`
`DOCUIIIT RBSDIE
`
`an 203 891
`
`lGTHOR
`TIILE "
`InerTurIos
`903 BITE
`
`noore. Rdhert C.
`Home Information Systems: 1 Primer.
`Iest Virginia iesleyan Coll. Bucknannon. 8. Va.
`Jul 81
`
`IR 009 805
`
`more
`
`3 ap.
`
`EDRS PRICE
`DESCRIPTORS
`
`IDENTIFIBRS
`
`hBSTRlC'l'
`
`HP01/PC02 Plus Postage.
`*Broadcast Television: *Cahle Television;
`Communications: *Faaily Environment: Information
`Networks: Information Retrieval; *Information
`Systeas: Hicrocoapnters: *Online Systems;
`*Telecoamunications: Video Equipment
`Home Information Systems: *videotex
`
`The evolution of online hOme information systems, the
`'
`nature and function of such systeas. and their potential for
`wide-scale use are discussed in detail. Different types of hone
`inforaatien systems, including one- and two-way interactive
`television. are described, and the unique technological features of
`the teletext. Vieudata. and videotert systeas are revieaed. The J
`state-of-the-art of each of these types of systems is outlined. a
`nulber of experiaental coamercial systems. among these earner Alex's
`cuss. 1151's Vieutron. and compuServes's nicronet. are briefly
`discussed.
`some of the barriers to the imaediate grovth of
`.
`interactive video-based information systems are mentioned, and the
`issues of control over the flow of information and preserving
`individual privacy are addressed. a table listing terms commonly used
`in the discussion of video-based information systems and tao figures
`supplement the text. a SB-itea bibliography is also provided.
`(JL)
`
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`HOME INFORMATION SYSTEHS:
`A PRIMER
`
`Department of Educational Media Services
`West Virginia“! esleyan College
`Buckhannon, 4 V 26201
`
`
`
`E6:{8007yo5*“
`
`Robert C. Moore, Director
`July, 1981
`
`’
`
`a.
`
`"PERMISS1ON TO REPRODUCE THIS
`MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED 3‘!
`
`Robert C. Moore
`
`______..___——-
`
`1“
`
`TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
`INFORMATION CENTER IERic} "
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`INTRODUCTION
`
`Since the creation of man,
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`there has been a need to communicate.
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`Starting as a simple transfer of ideas (to hunt,
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`to eat,
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`to love,) communi-
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`cation grew to encompass formal conversation for purpose and for socialization.
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`'
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`_Learning, to insure the permanence of society and culture, required the
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`retrieval of knowledge so that it might be passed on to the young; writing
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`and recording systems and utensils were developed.
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`In fact,
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`the stone and
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`cave wall were probably the first extensions of man's communication ability -
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`the first applications of communication technology.
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`Using man‘s knowledge to develop systems and hardware to enhance the
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`quantity and quality of man's communication ability in modern times has
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`traditionally been thought of as the mail,
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`telegraph,
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`telephone, and
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`television (2], 268). Not until recently has the impact of television,
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`beyond the entertainment and news medium, been explored with regard to its
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`role in more advanced communication, and its promise for the future.
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`Since its introduction in the late forties,
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`television has revolutionized
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`the leisure and information environment of the world. Vast sums of money
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`are spent on the devices, meals are scheduled around its programming,
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`,
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`furniture has been arranged around the set, and it has become a source of
`
`i
`I
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`recreation for countless millions of people. Although passive in nature,
`“television appears to (have become) in America an agent of socialization
`
`(18, 16)."
`
`It is primarily a medium of entertainment programming, rather
`
`’
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`than a source of special infatuation. but none the less contlnues to
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`nesmerize individuals daily.
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`A favorite theme bf
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`futurists in general
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`seems to be an "intelligent"
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`television set, or large screen home "manager" that can he talked to, and
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`talks back.
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`It can control all household functions, provide entertainment,
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`and through it, one can communicate with friends and relaiives, much like
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`
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`0 _
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`a telephone. Early reports of the Bell Systems Picturephone seemed to
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`confirm the arrival of "1984." Yet to the layman,
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`theSe "visions" never
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`came true; people soon forgot about them.
