~ The mostcor~prehensiuecor~pu~ingdictionarVeuerpublished
`~ nllorethan 18,000entries
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 1
`
`

`
`Limitation of Liability
`While the Editor and Publisher of this book have made reasonable efforts to
`ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the information contained herein, nei-
`ther the Editor nor the Publisher shall have any liability with respect to loss or
`damage caused or alleged to be caused by reliance on any information con-
`tained herein.
`
`Copyright OO 1994 by International Business Machines Corporation. All rights
`reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under
`the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
`reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
`base or retrieval system, without the prior written permisssion of the pub-
`lisher.
`
`67890 DOC/DOC 9987
`
`ISBN 0-07-031488-8 (HC)
`ISBN 0-07-031489-6 (PBK)
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Daniel A. tonneau and the
`production supervisor was Thomas G Kowalczyk.
`
`Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley &Sons Company.
`
`Tenth Edition (August 1993)
`This is a major revision of the IBM Dictionary of Computing, SC20-1699-8,
`which is made obsolete by this edition. Changes are made periodically to the
`information provided herein.
`It is possible that this material may contain reference to, or information about,
`IBM products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are
`not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be
`construed to mean that IBM intends to announce such IBM products, pro-
`gramming, or services in your country. Comments may be addressed to IBM
`Corporation, Department E37/656, P. O. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park,
`NC 27709.
`
`International Edition
`CopyrightO 1994 by International Business Machines Corporation. Exclusive
`rights by McGraw-Hill, Inc. for manufacture and export. This book cannot be
`re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The
`International Edition is not available in North America.
`When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-113383-6.
`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper.
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 2
`
`

`
`Ir,
`
`,.
`
`~~
`
`change character
`
`[94]
`
`channel capacity
`
`bit is turned ON by hardware whenever the associated
`page in real storage is modified.
`
`change character See font change character.
`
`change control process A defined process to be fol-
`lowed when a change to a controlled document or pro-
`cedure is proposed. A typical use is to control
`changes proposed to baselined documents.
`
`change-direction-command indicator In VTAM pro-
`grams, an indicator specifying that the sender has fin-
`ished sending and is prepared to receive.
`
`change-direction protocol In SNA, a data flow
`control protocol in which the sending logical unit (LU)
`stops sending normal-flow requests, signals this fact to
`the receiving LU using the change-direction indicator
`(in the request header of the last request of the last
`chain), and prepares to receive requests.
`
`change-direction-request indicator In VTAM pro-
`grams, an indicator that requests return of a change-
`direction-command indicator.
`
`or inactive. The most significant bit is called channel
`0 and the least significant bit is called channel 31.
`See also logical channel.
`
`channel adapter A communication controller hard-
`ware unit that is used to attach the communication
`controller to a host channel.
`
`channel adapter input/output supervisor A portion
`of network control program code that interacts with
`the communication controller channel adapter to
`transfer data across an UO channel to and from the
`host processor.
`
`channel address word (CAVE An area in storage
`that specifies the location in main storage at which a
`channel program begins.
`
`channel-attached (1) Pertaining to attachment of
`devices directly by data channels (UO channels) to a
`computer. (2) Pertaining to devices attached to a con-
`trolling unit by cables, rather than by telecommuni-
`cation lines. (3) Synonymous with local, locally
`attached. Contrast with link-attached.
`
`changed record In System/38, an active subfile
`record to which a put or update operation has been
`issued, or an active subfile record that has been
`changed by the workstation user.
`
`channel-attached network control program A
`network control program in achannel-attached con-
`troller. Synonymous with local NCP. Contrast with
`link-attached network control program.
`
`change dump (1) A dump of those storage locations
`whose contents have changed during a specified
`period. (T) (2) See also selective dump.
`
`channel-attached station A station attached by a data
`channel to a host node. Synonymous with local
`station. Contrast with link-attached station.
`
`change management The part of the Communications
`and System Management feature that allows
`System/36 to be connected to a Distributed Systems
`Executive (DSX) network. Synonymous with Distrib-
`uted Systems Node Executive (DSNX).
