VirnetX Exhibit 2007
`Apple Inc. v. VirnetX Inc.
`IPR2016-01585
`
`Page 1 of 9
`
`

`

`
`
`Osborne/ MeGraw-Hill
`2600 Tenth Street
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`SEP271
`Computer Desktop Enoyelopedia, Ninth Edition
`
`cle
`opygight © 2001 by The McQiaw-Fl Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`a Copyright Act of 1976, ne part
`Unitetl
`States of America. Except as permitted underth
`is publication may be réproduced or distributed in any forayor by any means, OF
`s aS
`
`fed in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written permission ofthe
`
`the program listings may be entered, stored, and
`“publisher, with the exception that
`executed in a computer system, but they may net be reproduced for publication.
`244567800 DOC DOC W1987654821
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`parts of
`ISBN 0-07-219306-?
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`.
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`ugapRYoFConeHe4
`
`Bi
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Viee President & Assuclaté Publisher
`Seolt Rogers
`fditarial Director
`Roger Stewart
`Senior Project Rditar
`Pamela Woolf
`Proofreaders
`Linda Medoff, Paul Medolf
`
`Computer Desighers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tebltha Cagan
`filustrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`Series Dasign
`Peter F, Hancik
`
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
`CoverTllustration
`John Bleck
`
`Le Contre! Number
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`200% PIgLLL
`‘This baok was composed with Corel VENTURAPublisher.
`Infermetion has ben obtained by Caborne/McGraw-Hill fons sourcesbellewad tobe willdtde. However, becuusa ofthe
`possibilityofhurnan er mochanival errarby our sources, CehornedMeCraw-HalL, of ohare, Osborne/McGraw-Hill dees ant
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`
`
`
`446
`
` elfent
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CalUK
`.
`acer NT
`
`vata
`‘Uitelx (LIM)
`
`
`“aus ni
`AbeGUN]
`TRALORDS
` FORT pores
`rt
`
`Glico Graphlés
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`-
`
`_ NenCilent/Server
`Although tisive-are ellonts and. earvere 1ths
`bacsuge the server 16 nOthinerae than @
`sconurls,leis not ‘rue* Slet/acwver,
`remote disk drive, andthd ellent dees atl the
`processing. Lengthy searchesGatbog downthe
`notwork, bezause each olierHas 10 read te
`entha dataiage. At 1,000 bytes ‘per record,
`4 detabese wih 160,000 récords sends
`1O0MB aver the LAN.
`
`
`(hed)
`
`giier
`
`deve
`(DA workstation or personal computerin a clent/sever
`ellent
`An at
`Wirgoue3.1, BES, NT
`
`environment, See client/server ancfat efter.
`sping 2000
`syalel
`t2) One end of the apoctramina requeet/supply relationship
`appt:
`betweon programs. Sea X Window and OLE.
`
`Seahun
`ee
`ertylae
`Seekien
`(eh)
`cllent application
`An application running in # workstation or
`wygher
`oe
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`build
`x
`maou
`Sobers
`penefit
`NaStepRS}
`———
`the mi
`and}
`cllent based—Refers to hardwateor software thaé runs in the user's
`H
`machine (clien}. Contrast with eerver based.
`lange
`busin
`AenAI,i
`
`cient machine
`A user's workstation thatis attached toa network.
`|
`aged
`toola.
`The term can alse refer to a portable computer that is pluggedinte the
`iments)
`network. See dient and client/server,
`We
`,
`ray
`HPIUK Hunts}
`reverie
`
`cllent program Software that rans in the user's PC or workstation.
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`Gllent/server
` Ar-architectufeIn which the.user's PC tthe <ltent} Is
`arisen
`therequestingmachineare theserveris thesupplyingmachine,bothof
`whicheare connected vin a local areanetwork fLAN)of wide area network
`Setar(UNH)
`(Wadd). Theaughowt thelate1986s and-early 190s, cHentyserver was
`
`thehatbuzzword as applicationsWetamigtated[reun,centralized
`[|
`phiniicomputers.and wiainkrames fewtetworka of personal computers,
`In dient/seever, dhe clientpikncaases the ner federface (Wirielows, Mac,
`ce
`dtc} anid exh performsome oralll afthe npplication processing.Servers marge
`SPARCatatieis
`in capacity from highséndPCs 1 mainframes. Adatabaseserver maintain
`theclatebases and processes requestsfrain the élienttsextract data frome of
`fo update the datatee. An applicationserver provides additionalbuaisess
`processing forthe cHenis. ‘Sea clenssunneydevdlopiont syeten,
`Client/server Versua-tha Web Decatse of the Internet, terns suth
`as “Web based” aril “Web enabled® have replaced thi elient/secvey
`buzeword, yet thedlient/server architecture is cihceptually thesame.