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`No longer on the horizon, but now in the homes of thousands of Americans
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`is,,what surely will be,
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`the ultimate communications invention.
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`the home
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`in
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`ap
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`ti
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`ystem.
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`The extension of comnunication is facilitated by the
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`of the family television set and a computer. These systeus will
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`record, retrieve, edit,
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`transmit, and process all
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`types of information.
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`Similarly,
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`the unit can provide endless forns of entertainvent and cOnven—‘
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`tional television programming — all within the confines of one's own living
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`room at an unbelievable low cost.
`
`"The basis of our (lives is) going to be changed to a degree that (has
`
`not been changed) since the well-born German goldsmith, Gutenberg, began
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`i
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`that mysterious ten year process that eventually led to the creation of a
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`quickly reproducible....bookmaking machine....(Home information systems)
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`vill be the himpossible ideal," all information in all places at all times
`
`
`(26, 1)." Alvin Toffler, author of Future Shocg, and now The Third Wave,
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`comments on this communication revolution. He sees the use of television
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`evolving in three stages:
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`first, “it will be passive entertainment and
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`information,
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`the second stage will be the utilization of (television) for
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`interactive consumer purposes, and the third stage will be the use cf.....
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`television and the-wired society for work (61, 13)." Recent communication
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`developments in the field of television have shown that society is readily
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`adopting a swift movement from stage one to stage two.
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`(I
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`Toffler believes that all these predictions will occur via cable television,
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`i.e.,
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`the transmission of information will utilize that utility rather than
`
`by telephone or broadcast. These mediums of transmission will be explored
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`1
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`shortly. However. it is the concept of the cable television "wire" that
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`characterizes Toffler's "wired society“ and "electronic cottage," which have
`extended McLuhan's "global village." As such, vast networks will link
`
`- society seldom requiring an individual to leave his home - even to go to
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`work. For, as is seen in stage three. man will utilise his home information
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`system (and home) as a cottage industry (an electronic cottage)...."the use
`
`of electronics for production rather than consumption (63,‘13)."
`
`Toffler says of his stage three, "there are millions of workers out
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`there typingt filing memos, writing out invoices, who will no longer need
`to rein central locations like: offices. ' The-{y can do their work from their
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`homes, sometimes with the aid of the rest of the family. And they can start
`new cottage industries,with,the Electronic information and services available
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`to them within arms reach....ill of this may sound utopian now, but....
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`declining energy and improved telecommunications at favorable cost definitely
`
`points in that direction (63, 13)."
`
`Of primary concern here is the movement of the human based electronics
`
`of'the home information systems into Toffler's stage tWo. These innovations-
`
`in interactive television technology promise to change life as we know it.
`
`WHAT ARE HOME INFORMATION SYSTEMS?
`
`Information is an amplification of human intellect, and as such is
`
`fundamental to all aspects of life. The implications of a home information
`
`system, a network of instant communication,
`
`touch all of us.
`
`"....Advances
`
`in communications and data processing technologies provide unparalleled
`
`capabilities for developing an extremely powerful network for information
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`exchange (22, 78)." At
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`the heart of this "window of knowledge" is of course
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`the television, but also computer technology.
`\
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`0
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`Computers have long provideél for the storage and retrieval of data.
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`1;
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`Now the home information system can make use of. and take advantage of.
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`the same abilities for the use aanrovement of the average consumer.
`
`Computer/communication systems are resource sharing mechanisms "analogous
`
`in a superficial sense to conventional rosoUrce sharing utilities. . ..but
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`information is not really a. commodity (it is an extension of man) (26, 70)."
`
`Computers have managed, stored and ordered infomation for banks. credit
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`card companies: hoard. processing and electronic publishing have flourished ,
`
`experiments in‘ electronic nail and teleconferencing has“; met with a great
`
`deal of success. As the prime $259ng for facilitating these activities,
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`the cycle will be completed when the canputer's capabilities are put to work
`
`in the home.
