`ILLUST
`TED
`DICTIONARY OF
`COMPUTING
`
`THIRD EDITION
`
`JONAR C. NADER
`
`PRENTICE HALL
`
`SYDNEY NEW YORK TORONTO MEXICO NEW DELHI
`LONDON TOKYO SINGAPORE RIO DE JANEIRO
`
`1
`
`Apple v. Realtime
`Proceeding No. IPR2016-01739
`APPLE 1035
`
`
`
`© 1998 by JonarC. Nader
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication or CD-ROM may be
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`otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.
`
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`
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`All company names, product names, trademarks, and servicemarlcs
`are used in this book for identification only. All such names, trade(cid:173)
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`copyright, of their respective organizations.
`
`12345 99 98
`
`National Library of Australia
`Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`
`Nader, Jonar C.
`Prentice Hall's illustrated dictionary of computing.
`
`3rd ed.
`ISBN 0 13 095104 8.
`
`1. Computers - Dictionaries. 2. Electronic data processsing -
`Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Title: Illustrated dictionary of
`computing
`
`004.03
`
`Prentice Hall of Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney
`Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
`Prentice Hall Canada, Inc., Toronto
`Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana, SA, Mexico
`Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi
`Prentice Hall International, Inc., London
`Prentice Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo
`Simon & Schuster (Asia) Ptc Ltd
`Editora Prentice Hall do Brasil Ltda, Rio de .Janeiro
`
`II PRENTICE HALL
`=
`
`A division of Simon & Schuster
`
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`2
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`
`
`
`simple logic, direct mapped caches are
`typically designed in discrete compo-
`nents to minimize system cost. See cache.
`
`disjunction q
`
`direct percentage function [180 The
`function that directly calculates a per—
`centage markup or discount value]
`
`dirty bit See write-through caching.
`
`discrete [ISO Pertaining to data that
`consist of distinct elements such as
`characters, or
`to physical quantities
`having distinctly recognizable values]
`
`discrete data [ISO Data represented by
`characters]
`
`discrete representation [ISO A repre-
`sentation of data by characters, each
`character or a group of characters de-
`signating one of a number of alterna-
`fives]
`
`Discretionary Access Controls A secu-
`rity protocol that can be applied by the
`owner of the data to control who has
`access to the data. Generally, DACS are
`granted on a necd-to-know basis. Abbre-
`viation ’DAC’.
`
`Boolean value 0.]
`
`ln marketing and
`disintermediation
`economic terms, to lose one’s purpose in
`a life cycle or value chain. For example,
`those whose task it was to deliver gas in
`bottles to consumers’ homes have dimin-
`ished in number due to the widespread
`implementation of gas pipes to homes.
`Those who used to set type by hand at
`typesetting firms have also been taken
`out of the value chain (disintermediated)
`due to the introduction (intermediation)
`of desktop publishers. Compare inter-
`mediation and re-intermediation.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`direct memory access A method of trans—
`
`ferring blocks of data directly between a
`
`mass-storage device and memory, with
`
`no intervention from the processor. In
`order to transfer data between non—stor-
`
`age devices (such as terminals) and
`memory, the processor must intervene in
`
`the transfer of each byte. The direct
`
`memory access (DMA) interface is typi-
`cally
`incorporated into
`the
`device
`controller. When a DMA read or write
`
`command is given by the processor, the
`processor loads infor-mation about the
`
`transfer into special registers in the de-
`
`vice controller. This information includes
`the number of bytes to be moved, the
`
`target location in memory, the target de-
`vice, and the location of the information
`
`on that device. After the special registers
`
`in the device controller have been loaded,
`
`the device controller handles the memory
`
`transfer operation independently of the
`
`processor, thus freeing the processor for
`5. When the data transfer is
`
`
`sor. The processor then reads the status
`
`message to confirm that the transfer was
`
`ompleted successfully [150 A technique
`1' moving data directl 7 between main
`
`forage and peripheral equipment with-
`
`ut requiring processing of the data by
`e processing unit]
`
`
`
`
`
`
`disjunction [[50 The Boolean operation
`whose result has the Boolean value 0 if
`and only it each operand has the
`
`3
`
`