`Users! PCs areatill clients,and: there are tens afthousands of Web servers
`throughout theInternet delivéting Web pages,Nevertheless; client/
`setver is thosily used (o refer to “legacy,” ‘sou-Wels based aystena,
`Cin the Web,the dient xuns thebrowser'andjust like lagacy client?
`derver conperform Tittle oratot ofprocessing: simple displaying of
`HTMpages, mare processing withembecided scripts orconsiderable
`processing with fave applets, A myriadofbrowserphig-insprovideail
`.
`\
`“ted
`pat
`fe
`sles
`:
`sorts of client processing.
`whe server side of he Web is a miultbtier server architecturewith
`interinked Web servers, application servers, database servers and
`caching servers, See application server,
`re
`chent/server analyst
`A person responsitle for performing
`analysis and dusign of « client/server system. A knowledge of two-tler and
`three-tier client/server architectures fs required, See oyster analyst ancl clinaiseerver.
`aim
`client/server architecturé
`An enviroamentin which the appileation processing is divided between client
`workstations ind servers. It implies the useof desktop computers interactingwith servers in a network, in contrast $9
`processing averything in a large centralized meinfzame. See client/server,
`
`
`
`Sybar
`may
`B
`parts
`NT,
`softy
`A
`Basic
`apt
`no 4
`dave
`
`
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyelepedia
`
`Page 3 of 9
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`Page 3 of 9
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`
`
`pre
`
`
`An farly PBX
`This PBX began operation in Bangor, Maine in
`41883. (image courtesy of AT&T.)
`
`
`
`
`
`
` Anapplication managementsuite from BMCthat uses agents to report on software activities on all the
`PATROL
`about each system component,
`servers within the enterprise. Using the information in “knowledge modules” (KMs)
`agents detect events, collect information and notify system and network administrators to take corrective action.
`
`
`PAX
`(1) (Private Automatic Exchange) An inhouse intercom system.
`A parailel processing environment standard based on Intel’s i860 RISC chip,
`(2) (Parallel Architecture Extended)
`
`
`UNIX System V and Alliant Computer's parallel and 3-D graphics technologies.
`
`
`payload=The data-carrying capacity of some structure. It typically refers to a part of a packet or frame ina
`
`
`ders, which are considered overhead.
`”
`7
`.
`communications system that holds the message data in contrast to the hea!
`eet
`
`
`
`
`See Web paymentservice.
`payment service
`Software distributed for money. Contrast withfreeware.
`payware
`
`
`
`
`PB See PowerBuilder.
`(Private Branch eXchange) An inhouse telephone switching
`PBX
`system that interconnects telephone extensions to each other, as well as
`
`
`to the outside telephone network.It may include functions stich as least
`cost routing for outsidecalis, cail forwarding, conference calling and cail
`
`
`accounting. Modern PBXs use all-digital methodsfor switching and may
`supportboth digital terminals andtelephones along with analog.
`
`
`telephones. See WPBX.
`PC ) (Printed Circuit) See printed circuit board.
`(2) (Personal Computer} Any laptop or desktop
`
`
`computer such as Windows machine or a Macintosh.
`
`
`(1) (Personal Computer) A stand-alone laptop or
`
`
`desktop computer running Windows(or DOSfor earlier
`
`
`applications). PC hardware and operating systems ate
`
`
`primarily governed by Intel and Microsoft respectively.
`
`
`The PC is the world’s largest computer base.
`
`
`PCy are also widely used asclients and servers ina local
`
`
`area network (LAN), PC clients predominantly run under
`
`
`Windows, but PC servers (x86-based servers) rum under
`
`
`Windows, NetWare or a variation of UNIX such as Linux
`
`
`or UnixWare. PC servers may use Windows 95/98, but
`
`
`Windows NT and 2000 are morelikely choices.