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`Current "interactive" or "two-way television" systems are the first
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`step toward a home information system similar to those visualised by Toffler
`
`and others. Essentially.
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`there are two types of "interactive" home information
`
`systems currently in use. They are termed:
`
`one-may interactive {also
`
`passive) and tad-“directional.-
`
`a one—way or passive system allows a consumer to request some information
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`via a. simple key pad.
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`A built-in microprocessor "reads" the command and
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`"grate" and displays the requested information on the home television screen
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`for the consumer's use.
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`Iii-directional systems can be subdivided into participational and
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`interactive bidirectional serviCes.
`
`A participational system operates much
`
`like a one-way system in the retrieval of information. However. an added
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`feature allows a viewerI during special programs,
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`to participate ( or vote)
`
`by depressing certain buttons in response to questions aired during a.
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`television program.
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`A master computer tabulates the polling and reports the
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`G
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`results instantly on the screen.
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`Interactive bi—directional systems are
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`the most advanced home information services available today.
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`The viewer
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`is permitted to enjoy all the functions of the two previously mentioned
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`formats, but also to produce, record, and transmit their own personal daia.
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`All three systems are made up of a keyboard (keypad), display device
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`(television screen), and for the "intelligent" systems, a linh between the
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`units microprocessor and a host computer.
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`These two types of home information. interactive systems provide a
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`combination of microprocessor and visual display betveen man and machine.
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`Generally,
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`these systems are referred to as videotext, which is used here
`
`as catch—all term referring to information service systems.
`
`A further
`
`delineation can be made with regard to the type of system. One—way operations
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`can be generically referred to a teletext Operations; bi-directional systems
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`as viewdata, as such the terms are presented in the lower case. This point
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`is made because a tremendous degree of confusion exists as to names,
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`especially since several videotext Operations have chosen close approximations,
`
`of the terms as their proper names.
`
`THE TECHNOLOGY 0F TELETEXT
`
`(
`
`Teletext, or a one-way interactive home information system,
`
`transmits
`
`text in digital form, augmented with graphics,
`
`to a consumer's color television
`
`receiver.
`
`In the most simple operation,
`
`the digital code is included in a
`
`television broadcast signal and is cyclically repeated. These analog
`
`representations of digital bits are inserted on two lines of the television
`
`receiver's vertical blanking signal.
`
`0n command from a keypad, a decoder
`
`built in, or added to the receiver, "grabs" the information item of interest
`
`selected by the viewer and displays it on the screen (14, 63).
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`The bone television set is a functional part-of the system.
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`This is a
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`very important aspect in the development and adoption of this new technology
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`because such a large percentage of individuals already own televisions (and
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`the prohibitive cost of trying to get consumers to buy a separate terndnal.)
`
`In addition, usintenance of the hone receiver will be cheaper, and possibly
`
`most iuportant, it is a faudliar piece of technology; Display is liudted to
`I
`.
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`CRT representation, at least until low cost printers are available.
`
`Technically, "(the teletext! system is based upon a decoder using four
`
`LSI (Large Scale Integration) devices with a page-uennry, a remote control
`\
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`system using a low cost LSI encoding IC in the transndtter and a signal
`
`decoding IC in the receiver (56, 63)." Essentially what occurs is that infor—
`
`mation is continually broadcast over the vertical blanking interval in a "page"
`
`(or full screen of information) foruat. Via a keypad, resenbling a hand—held.
`
`calculator,
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`the units microprocessor is accessed.
`
`The user is presented with
`
`a hierarchical list of key words representing itc'ories of infornation. After
`{
`"“""
`l
`
`selecting the number of a corresponding category, a second list appears giving
`
`specific infornation available in the’category chosen. Once the desired
`
`information is located, pages (or screens) of infatuation in that category
`
`begin to appear. The user simply stops the sequence when a page of interest
`r
`
`cones on the screen.