`
`channel-attached terminal A ternunal such as a 3279
`Display Station whose control unit is directly con-
`nected to a computer by a data channel. Synonymous
`with local terminal. Contrast with link-attached ter-
`minal.
`
`change-over system A temporary information proc-
`essing system used to facilitate the transition from an
`operational system to its successor. (T) See also
`cutover.
`
`change sign The reversal of a sign of a number held
`in the machine. (T)
`
`channel (1) A path along which signals can be sent,
`for example, data channel, output channel. (A)
`(2) The portion of a storage medium that is accessible
`to a given reading or writing station; for example,
`track, band. (A) (3) In data communication, a
`means of one-way transmission. See data communi-
`cation channel. Contrast with circuit. (4) A func-
`tional unit, controlled by the processor, that handles
`the transfer of data between processor storage and
`local peripheral equipment. See inpudoutput channel.
`(5) In the AIX operating system, one of 32 bits in a
`table used to represent which event classes are active
`
`channel-attachment major node (1) A major node
`that includes an NCP that is channel-attached to a data
`host. (2) A major node that may include minor nodes
`that are the line groups and lines that represent a
`channel attachment to an adjacent (channel-attached)
`host. (3) In VM or VSE operating systems, a major
`node that may include minor nodes that are resources
`(host processors, NCPs, line groups, lines, SNA phys-
`ical units and logical units, cluster controllers, and ter-
`minals) attached through a communication adapter.
`
`channel capacity The measure of the ability of a
`given channel subject to specific constraints to
`transmit messages from a specified message source
`expressed as either the maximum possible mean trans-
`informadon content per character or the maximum
`possible average transinformation rate, which can be
`achieved with an arbitrary small probability of errors
`by use of an appropriate code. (I) (A)
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 3
`
`

`
`a carrier
`
`~
`
`~'
`
`data cartridge
`
`[167]
`
`_
`
`data concentrator
`
`that serves as the data medium. See also data
`rr►edium.
`
`data collection station Synonym for data input
`station.
`
`data cartridge See magnetic tape cartxidge. See also
`magnetic tape cassette.
`
`data cell A direct access storage volume containing
`strips of tape on which data are stored.
`
`data communication (1) Transfer of data among
`functional units by means of data transmission
`according to a protocol. (T) (2) The transmission,
`reception, and validation of data. (A) See also
`transmission.
`
`data chain Synonym for data aggregate. (A)
`
`data chaining In SDLC data transmission, the
`chaining together of scattered segments of storage data
`to assemble a complete SDLC frame.
`
`data channel Synonym for inpuUoutput channel.
`
`data character set (1) The 256 EBCDIC characters.
`(2) See character set.
`
`data check (1) An operation used to verify data
`quality or data integrity. (T) (2) A synchronous or
`asynchronous indication of a condition caused by
`invalid data or incorrect positioning of data. Some
`data checks can be suppressed.
`
`data circuit (1) A pair of associated transmit and
`receive channels that provide a means of two-way data
`communication. (I) (2) In SNA, synonym for link
`connection. (3) See tandem data circuit. See also
`physical circuit, virtual circuit. See figure at data link.
`
`data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) In a data
`station, the equipment that provides the signal conver-
`sion and coding between the data ternunal equipment
`(DTE) and the line. (I) See figure at data link.
`
`data circuit transparency The capability of a data
`circuit to transmit all data without changing the data
`content or structure. (I) (A)
`
`In COBOL, a clause in a data
`data clause
`description entry in the Data Division that describes a
`particular characteristic of a data item.
`
`data code (1) In data communication, a set of rules
`and conventions according to which the signals repres-
`enting data should be formed, transmitted, received,
`and processed. (I) (A) (2) A structured set of
`characters used to represent the data items; for
`example, the codes O1, 02,..., 12 may be used to repre-
`sent the months January, February,..., December of the
`data element months of the year. (A) (3) Depre-
`cated term for code set, code element set. (4) See
`numeric code.
`
`data code set Deprecated term for code element set.
`
`data collection The process of bringing data together
`from one or more sources. See also data acquisition.
`
`data communication adapter (1) An optional hard-
`ware feature, available on certain processors, that
`pernuts communications facilities to be attached to the
`processors. (T) (2) See communication adapter.