`
`
`Although thereare literally thousands of PC vendors,
`
`
`from mom and pop shops to large mail order houses (Dell,
`
`
`Gateway, etc.) to the major computer companies (Compaq,
`
`
`HP,etc.), and of course IBM,still one of the world’s largest
`
`
`PC makers,all PCs use an Intel x86 or compatible CPU,
`
`
`After IBM introduced the PC in 1981, the first attempts at
`
`
`cloning it were mostly unsuccessful. Except for Compag’s first
`
`
`PC,from 1982 to 1988,there wereaiot of “almostcompatible” PCs. However, as soon as the partoftheoperatingsystem
`known as the BIOSwas successfully cloned and made commercially available, true compatibles appeared in abundance.
`
`
`Modifying
`Before Windows 95, adding another peripheral device to a PC was often an exercise in trial and error,
`
`
`DOS's infamous configuration files (AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIGSYS) caused many a userto give up, Windows 95,
`
`
`for the most past, you can replace hard disks and display adapters, as
`98 and 2000 added Plug and Play, which means
`
`
`well as add a scanner, CD-ROM orother device without difficwity.
`
`
`the shelves of retail outlets worldwide.Thisis a
`The PC has become a commodity item, windingits way onte
`verone fraught with loopholes and inconsistencies,
`testimonial to the power of a computer standard, e
`
`Muitimedia
`Controfier
`facund, gama)
`Internal
`Modem
`
`UO Controller
`
`{hard dlak,
`Happy, serial,
`paralial)
`
`
`
`Expansion
`Slots {ous}
`
`Mothertaard
`
`
`
`What's Inslde a PC?
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedta
`
`Page 4 of 9
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`Page 4 of 9
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`

`
`
`
`
`persodal computer
`
`(Practical Extraction Report Language} A programming language written by Lacry Wall that combines syntax
`Perl
`fromsevere! JNTX wtilitles and languayes. introduced in 1987, Per] Is designed to handle a variety of system
`administrator furctiors and provides comprehensive string handilng functions, [lis widely used ja write Web server
`programsfor such tasks as uulomatieally updating user accounts and néwsyrdup postings, procussing removal requests,
`
`synchronising databases and generating reporis, Perl hag also been adapted to.non-UNIX piattonms.See also PURL,
`
`(2) A soft dant that is keptin the printer's memory until the printer is turned aff,
`(2) Same aa inlernalfont.
`
`
`
`
`permanent memory
`
`Same as nor-wlatile menor),
`
`One possible combination of items out of a larger sut of items, For example, with the set of muanbera
`permutation
`
`1 Jand 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 24, 13, FL23 and 32,
`
`
`perpendicular recording—See vertical eeourding,
`
`By workstation, See per sat licensing.
`perseat
`per seat Heensing
`Software licenaing based on a per user basis, Por example, a 100-user lense means that up
`to 200 specifically-named users have access to the program, Per seat licensing is administerad by providing userdovel
`
`security to the directory aoritaining tha program. Contrast with concurrent Heensing.
`
`
`persistence—(1) Ina CRY, the Hine a phosphor dot remaing Huminatedafter belng energized. Long-persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghogt-like iyiages thatlinger on screen Jor a fraction of a second,
`(2) in object lechnology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permianent storage device.
`
`Data that exists from sessiontu session, Persistent data is stored [n.« databaseon disk or tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with irenalent data.
`.
`
`persistent Wink
`
`See hetlink.
`
`persistent object An object that continues to existalter the programthat ereatad it has been unloaded. An
`object's class and current state must be saved for use In subsequent sessions, In object technology, persistence means
`stating the object for later use.
`
`See agent.
`personal agent
`personal communicator
`
`See PDA.
`
`Synonymous with “microcomputer,” "desktop computer,” and “laptop commpatter,” if i a
`persanal computer
`computer thal serves one user in the office or home, A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`ttle as $1,000 or as muchas $8,000 or more, Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Soeud is based on the CPU
`that runsit, and output quality is based on the éype and resolutionof Its monitor and printer.
`Malar Suppilers of Personal Computers
`The persdnal computer werldis dominated by Witdows-hasel PCs,
`Theve are thousands of vendors that make them, fiom momtand pop shope to huge companies anch as Compaq, HP
`and JBM. The alternate peteonal computer standard lg Apple's Macintosh, which is ouly aude by Apple, Atari and
`Corunadore once carved cut their respective niches, bul Ataretuned toits gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its dodes,
`
`
` 751
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Tha industry began in 1977, when Apple, Hadio Shack and Commicdors
`The tistetry ofPersenal Cormputers
`inteduced the first off-the-shelf computers ag:cangumer produots. The first machines used an §-bi aieroprocessar.