`
`Information retrieval is theoretically infinite,
`
`limited only by data
`
`capacity of the VB! and the transndssion computer. Probleus with quantity
`
`of data and wait time are being reduced by a technique callediFP teletext
`$ t
`
`(front-porch.) This uethod conveys two bits oi infornation on each front—
`
`porch of the RBI
`
`thus significantly reducing retrieval tine.
`
`There are four different ways a user can nix television and teletext:
`
`one medium at a time (either television or teletext), partial television
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`picture-with partial teletext information, a television picture with a small
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`r
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`_
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`window for teletext. or a prOgrammable override of the television picture
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`by the teletext signal (for'fiE%E; important or significant events). Teletext
`is not utilized as a passive information source but requires active acquisition’
`
`the service is most frequently utilized
`and reading by the user. Therefore,
`when—an individual has time to sit and watch.
`
`)Teletext information and graphics, on most systems. can be highlighted
`
`in up to eight colors (and countless variations.) displayed on a background
`
`of one of these colors, made to flash, display characters double height, or
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`even partially conceal an item until the viewer decides to reveal the "answer."
`._
`‘
`s currently no inexpensive method of providing half tone photographs
`
`Theré
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`ia teietext .
`_,\
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`TECHNOLOGY OF VIEWDATA
`
`'l
`
`Viewdata is a fully interactive computer/communication system that uses
`I
`
`a telephone or cable televifion line as a link with a host computer. The
`user interacts directly with that computer by accessing it directly through
`_\a,
`
`his own microcbmputer which is an essential component that makes viewdata
`
`different from teletext. Viewdata has the capability to perform all the
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`previously mentioned fUnctions of teletext in retrieving and displaying
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`information, however it has the added ability to store that information for
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`‘
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`’
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`later use.
`
`Interactive bi~directional systems can also produce,store, edit,
`
`"
`
`nsmit information on command.
`and
`rflg viewdata system does not "grab" a page of information, it sends a
`
`request to the host computer for a specific item which is then specially
`
`sent to that "address." Effectively with an infinite capacity for storage
`
`and retrieval of information, this unique system allows for diverse applications
`
`of technology thus creating a home computer system.
`
`0
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`As such, userslcan plug into and search large computer databases.
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`In
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`fact, "it is not beyond the realm of imagination that multinational computer
`
`linkages could put the resources of the world's largest libraries (and other
`
`information depositories) at the command of the smallest neighborhood library
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`(or your home)
`
`(Mb, 10)."
`
`I
`
`Viewdata, as an extension of teletext systems, is made up of the same
`
`components with the addition of a microcomputer (for cursor location) and
`
`0
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`interface circuits between the microcomputer and host computer via telephone
`
`with this added memory and requirement
`
`or Cable television lines (59, 6?).
`\
`of a physical link to information providers and their computers, search,
`access, retrievallof information can be billed to the user (53, 18). The
`access of material is once again via hierarchial trees or menu, although
`other methods erg being explored and will be discussed‘later.
`The bi—directiodgl user input is primarily accomplished via keyboard,
`
`
`
`light
`light matrix, sound pen,
`but can be done via several other methods:
`pen, potentiometer,'and graphic tablet (all of which use the screen of
`
`.
`
`the television as the means of giving feedback to the computer.) Experi-
`
`mentation has shown screen feedback to be an exciting alternative to the
`
`‘
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`keyboard, and the graphic tablet as the most promising. This method involves
`
`the projection of a keyboard onto the receiver screen for use by the bonsumer.
`
`Presently, "a person sitting in his living room can just push a button
`
`on a lap-size computer and connect with view data Central computers (2?. 56).
`The user can then select numerous channels of information, entertainmentl/)r
`regular television programming.
`A versatile home terminal must have the
`
`following features:
`
`independence of oral communication, frame grabber or
`
`modern interface with the host computer, display unit (or printer.) signal
`
`for confirmation of input, keys to restrict access in owner absence, and
`
`o
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`’
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`I!)