`
`data communication channel A means of one-way
`transmission. (I) (A) Synonymous with data trans-
`mission channel. Contrast with inpudoutput channel.
`See also logical channel.
`
`data communication facility (DCF) (1) The group
`of modules in Programmable Store System Host
`Support that interpret, control, and execute the com-
`munication commands to transfer data between the
`host processor and one or more store controllers.
`DCF can use BSC or SDLC line protocol, as selected
`by the user. (2) Deprecated term for telecommuni-
`cation facility.
`
`data communication feature In IIVISNS, a feature
`that provides ternunal communication and automatic
`scheduling of programs based on terminal input.
`
`data communication interface See transmission
`interface.
`
`data communication line See telecommunication
`line.
`
`data communication network See network, path
`control network, public network, SNA network, user
`application network.
`
`data communications See data communication.
`
`data communication service See data transmission
`service.
`
`data compaction See compaction.
`
`data component The part of a VSAM data set, alter-
`nate index, or catalog that contains the data records of
`an object.
`
`data compression See compression.
`
`data concentrator (1) A functional unit that pernuts
`connection of several input communication lines to
`one output line of higher speed. (T) (2) See
`concentrator.
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 4
`
`

`
`free-format menu
`
`[288]
`
`fringing
`
`free-format menu In System/36, a menu for which
`the programmer defines the format of lines 3 through
`20. Contrast with fixed-format menu.
`
`frequency band A continuous range of frequencies
`between two limiting frequencies. See also octave
`band.
`
`free-form format The System/36 source entry utility
`display format designed for entering and updating
`statements, such as OCL statements and utility control
`statements, that do not have a constant format.
`
`free-form operation In DPCX, communication
`between an application program and a ternunal during
`which the operator enters data without regard for any
`predefined form or field. Contrast with fixed-form
`operation.
`
`free list In the AIX operating system, a list of avail-
`able blocks on each file system. Synonymous with
`free block list.
`
`processing
`word
`programmable
`freely
`equipment Word processing equipment on which the
`programs can be altered within the limits of available
`controls without exchanging or changing other features
`of the machine. (T)
`
`free routing A method of traffic handling in which
`messages are forwarded toward their destination over
`any available channel without depending on a prede-
`termined routing plan.
`
`free space See distributed free space.
`
`free space administration The use of methods or
`programs to manage available space in a
`database. (T)
`
`free storage Storage that is not allocated.
`
`free text method In text processing, a method of
`obtaining descriptors by recording each text word,
`except stop words, and its occurrence and relative
`position in a unit of text.
`
`frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) Division of
`a transmission facility into two or more channels by
`splitting the frequency band transmitted by the channel
`into narrower bands, each of which constitutes a dis-
`tinct channel. See also time-division multiplexing.
`
`frequency interleaving In the NTSC or PAL tele-
`vision formats, the technique of choosing the color
`subcarrier frequency so that the chrominance fre-
`quency components of the signal fall between the
`luminance frequency components of the signal.
`
`frequency modulation (FM) Modulation by varying
`the frequency of a ffixed-amplitude carrier signal in
`accordance with an information signal. Contrast with
`amplitude modulation (AM). See Figure 64.
`
`Figure 64. Frequency Modulation
`
`frequency modulation recording Non-return,to-
`reference recording in which there is a change in the
`condition of magnetization at each cell boundary, and
`a further change in the center of the cell to represent a
`one. (T)
`
`frequency shift keying (FSK) (1) A form of fre-
`quency modulation of a carrier by a digital signal such
`that each frequency, or group of frequencies, is used
`to represent a character. (T) (2) Frequency modu-
`lation of a carrier by a digital modulating signal.
`(3) See phase coherent FSK, phase continuous FSK.
`
`free token See token.
`
`FRFH Frame-relay frame handler.
`
`free toner Toner with little or no electrostatic charge
`that may become charged and therefore attracted to the
`hardware or the output paper.
`
`freeze-frame In multimedia applications, a frame of a
`motion-picture film that is repeated so as to give the
`illusion of a still picture.