`with a tiaxiinin of 64% of memory and floppydisks for storage, The Apple 1, Atari 500, and Coomedlore 4 became
`popular hora computers, and Apple was successful ln companies after tha VisiGalc spreadaheat was introduced,
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the 280 processor and CP/M operating system, used by
`
` &
`
`fompeter Desktop Eecyelopedi
`
`Page 5 of 9
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`Page 5 of 9
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`

`

`804
`
`protocol stack
`
`protocol stack=Thehierarchy of protocols used ina communications network. Network architectures deg
`in layers, such as TCP/IP, OSI andSNA,are referred to as stacks. See OSI.
`Bred
`protocol suite
`Same asprotocolstack.
`lide
`veh
`oe
`;
`eornt
`
`
`es prototyping—(1)Creatingademoofanewsystem.Prototypingisessentialforclarifyinginformationrequirements pel
`a
`Thedesignofasystem (functionalspecs}mustbefinalizedbeforethesystemcanbebuilt, Whileanalytically-orienteg ,
`ps2
`Pe
`people may havea clear picture of requiremenis, others may not.
`Sony
`Usingfourth-generation languages, systems analysts and users can develop the new system together. Databasescan,
`000
`be created and manipulated while the user monitors the progress. Once users see tangible output on screen or paper,
`with
`they can figure out what’s missing or whatthe nextquestionmight beif this were a production system.Ifprototyping
`oin
`'
`is carefully done, the end resultcanbe a working system.
`PnP
`,
`Bvenif the final systemisreprogrammed in otherlanguagesforstandardization or machine efficiency, prototyping
`the«
`| ;
`has served to provide specifications for a working system rather than a theoretical one.
`_
`A
`(2)Seefunctionprototyping.
`PS,
`t 4
`—_—_-——
`fn
`
`
`;: provisioned—Setupforaparticulartypeoftelecommunicationsservice.Seeprovisioning. PS,
`al. oo
`com
`tL !
`provisioning
`Settingupatelecommunicationsserviceforaparticularcustomer. Commoncarriersprovision
`IBM.
`al i |
`circuitsbyprogrammingtheircomputerstoswitchcustomerlines intotheappropriatenetworks.
`first
`
`Fl
`proxy Seeproxyserver.
`PS
`
`
`a proxy cache=AfacilityinaproxyserverthatcachesincomingWebpagesontheharddisk.Ifthenextpage PS
`mle |
`requested by a browseris already in the proxy cache, the pageis retrieved locally instead offrom theInternet. With
`—
`:
`1
`proxy caches, the browsers mustbe configured touse the proxyserver. See proxyserver, reverseproxy cache, transparent
`PS
`i :
`cache and Web cache.
`:
`—_—
`a
`———
`PS
`proxy server Also called a “proxy”or “application level gateway,” itis an application that breaks the connection
`=
`-
`betweensenderandreceiver.Allinputisforwardedoutadifferentport,closingastraightpathbetweentwonetworks
`PS
`and preventingahacker fromobtaininginternal addresses and detailsofa private network.
`gre
`isl 5
`Proxyserversareavailableforcommon.Internetservices;forexample,anHTTPproxyisusedforWebaccess,and
`‘TIE
`I
`an SM'Pproxy is used fore-mail. Proxies generally employnetwork address transtation (NAT),whichpresents one
`be
`organization-wide IP address to the Internet.It fannelsall user requests to the Internet and fans responses back outto
`en
`the appropriate users. Proxies may also cache Web pages, so that the nextrequest can.be obtainedlocally. Proxies are
`bit
`only one tool that can be used to build a firewall, See LAN,firewall, proxy cache and SOCKSserver,
`~
`————
`PE
`PR/SM (Processor Resource/SystemsManager) Hardware circuits and microcodebuiltintoTBM System/390
`thr
`mainframes that support logical partitions (LPARs). LPARs allow the running of multiple system images on a single
`_
`processor complex. Each such imagehaga full complement ofCPUs (dedicated or shared), central storage, expanded
`f
`storage and channels. ESCON and FICON channels may be shared across images using the MIF feature. Pronounced
`_
`“prism,” PR/SMwas derived fromYM,theIBMoperating system thatprovidesmultiplesystemimagesin software.
`pt
`See LPAR, MIF and VM.