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`VIDEUTEXT TRANSMISSION
`\3
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`d
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`There are three methods by which videotext systems can transmit
`
`information s..gnals to the home. These are: broadcast (open air),
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`telephone
`
`link, and cable television link.
`
`Only teletext seryices can utilize any one of the three modes of
`
`transmission. Most commonly, teletext information is sent via broadcast over
`
`the vertical blanking‘ipterval
`u
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`(VBI) of a television signal. First.
`}
`VBI is an interval of time that is required for a receiver's electron
`
`the
`
`scanning beam to travel from the bottom of a picture back to the top of the
`
`screen to rescan a picture. This interval is enough time to send the eQuiva—
`
`ient of twenty-one scanning lines of video infatuation. Since sane of these
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`extra lines are used for pulsing and synchronisation purposes, teletext has
`
`available to it ten to sixteen lines. Therefore,,every 1/30 of a second.
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`possibly a key to set a dollar limit for purchases and information use
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`charges (21, 192).
`
`In essence,
`
`the home information system is designed for
`
`. haximum use of technology, minimum mistakes, Ehd realistic operation for
`
`an untrained consumer .
`
`It may seem that teletext and viewdata are competitors. That is not
`
`true. Viewdata
`
`is a highly specialized system and needs teletext operations
`
`so that it can 5e released from routine information retrieval tasks of
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`switchboard to the
`certain types that would otherwise jam the viewdata
`computer. Viéwdata: complemen‘s teletext services because the latter can't
`
`\
`
`fully handle the needs of special users or business. Because of system
`capacities and characteristics, it is unlikely that either system will
`
`try to duplicate the other. More lihely will be the evolving of two different
`
`0
`services which may be likened to newspapers and magazines.
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`data can be sent to the television receiver. As was said earlier, this
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`_r
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`information.is sent cyclically and a decoder selects the information
`
`desired for display.
`
`'
`
`Encoding data information on the VBI of a composite video signal is
`
`the most attractive method of transmission because existing transmitters and
`
`‘%
`
`channels can be used to reach residents. Additionally, decoders utilize
`
`.
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`I
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`.
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`i
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`circuitry inherent in receivers and are therefore inexpensive.
`
`‘
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`There are, of course,
`
`some problems with this "piggy-backed" data
`
`.
`
`Some picture faults and degradations acceptable§}oratelevision
`transmission.
`may not be able to be tolerated for data services and may even causd some
`data recovery problems. Second,
`the dais capacity of the V31 is limited
`
`'
`
`since the rate of transmission is already at the top of the bandwidth.
`
`Third, sincetthe billing of USers is impractical, Operations must be
`
`subsidized in some way.
`
`A teletext alternative is to broadcast its signal on a dedicated channel
`(if one is available. and if the cost of building and licansing a station
`
`for that purpose is practical.) This choice would eliminate all but the
`
`billing problem.
`
`The best alternative would then be broadcast via land line
`
`(telephone or cable televisiOn which can provide a low cost dedicated channel.)
`I\
`
`This method would eliminate broadcast
`interference and ghosts, provide for a
`billing framework (since one is billed for the ancunt of time he is actually
`
`in the data bank searching or retrieving.) and, at the same time. enable the
`
`system to expane to bi—directional
`
`in the future. Cable links, depending on
`
`national or regional networks, are expected to be ,the mast versatile and
`inexpensive of the alternatives, however. only 362 of the bones in the United
`
`States currently have cable television, and until that nuuber increases, it
`
`is likely that VBI will continue to be the price method of transmission.
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`-
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`Two-way, interactive, or view data systems are much more complicated,
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`and expensive. dirst, data cannot be broadcast.
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`It is digitally encoded and
`
`then modulated onto an audio frequency carrier that is usually transmitted
`
`over a telephone line or two-way calfle television line. As such, a prime
`component of the systemL in addition to the microcomputer and television ‘
`receiver, is a modem to encode and decode the transmissions to the computer.
`
`Data is sent to the user "on demand" and therefore requires that special
`link nith the host computer.
`‘
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`I Since 95%'of all households have telephone; and nearly 30% cable
`
`television,
`
`intercommunications between any two persons will be possible.