`
`frequency The rate of signal oscillation, expressed in
`hertz.
`
`frequency analysis In acoustics, use of an instrumen-
`tation system for measuring the band pressure level of
`a sound as a function of frequency.
`
`friction feeder In a document copying machine or
`duplicator, a device that separates by friction succes-
`sive sheets of paper from the paper stack and feeds
`them into the machine. (T)
`
`-~
`
`friction pressure control In a duplicator, a control
`for adjusting the amount of friction in the paper feed
`device. (T)
`
`fringing In a color display, the undesirable effect of
`incorrect colors appearing at the edges of objects in an
`image. Fringing is caused by incorrect superimposi-
`tion of the red, green, and blue images.
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 5
`
`

`
`ix notation
`
`infix operator
`
`[335]
`
`information content natural unit (NAT)
`
`it. If it is desired to distinguish the case in which
`there are more than two operands for an operation, the
`term distributed infix notation may be used; for
`example, A added to B and the sum multiplied by C is
`represented by the expression (A + B) x C, P AND
`the result of Q AND R is represented by the
`expression P & (Q & R). (I) (A) (2) Contrast
`with parentheses-free notation, postfix notation, prefix
`notation.
`
`infix operator An operator that appears between two
`operands.
`
`information (1) In information processing, know-
`ledge concerning such things as facts, concepts,
`objects, events, ideas, and processes, that within a
`certain context has a particular meaning. (T)
`(2) See integrated information, measure of informa-
`tion, mutual information, state information, transferred
`information, transmitted information.
`
`informational message (1) A message that is not the
`result of an error condition; for example, a message
`that gives the status of a job or operation. (2) A
`message that provides information but does not require
`a response. (3) In the AS/400 system, a message that
`provides information to the user about the system.
`See also completion message. (4) In the AIX oper-
`ating system, a message that provides information to
`the operator but does not require a response. (5) In
`the AIX operating system, a message that is not the
`result of an error condirion.
`
`information analysis A systematic investigation of
`information and its flow in a real or planned
`system. (T)
`
`information area A part of a window in which infor-
`madon about the object or choice that the cursor is on
`is displayed. The information area can also contain a
`message about the normal completion of a process.
`
`information base In a database, a collection of sen-
`tences, consistent with each other and with the con-
`ceptual schema, expressing propositions that hold for a
`specific set of entities. (T)
`
`information bearer channel A data communication
`channel that carries all the information necessary to
`transmit user data, such as control and synchronizing
`signals.
`
`information bit In telecommunication, any bit gener-
`ated by the data source and not used for error control
`by the data transmission system. (A)
`
`information channel See data channel, data commu-
`nication channel, information bearer channel.
`
`information content (1) In information theory, a
`measure of information conveyed by the occurrence of
`an event of definite probability; in mathematical nota-
`tion, the measure I(x,) for the event x, is expressed as
`the logarithm of the reciprocal of the probability p(x;)
`that the particular event will occur; that is,
`
`I(x;) = log 1 = - log p(x,)
`P~xi)
`
`(I) (A) (2) See average conditional information
`content, average information content, character average
`information content, character mean information
`content, conditional information content, joint informa-
`tion content.
`
`information content binary unit Synonym for
`Shannon.
`
`information content decimal unit Synonym for
`hartley.
`
`information content natural unit (NAT) In informa-
`tion theory, a unit of logarithmic measure of informa-
`tion expressed by the Napierian logarithm;
`for
`example, the decision content of a character set of
`eight characters equals loge 8 - 2.079 = 31oge 2 natural
`units of information content. Let a, b, c be the char-
`acters of a character set consisting of three elements,
`and let the probabilities of their occurrence within any
`message, from a given message source, be specified as
`follows. (I) (A)
`
`p(a) = 12
`
`P(b) = P(~) = 4
`
`1. The decision content of this character set is:
`
`Ho ~
`
`loge 3 = 1.580 shannons
`~~810 3 = 0.477 hartley
`loge 3 = 1.098 natural units
`
`2. The information content of these characters is:
`logz 2 = 1.000 shannons
`log~p 2 = 0.301 hartley
`loge 2 = 0.693 natural units
`
`I(a) =
`
`I(b) - I(c) =
`
`1082 4 = 2.000 shannons
`logs p 4 = 0.602 hartley
`loge 4 = 1.386 natural
`
`3. If the occurrences of the three characters within any
`message are mutually independent, then the entropy of
`the message source is:
`
`H= 2 log2+ 4 logo+ 4 logo
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 6
`
`

`
`multiple terminal access (MTA)
`
`[446]
`
`multipoint network
`
`multiple terminal access (MTA) A feature of the
`network control program that permits it to communi-
`cate with a variety of dissimilar, commonly used start-
`stop stations over the same switched network
`connection.