`ee
`
`
`PRT SC=See print screen. uth
`ps
`1) (PicoSecond) See spacetime,
`7
`Ff
`(2) (PS—Personal Services) IBM office automation software forPCs, minis and mainframes, whichincludesword
`Pp
`oj
`processing, electronicmail andlibraryservices.
`~
`:
`:
`:
`(3) (PostScript) SeePostScript.
`.
`
`PS/4£=AnearlyIBM home computer series introduced in 1990. The original models featured an integrated monitor t
`and easy-to-open case, Thefirst P5/1 was a 286 with an ISA bus. See PC.
`
`ve
`:
`5
`
`!
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`Page 6 of 9
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`Page 6 of 9
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`

`

`
`
`994
`
`TSOP
`
`. ni
`
`(Thin Small Outline Package) A very-thin,plastic, rectangular surface mountchip package with gull-wing
`TSOP
`pins on its two short sides. TSOPs are abouta third as thick as SO] chips. See gull-wing lead, SOP, SOJ and chip package.
`
`
`T-span
`
`A 24-channel group, which makes up one TI line, See Ti.
`
`TSR=(Terminate and Stay Resident) Refers to a program that remains in memory when the userexits it in order
`that it be immediately available at the press of a hotkey, TSRs were popular under DOS to quickly pop up a calendar,
`calculator or other utility, because DOS did not have built-in task switching, Standards for writing TSRs were not
`codified early on, and TSRs often conflicted with each other and regular applications, After Windows 3.0, TSRs became
`moot, since any DOS or Windows application could be conveniently task switched in a separate window,
`TSS
`See ITU.
`
`TTGCN=(Tree and Tabular Combined Notation} A programming language endorsed by ISO thatis used to.write test
`suites for telecommunications systems. TTCNis used for “black box testing,” which meansthatall interaction to the
`system is via messages, rather than by a user with a mouse. Testsuites are built in a hierarchical and modular manner,
`allowing many programmersto be involved in the project. Numerous telecom vendors use TTCN for their products, and
`organizations such as the ITU, ATM Forum and ETSI, provide TTCN conformancetests for new standards.
`
`
`TTFN=Digispeak for goodbye (“ta ta for now”),
`
`TT font
`
`See TrueType.
`
`
`
`(1) (Transistor Transistor Logic} A digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors wired in a certain manner.
`TTL
`TTL logic has been widely used since the early days of digital circuitry. TTL designations may appear on input or
`‘ output ports of various devices, which indicates a digital circuit in contrast to an analog circuit.
`(2) (Time To Live) A set maximum amountoftime a packet is allowed to propagate through the networkbefore it
`is discarded.
`(3) (Through The Lens) Refers ta a single-lens reflex camera that lets the photographer view the scene through the
`
`same lens that captures the image.
`—*_
`T.TUD=See 7.720.
`
` (TeleTYpewriter protocol) A low-speed asynchronous communications protocel with limited or ne
`TTY protocol
`
`error checking. See teletypewriter.
`tube
`See CRT and vacuum tube.
`
`
`
`A Jaser that can changeits frequency overa given range.In time, tunable lasers are expected to be
`tunable laser
`capable of switching frequencies on a packet-by-packet basis.
`:
`
`
`tuner Anelectronic partof a radio or TV that locks on toaselected carrier frequency (station, channel) and filters
`out the audio and video signals for amplification and display.
`tunnebng==
`Transmitting datastructured in one protocol format within the format of another protocol. Tunneling
`allows other types of transmission streamsto be carried within the prevailing protocol, See IP tunneling and L2TP.
`
`
`tuple—Inrelational database management, a record, or row. See relational database.
`
`A Ccompiler from Borland used to create a wide variety of commercial products. It is knownforits
`Turbo GC
`well-designed debugger. Borland’s object-oriented versions of C are Turbo C++ and Borland C++.
`The DOSversion of this database is written in Turbo C, The Windowsversion is written in Microsoft C.
`
`A type of channel coding that uses a convolutional code and a type of Viterbi decoder that outputs a
`turbo code
`continuous valuerather than a 0 or 1. See convolutional code and Viterbi decoder.
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 7 of 9
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`Page 7 of 9
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`
`
`4044
`
`voxel
`
`teeeAittTO
`
`£3-D datafast asa pixel raprapedtis
`al, A voxel represents & quantity 0hat process 3-1) images.