`
`As systems grow and expand it is more likely that cable television will become
`
`the prime means of transmission since broadband communications can be multi—
`plexed to reach large masses of people simultaneously and can handle a much
`
`larger data rate than telephone lines (21, 2&7). Likewise, picture telephone‘
`
`type transmissions, via interactive systems will be more economically
`accommodated via television lines rather than telephone lines (21, 2h9).
`The videotext picture has recently been clouded by a unique (in the
`
`United States) hybrid system called hTouch-Tone Teletext." A combination of
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`teletext and
`
`viewdata the user calls the teletext computer via telephcne
`
`and requests a certain page of information. This page is then transmitted
`
`on,the VBI (on the same frequency as the page the user currently has
`
`displayed on his screen.) The decoder "grabs" and displays the new page.
`,
`.
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`Although allouing some direct interaction with the computer, resulting in
`
`expanded data access, this system is still essentially a One way retrieval system.
`Interactive means onddemand cdimunication. That is, the audience can
`
`control the timing and content ofimessages, and transmit those messages to
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`other individuals via mechanical means (21, 266).
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`Just as the mail service,
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`telegraph,
`quickly.
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`telephone, and television grew, videotext promises to grow|
`As demands increase and technology changes, home information\systems
`
`will become an indispensible part of life.
`
`Just two of the more promising
`
`developments on the horiZon are optical fiber cable and Direct Broadcast
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`Satellites (DES).
`
`"Optical fibers provide a wideband transmission path of
`
`extremely small physical cross section that is free from power and radio
`
`.
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`frequency interference....(lh, 65)." As BBS develops, home information
`terminals will of course be able to receive signals via roof-top earth
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`stations, but there may be prospects for local uplinks allowing simultaneous
`
`worldwide communication'without the restriction of landlines and microwave
`1
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`networks, at a much cheaper cost.
`
`EARLY INNOVATIQNS IN VIDEOTEXT
`
`-
`
`Videotext is still very much in it! infancy in the United States. But
`
`as long ago as the early 1970's both Great Britain and France developed
`
`workable systems. Teletext arose from the efforts of-British television to
`
`transmit signals within the television network plant. An intermediate goal
`
`was captioning for the deaf, which began about 1971.
`
`By 197h, a teletext
`
`standard was developed and in 1976 the first public service,system was in
`
`full operation.
`
`Viewdata
`
`grew out of teletext and was fueled by disappoint-
`
`ment over the inability to be able to provide picture telephone service,
`I
`
`which was intended to transmit pictures as well as text and diagrams. Again,
`
`the British took the lead and developed the Prestel viewdata
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`system.
`
`While systems were gearing up in Europe,
`
`the United States was only on
`
`the verge of studying interactive video.
`
`In l9?h,
`
`the National Science
`
`Foundation funded three experimental studies of interactive video: studies
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`-
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`were located in Reading, Pa., Spartansburg, S. 0., and Rockford, Ill.
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`/
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`To date,
`
`these studies are still the only extensive research programs to
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`be conducted and their results are still the basis for current pilot programs
`
`and planned expansion.“ Prompted by a 1960's government report that, "cable
`
`could overcome broadcast spectrum “scarcity;“ cable, when combined with
`computers, would be the foundation for a wholly new information and communi-
`
`cation application for business, government, and private citizens: and that
`
`cable would ultimately be a public necessity (12, 115)," the NSF funded
`
`consortiums of academic, public, governmental, and community associations to
`
`toreate knowledge about the application of two way cable television to urban
`social' service delivery and administration (12, 116)."
`
`a
`5
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`The heading study was based on the needs of senior citizens with
`
`programming coming from educational institutions,
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`local government, and
`
`social-service agencies (41, 162).
`
`The experident evaluated two way cable
`
`exposure, groups viewing television but participating in programming via
`
`telephone call in, and those that had no access.
`The results showed that the
`experimental group exposed to two-way cable had greater awareness of community
`
`problems, knowledge of social services, and were much more involved in the
`
`socializatiofijpiocess.