`
`Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) See MVS.
`
`Storage
`Virtual
`Multiple
`Architecture See MVS/XA product.
`
`/
`
`Extended
`
`multiplex To interleave or simultaneously transmit
`two or more messages on a single channel. (A)
`
`multiplexed device (1) A device that takes several
`input signals and combines them into a single output
`signal in such a manner that each of the input signals
`can be recovered. (2) A device capable of inter-
`leaving events of two or more activities or capable of
`distributing events of an interleaved sequence to the
`respective activities.
`
`multiplexer (1) A device that takes several input
`signals and combines them into a single output signal
`in such a manner that each of the input signals can be
`recovered. (T) (2) A device capable of interleaving
`the events of two or more activities or capable of dis-
`tributing the events of an interleaved sequence to the
`respective activities. (A) See Figure 99.
`
`Computer
`
`Multiplexer
`
`Modem
`
`Telecommunication
`Line
`
`Figure 99. Multiplexer
`
`multiplexer channel A channel designed to operate
`with a number of UO devices simultaneously. Several
`UO devices can transfer records at the same time by
`interleaving items of data. See also byte multiplexer,
`block multiplexer.
`
`multiplexing (1) 1n data transmission, a function that
`permits two or more data sources to share a common
`transmission medium so that each data source has its
`own channel. (I) (A) (2) See frequency-division
`multiplexing, time-division multiplexing.
`
`multiplex interface An interface between a data ter-
`minal equipment (DTE) and adata-circuit terminating
`equipment (DCE) that handles several channels by
`means of time-division multiplexing.
`
`multiplex link A means of enabling a data ternunal
`equipment (DTE) to have several access channels to
`the data network over a single circuit. (I) (A)
`Note: Three methods have been identified: packet
`interleaving, byte interleaving, and bit interleaving.
`
`multiplex mode A means of transferring records to or
`from low-speed UO devices on the multiplexer
`channel, by interleaving bytes of data.
`The
`multiplexer channel sustains simultaneous UO oper-
`ations on several subchannels, Bytes of data are inter-
`leaved and then routed to or from the selected UO
`devices, or to and from the desired locations in main
`storage. Synonymous with byte mode.
`
`multiplex operation A mode of operation in which
`the events of two or more activities are interleaved
`and when required, the events in the interleaved
`distributed
`to
`the
`sequence
`are
`respective
`activities. (A)
`
`multiplexor See multiplexer.
`
`multiplicand In a multiplication operation, the factor
`that is multiplied by another number or quantity.
`(I) (A)
`Note: Multiplicand xmultiplier =result.
`
`multiplier (1) In multiplication, the number or quan-
`tity by which the multiplicand is multiplied.
`(I) (A) (2) Synonym for multiplier factor.
`(3) See quarter-squares multiplier.
`
`multiplier factor In a multiplication operation, the
`factor by which the multiplicand is multiplied.
`(I) (A) Synonymous with multiplier.
`
`multiplying punch Synonym for calculating punch.
`
`multipoint Pertaining to communication among more
`than two stations over a single telecommunication line.
`
`multipoint connection A connection established for
`data transmission among more than two data
`stations. (I) (A)
`Note: The connection may include switching facili-
`ties.
`
`multipoint line A telecommunication line or circuit
`connecting two or more stations. Synonymous with
`multidrop line. Contrast with point-to-point line.