` (VGlume pixth) A (hre-dimensional pix
`yexel
`used in scientific and medical applications ¢
`a pdint er cluster of points in 2-D data. itis
`Yoyetra
`(VoyelrsPuyrtlaBeach, ines:Yorkers,WY,wwwdbeach.sont) Amanaiactinarofyoundcaresanctmusic
`softwarethatbearesuleofa late-1906margeealVoyetraTHechnvlogieyand‘TyrieBeadhSystems.Voyetsswaafounded
`tn1975asOctaveBlogtronics,asynthesizeraiitlrepairfacilityisoutheanNewYodretate,TtintrodugedfheVoyetra
`synthesizerandtatermovedintosollwarelorMUDD)secpuesteregednvusic-relatedapplications.Voyotra utilesarg
`agd-winning Multisound line of
`eundied with mammevous sound card&
`Turtle Beach was founded inLOSSttYork,PA,andbecameenownfor lta a
`beaches front around the werld
`high-endgoutcards,tty consumer‘heancls ave alsopopularandare namedafter
`auch ac Maliba, Montegc and Daytona.
`recessing thas uses several computers nodes fight
`rComplex} Ax TM mainframe maitip
`VPC {Virtual Process
`certtral contrat.
`network that isdonfigured within a publicnetwork. Foryears,caminon
`natjonal orinfercational networks bo lhe customer,tetphysically shase
`VPN (virtual Private Network} A private
`eaccurityafaprivalenetwork via access Co4trol and encryption,
`carriers have built VPNs thar appear as private
`whiletakingadvantageaftheveanomiesofscaleandbullbdimanagementfacilitiesoflarga.poblicnetworks.VPNshave
`barkbene trunks wilh other customers. VPMa enjoy
`beenbuilloverX25,Suadiched56,frameeolayandAEMtechitalogies."Dodagy;thereisrethendotsinterestinVENG-over
`dheIntenmet,especiallycue £0theeonajanttheealofhackisatincks.TheVENaddsthalextrafayorofsecurity,andahuge
`growthitVENtieigexpected,SeaPPYP,LAF LErp,Pec,PVC,seepeibyandpraneparentLANgaruice.
`ora that a phiydical processor ig simula
`et
`VP ratio
`(Virtual Processer gatio) The muntver ofvirtualprocess
`YPS
`(VectorsFerSecond) Themesgurementof thespeed ofa veelorOFAIFAYprocegsar.
`
`
`
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`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`(VerticalRedundancy(Check) Aserrorcheckingmethodthatgermrabesandtests&paritybit foreachbyteof
`VRC
`VRAM©See video RAM.
`
`
`(Virtual ReallfyModelingLanguage) AS-DgraphicslanguagesedontheWeb.Afterdownloadbeg&
`YRML
`
`Vitelpage,ilscontentscanbeviewed,foiatedandmanipulated, SimulatedroamscanbeSyyaiked into.” “TheVEML
`
`ThefirstVRE,viewerwasWebSpaceformSCE,whoOpenInventorgraphicsbrarywasthebaalsfordeveloping
`hoster Is launched fecmn Ofthin the Web browser.
`
`therWindowsviewer’, arealWhurlviad and VoyagerareMacviewers:
`
`
`VRML. Webbx, WorkdView and Tourdsinare e
`
`(2)(VirtualStorage) AlanilyafcunicomputersfromWanginuectucedin3079,whichusevirtualmemorytechniques.
`
`Ve
`(i) (Virtual Storaga) Same as virlunl shenmory.
`VSAM—(Virtual StorageAccessMethad) AnTBMaccessmethodforstaringdeta,widelyusedbv (BMmainirames.
`
`
`lt see the B+lree method for organizing dats.
`th station forsatellite rrangmissign that handles up te 546
`
`Kbits/secofdigitalianamniesion.VSATitathandletheTh data rateGupto4584Mbitsfsee}arecalled“SATS”
`
`YVSRT
`very Small Aperture gaielitteTerminal) A armall eas
`
`VSB
`G)(VMESubsystemBus) Anauxiliary“beckdoo:” protacalontheWMEhusthatallowshigh-speedtransfer
`
`
`betwreandevices.it was fasterthan the mainbusbelore the64-bitimplementation arrived,
`
`(2) (¥astigial SicleBarkt) Adigital modulation method developed by Jenithforcable me
`
`
`
`ting.
`
`sdemg and terrestrial
`
`
`
`VR
`
`Gee virtual veeiity.
`
`data that is moved or trangrabtted.
`
`transmission for DTV. See BVSB.