`
`a
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`Spartansburg's experiment looked at the effects of interactive cable
`
`on education. Experimenting with a high school equivalency program at
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`Spartansburg Technical College, students using interactive cable instruction
`
`did equally well as students in a traditional classroom situation (39, 175).
`
`Rockford evaluated the training of firefighters and inservice education
`
`of teachers via two way television. The firefighter training group, using
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`digital return capability for answers and comments, showed significant
`
`differenCes in cognitive understanding of material when compared to the
`
`control group. The experiment for inservice education was meant to diffuse
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`I
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`J
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`\
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`-ideas about new teaching methods. Discussions were successful, but adoption
`
`and use of the ideas or teaching behavior were not obserVed as part of the
`
`experiment and therefore results could not be reported.
`
`Generally,
`the results of the eXperiments can be summarized as successful,
`even though,problems with programming were experienced.
`The studies found
`
`that the applications of the medium were more complex than the technology
`
`(of the day.) point to point interactions were technically workable, and
`
`digital return’of information was viable and socially acceptable (12, 1h?).
`
`The residents of Reading were so excited and pleased with their system,
`
`that the local community continued and financed its operation after the end ‘
`
`e
`
`of the study.
`
`likewise, results were impressive enough,
`
`that Reading served
`
`as a foundation for the development of the warner Amer QUBE interactive
`
`television system.
`
`.
`
`VIDEOTEXT TOBAY
`
`The NSF studies provided the basis and rationale for expansion of two—
`
`Hay television into U. S. homes. One early operation of telétext termed
`
`TICCIT, was established by the Mitre Corporation in Heston, Virginia for
`
`education. Shortly thereafter,
`
`the Digital Broadcasting’Corporation of
`
`McLean, Virginia established the first large scale teletext operation in
`
`Washington, D.C., Dallas, and San Francisco. Thisfoperation tends to
`
`‘
`
`j
`approximate electronic mail allowing subscribers;‘lasically chain businesses,l
`
`i
`
`to transmit information to its branches.
`
`'
`
`Probably the largest and most well known ophration is the Warner Amer
`
`QUBE interactive system which began operation in Columbus, Ohio in 197?.
`
`'
`
`f
`
`l
`
`I
`
`'
`
`Offering a thirty channel capacity with satellite uplinks and participational
`
`interactive capability, Warner has been able to spread their success by
`
`‘
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`I
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`1
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`0 _
`E [C
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`_
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`1
`1b
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`I
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`all
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`.__m.___
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`:
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`.
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`securing cable franchises in Pittsburgh and Dallas - each offering eighty
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`4
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`channels of programming.
`
`Narner's exclusive QUBE channel measures public response to broadcast
`
`questions by computer tabulation of viewers answers when they depress one
`
`a
`of five response buttons on the QUBE channel selector. Seeing a demand for
`
`a truly bi-directional system,
`
`just a few months ago Harner Amex introduced'
`
`QUBE III, a home computer console that will go beyond simple viewer parti—
`
`cipation; it will allow data retrieval, video entertainment' home energy
`
`and security services, can accommodate up to 116 channels of programming
`
`and. say Warner officials, it can handle those services and demands likely
`
`to arise in the next decade.
`
`QUBE offers a much better than typical menu of movies, news, sports,‘
`
`and a variety of networks. The interactive programming crosses a rather
`
`wide spectrum of interests.
`
`A full channel of children's programs are
`
`carried as are, local public interest programs, interactive game shows,
`
`religious programs, a book club. and programs on local and national consumer
`
`affairs.
`
`QUBE has also become "the medium of education for adults and
`
`children. a marketplace for goods and opinions....it has polled citizens
`
`on issues ranging from marijuana consumption to urban renewal,
`
`to the name
`
`of a new baby....(l5, 38)."
`The most recent "full blown" interactive system was recently announced
`
`by AT&T in Coral Gables' Florida. Named Viewiron,
`
`the system is of the view—
`
`data variety with sign