
`iystem 7, MultiFinder has replaced the older
`
`OP; FINDER; MAC OS; MACINTOSH COMPUTER; MUL-
`
`type of video monitor capable of accepting
`quency range. This enables the monitor to
`olutions. Multifrequency monitors differ
`ng monitors. Multiscanning monitors can sup-
`quency level within their range, whereas
`sport only a select number of frequency
`
`levels. However, because almost all video signals conform to one of a
`handful of video standards, the greater potential of multiscanning moni-
`tors is generally not utilized.
`
`~ Se2 dISO MONITOR; MULTISCANNING MONITOR; VIDEO ADAPTER.
`
`multifunction peripheral See 1v1FP.
`
`(flU~tlfUt1Ct1011 pClClt@C $d1T12 dS MULTIFUNCTION PERIPHERAL ~MFP~.
`
`multilevel printer Same as corrrorrE rxiNTEx.
`
`multimedia The use of computers to present text, graphics, video, anima-
`tion, and sound in an integrated way. Long touted as the future revolu-
`tion in computing, multimedia applications were, until the mid-1990s, un-
`common due to the expensive hardware required. With increases in
`performance and decreases in price, however, multimedia is now com-
`monplace. Nearly all PCs are capable of displaying video, though the res-
`olution available depends on the power of the computer's video adapter
`and CPU.
`Because of the storage demands of multimedia applications, the most
`effective media are CD-ROMs.
`
`~ See also 3D0; f~CTIVEMOViE; ANIMATION; AUTHORING TOOL; CD-ROM; HY-
`PERMEDIA; HYPERTEXT; MBONE; MEDIA; MMX; MPC; SHOCKWAVE; STREAMING;
`WAV.
`
`multimedia kit A package of hardware and software that adds multimedia
`capabilities to a computer. Typically a multimedia kit includes a CD-ROM
`or DVD player, a sound card, speakers, and a bundle of CD-ROMs.
`
`~ See also CD-ROM; MULTIMEDIA.
`
`Multimedia Personal Computer See 1~1PC.
`
`Multiple Document Interface See MDI.
`
`multiplex To combine multiple signals (analog or digital) for transmission
`over a single line or medium. A common type of multiplexing combines
`several low-speed signals for transmission over a single high-speed con-
`nection. The following are examples of different multiplexing methods:
`
`Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): each signal is assigned a dif-
`ferent frequency
`Time Division Multiplying (TDM): each signal is assigned a fixed
`time slot in a fixed rotation
`Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM): time slots are assigned
`to signals dynamically to make better use of bandwidth
`Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): each signal is assigned a
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 6
`
`

`
`549
`
`teleconference
`
`transmission channel. Within T-Carrier systems, such as T-1 and T-3,
`TDM combines Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) streams created for each
`conversation or data stream.
`
`~ See also CDMA; FDM; LEASED LINE; MODULATE; MULTIPLEX; PCM; T-1 CAR-
`RIER; T-3 CARRIER; TDMA; WDM.
`
`TDMA Short for Time) D(iuision) Multiple) A(ccess), a technology for de-
`livering digital wireless service using time-division multiplexing (TDM).
`TDMA works by dividing a radio frequency into time slots and then allo-
`cating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single frequency can support
`multiple, simultaneous data channels. TDMA is used by the GSM digital
`cellular system.
`
`~ See also CDMA; CELLULAR; GSM; PCS; TDM.
`
`teamware A category of software that enables colleagues, especially geo-
`graphically dispersed colleagues, to collaborate on projects. Typically,
`teamware uses the Internet and the World Wide Web to facilitate com-
`munication among the team. The distinction between teamware and
`groupware is extremely fuzzy. Indeed, it seems that teamware is just a
`new name for what was previously called groupware. The distinction is
`made even more confusing by the fact that one of the leading vendors of
`this type of software is called TeamWARE Group.
`
`~ S2e diSO GROUPWARE; WORKGROUP COMPUTING.
`
`tear-off menu Apop-up menu that you can move around the screen like
`a window. Regular pop-up menus are attached to the menu selection that
`caused them to pop up.
`
`~ See also MSNu.
`
`technical support See cusTOMER surroxT.
`
`telecommunications Refers to all types of data transmission, from voice
`to video.
`
`~ See diSO COMMUNICATIONS; ITU; TELEMATICS; TELEPHONY.
`
`telecommuting A term coined by Jack Nilles in the early 1970s to de-
`scribe ageographically dispersed office where workers can work at home
`on a computer and transmit data and documents to a central office via
`telephone lines. A major argument in favor of telecommuting over vehic-
`ular commuting is that it does not produce air pollution. In addition,
`many people are more productive working at home than in an office. For
`others, however; the contrary holds true.
`
`~ S2e 4130 E-MAIL; NETWORK; WORKGROUP COMPUTING.
`
`teleconference To hold a conference via a telephone or network connec-
`
`'(ro-
`
`TCP
`
`C015,
`
`that
`:ina
`single
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1122, Page 7