`
`YSE
`See DOS/VSE.
`Computer Desks oe Eneyslopedia
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`bottom ofthe in baskef. Automating workflow sets timers that ensure that documents move along ata prescribed pace and
`thatthe dppropriate person processes them in the correctorder.
`
`Integrating workdlowinto oxisting software applications may require extensive reprogramming, because althotgh
`independent workflow soltware can launch a whole application, a workflow aysteatatiet be able to invoke individual
`
`routines within the application, Ase. raculé, vendors of application-adftwnre have teamect up wlth workllaw vendors to
`
`provide the appropriate interfaces and ar they have developed their own workflow capability. Workflow standards
`
`developed by the Workikew Management Coalition CAPM) are expected to provide Interoperability between workflow
`
`sofware and fhe applications as well as between different workllow aysterns,
`Workflow sodtwvare is not the same a9 workgroup software, otherwise Known a3 grouptenre. Workflow deals with
`
`the step-by-step processes, whereas workgroup systems ore concermed with informatian sharing and ttueaded
`
`discussions among Uses.
`For an excellent book on the subject ofworkflow written by the guru in this fleld, read The WorkflowItmperativa by
`
`Thomas M. Koulopoulos, published by Van Nostward Reinhold, ISBN G-442-01975-0,
`
`work function
`‘The amountof photon energy required te cause an electron to be emitted from a material.
`
`workgrogp
`Two or more indiividualy dhat dare files and ditabases, LANs designedaround workgroups provide
`
`dlectrani¢sharing of required data, Tngeneral, productsdlasigned for workgroupssiipportap tw 50 ‘people, wheveas
`departmental daviceseuppori severalhundred, and enikitielgedevices serveseveralthousand:Seegroupwareandworkflow,eeenent
`
`warkgroup switeh
`Anetwork ewitch designed for LAN frafficwithinan enterprise, Contrastwith carrier-class seatteh.
`
`
`working directory
`See currant directory.
`Werkplace Shell
`The user Interfacein 05/2 intvodared with Version 2.0, The Werkplace Shell is extensible and
`
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library fenetions when developing programs,
`
`worksheet
`Same as spracdaiext.
`pce
`
`Same ay spreadsheet compiler,
`worksheet compliery
`workstation
`4) A high-performance,single-user computer used for graphics, CAD, CAE,simalation and acientific
`
`applications,Its typically a RISC-based computer ¢hat rung undwtagee variation ofUNIXChermiajor vendors of
`
`_workstations are Sun, HP, IBM, Compaq and SGL High-end Pestana. Ptis increasingly provisleworkstation performance.
`(2) A terminal or desktop compiiter in a network, In thiscontext, workslalionis just a generic term for a user's
`
`machine (cllent machine}, Contrast with sereer and Rost.
`
`{3} In the telecom industry, a combined telephone and computer,
`
`WerdGom (VorldCominc., nekson, M5, wrewowees.cam) A-majar, inlerivitianal felecomumuntications carrier
`
`founded in 1083 as Lang Cietance Discount Service (DBS), a reseller of AT&TWATS linus to small businaases, Trgrew
`by acquiring manysntall, andeventually, large lang-distance and networking organizations, including TO8 WorldCem,
`
`
`it leading internatlorial carrier, WilTel,a major telecom carrier, and MPS Communications, an intetnational phone
`company andrecentparent of UUNBT, @ prominent Intermet provider.
`
`in 1997, the network operations of Arnerica Online and CompuServe became part ofWorldCom, lalse merged
`with Brooke Bikar and then acquired MCHin1998 to become the MCL WorldCom powerhouse. While WorldCommay
`
`have been a pretentious name for rather modest beginnings, it was very prophetic, because the MCI neme was later
`
`dropped, jeaving WorldCom as the came uf the company.
`.
`ce
`
`World Wide Walt What many have calicd the Web while waiting patiently for the next page to dawrllaad. The
`
`World Wide Waltis caused by any combination af a slow modem, overldaded Web serveratthe site you are accessing
`
`or any log in one of the routers or swiiches ats national, regional or local ISP, See Internet service prooider.
`elmEEE,
`
`World Wide Web—AnInternetfacility that links documuants locally and remotely, The Webs document, orWeb
`
`page, contains text, graphics, animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The Links in the pagelet users panne
`,
`a
`sm etme—ne|
`tomouter Desktop Encyclopedia
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`
`
`
`ith
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`4080
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`work funetion
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