`
`multipoint network (1) A network in which there are
`precisely two endpoint nodes, any number of interme-
`diate nodes, and only one path between any two
`nodes. (T) (2) In data communication, a configura-
`tion in which more than two terminal installations are
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 7
`
`

`
`the
`
`time share
`
`~~
`
`~
`
`file (1) One of several nonoverlapping, rectangular
`divisions of a display screen. (2) In the AIX oper-
`ating system: (a) To fill a region with a pixmap. (b)
`To replicate a pixmap in two dimensions.
`
`Tile In SAA Advanced Common User Access archi-
`tecture, achoice in the Window pall-down of some
`applications. It modifies the size of each secondary
`window and icon and arranges the windows so that
`they appear side-by-side and top-to-bottom.
`
`till A tray in the cash drawer or the point of sale ter-
`minal; used to keep the different denominations of
`bills and coins separated and easily accessible.
`
`tilt In multimedia applications, a camera movement in
`which the camera pivots up or down on its stationary
`tripod.
`
`time See access time, assembly dme, available dme,
`compilation time, down time, environmental loss time,
`external loss time, incidental time, inoperable dme,
`makeup time, miscellaneous dme, operable time, oper-
`ating time, program production time, program test
`time, read cycle dme, real time, recovery dme, rerun
`time, response time, system production time, system
`test time,. turnaround time, unavailable time, updme,
`write cycle time. (A)
`
`time base In video systems, the timing of a portion of
`the video signal, particularly the horizontal and ver-
`tical sync pulses.
`
`time base corrector (TBC) In video systems, a
`device that corrects for time base errors in video tape
`recorders.
`
`time base errors In video tape recorders, analog
`artifacts caused by the tape or tape head drum not
`moving in a consistent speed.
`
`time bomb In computer security, a Trojan horse that
`is inserted to be triggered later.
`
`time code See SMPTE time code.
`
`time-critical process In the OS/2 operating system, a
`process that must be performed within a specified time
`after an event has occurred.
`
`time-division multiplexing (TDM) Division of a
`transmission facility into two or more channels by
`allotting the common channel to several different
`information channels, one at a time.
`See also
`frequency-division multiplexing.
`
`time frame A defined structure, based on two or
`more events, using time as a basis of
`measurement. (T)
`
`time-line processor A type of authoring facility that
`displays an event as elements that represent time from
`the start of the event.
`
`time-of-day (TOD) clock A System/370 hardware
`feature that is incremented once every microsecond,
`and provides a consistent measure of elapsed dme
`suitable for indicating date and time. The TOD clock
`runs regardless of whether the processing unit is in a
`running, wait, or stopped state.
`
`timeout (1) An event that occurs at the end of a pre-
`determined period of time that began at the occurrence
`of another specified event. (I) (2) A time interval
`allotted for certain operations to occur; for example,
`response to polling or addressing before system opera-
`tion is interrupted and must be restarted. (3) A ter-
`minal feature that logs off a user if an entry is not
`made within a specified period of dme. (4) See
`acknowledge timeout, receive timeout.
`Note: Timeout can be prevented by an appropriate
`signal.
`
`time-out control A network control program function
`that presents an interruption to indicate that a predeter-
`mined period of time has elapsed without occurrence
`of an expected event.
`
`timeout recovery Restarting system operations after
`they have been interrupted by failure of a certain event
`to occur.
`
`timer A register whose contents are changed at
`regular intervals in such a manner as to measure time.
`(T) Synonymous with clock register, dme register.
`
`time register Synonym for timer.
`
`timer initiation facility In NCCF, a facility that
`allows the operator to schedule a command or
`command list to be executed either at a specific time
`or repetitively at specified dme intervals.
`
`timer supervision In MVS/370, routines that provide
`the date and time. of day, measure time intervals,
`schedule activities, and set the interval timer.
`
`time sole (1) A number used as a multiplier to trans-
`form the real time of the problem into computer time.
`(T) (2) See extended time scale, fast time scale,
`variable time scale.
`
`time scale factor A number used as a multiplier to
`transform the real time of the problem into computer
`time. (I) (A)
`
`time share To use a device for two or more inter-
`leaved purposes. (A)
`
`Cisco Systems, Inc., Exhibit 1119
`Page 8