B-MAC, An Optimum Format for Satellite Television Transmission
`
`John D. Lowry
`Scientific-Atlanta Inc.
`Toronto, Canada
`
`A broad examination has been undertaken of the market requirements for
`distribution to the home via satellite of television programming and
`other services. While extensive discussion has
`taken place on
`the
`needs for Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), the format selected must
`be capable of distribution on Cable (CATV), through Satellite Master
`Antenna Television Systems (SMATV) for multiple family dwellings, and
`via UHF terrestrial broadcast. Commercial considerations require hard
`encryption of the audio and data, and hard scrambling of the video,
`combined with broad addressing and
`tiering capabilities,
`impulse
`pay-per-view, personal messages, teletext faci 1 i ties, and po ten ti al
`expansion for extended definition television. These requirements are
`added to the basic essentials of picture and sound quality equal to,
`or better than, services presently provided.
`
`During the past two years a transmission format meeting these market
`needs has been developed. The decoding hardware for both professional
`and consumer use is currently being reduced to a set of integrated
`circuits scheduled for completion in late 1984. The following is a
`discussion of some of
`the avenues
`that were examined, a brief
`description of the final system selected, and some of the rationale
`for this choice.
`
`A NEW FORMAT
`
`two
`The i ni ti a 1 impetus for the development of the system came from
`directions:
`(1)
`the
`investigation of an
`improved
`format
`for DBS
`transmission and (2) a parallel effort investigating means to secure
`signals for pay
`television which
`is fast becoming a multi-billion
`dollar industry.
`
`for scrambled signals which are by definition
`requirement
`This
`the
`introduction of a completely
`new direct
`non-standard and
`broadcast satellite service has presented the rare opportunity for
`the commercial success of a new signal format.
`
`(AM)
`for Amplitude Modulation
`PAL were designed
`and
`Both NTSC
`transmission with the NTSC specification finalized in 1953, four years
`transmission via
`before the first Sputnik satellite was launched. FM
`satellite was not seriously contemplated at that time.
`
`to reduce dish size,
`the need
`In a marketplace driven in part by
`noise
`in
`the signal
`is of great importance. With AM
`transmission
`noise is relatively flat in relation to frequency (Fig.1) whereas FM
`
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`noise is triangular, increasing with frequency (Fig.2}, The human eye
`perceives a noise characteristic that is basically the opposite and
`complementary to the triangular FM noise with visibility of noise
`maximized at lower frequencies (Fig.3). This optimal relationship of
`FM and human perception
`is not
`the case with
`the NTSC or PAL
`television systems, which frequency multiplex the colour information
`on a subcarri er at the relatively high frequencies of 3 .58 MHz and
`4.43 MHz respectively.
`
`When the colour is demodulated down to baseband for display, the high
`amplitude noise which was present on the high frequency subcarrier is
`converted to low frequency noise and becomes much more visible (Fig.4}.
`
`DIGITAL SATELLITE TRANSMISSION
`
`satellite
`improve
`to
`A number of methods have been explored
`transmission including the development of all-digital
`transmission
`systems. These have been seen
`to yield excellent quality at the
`receiving point,
`in
`some
`cases providing quality essentially
`equivalent to that transmitted. Due to the extremely high data rates
`required for video, all-digital
`transmission requires complex and
`expensive equipment at
`the
`receiver. Even with state-of-the-art
`large-scale integration, it ·is doubtful that all-digital transmission
`in
`the home
`in
`the 1980 1 s or,
`could be cost effective for use
`possibly, well into the 1990 1 s.
`
`MULTIPLEXED ANALOG C<J4PONENTS
`
`A hybrid system has therefore been selected which uses digital trans(cid:173)
`mission
`techniques for
`the audio and data, combined with analog
`component video. This system known as Multiplexed Analog Components
`(MAC) was originally developed for satellite transmission by
`the
`lndependent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) in the U.K. The chrominance
`and luminance are transmitted in a line by line, time multiplexed,
`rather than frequency multiplexed mode
`(Fig.5). Numerous
`technical
`papers have been published detailing
`the merits of
`sequential
`chroma/luminance transmission.
`
`AUDIO/VIDEO FORMAT OPTIONS
`
`the past year and one-half there has been a great deal of
`For
`discussion on
`the C-MAC
`format, but
`there are
`three other basic
`options open for the combining of data with video. These are described
`by
`the matrix of frequency multiplex or time multiplex at.either
`baseband or RF (Fig.6).
`
`A-MAC
`
`A-MAC provides a baseband frequency multiplex of the audio and data on
`a subcarrier at approximately 7 Mhz (Fig. 7 and 8). This provides the
`advantage of an extremely
`rugged data channel, however,
`it has
`limitations on its potential for threshold extension, and bandwidth
`constraints on video for extended definition.
`
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`D-MAC
`
`D-MAC employs frequency multiplexed data at RF. With video centred at
`70 Mhz, for example,
`the data might be on a separate carrier at
`85 Mhz. Audio and video can be uplinked from separate locations and
`exceptionally high data rates are possible, but
`two receivers are
`required and interference problems are raised.
`
`C-MAC
`
`C-MAC time multiplexes the data at RF (Fig.9) providing in excess of
`20 megabits per second during the 9 microseconds that would otherwise
`be devoted to the horizontal blanking period. One advantage is the
`efficiency of direct demodulation from RF to digital data providing
`for high data rates for up to 8 audio channels. Separate demodulation
`of this data is costly and, in terms of baseband bandwidth {Fig~lO), a
`transmission channel in excess of 10 Mhz is necessary for applications
`such as cable or SMATV.
`
`8-MAC
`
`B-MAC time multiplexes the audio and data at baseband using a multi(cid:173)
`level code during
`the 9 microsecond "horizontal blanking" period
`(Fig.11). The video
`is essentially
`identical
`to· C-MAC but
`the
`bandwidth of the system is held to just over 6 Mhz by utilizing the
`wide dynamic range of the transmitted "video" signal for multilevel
`data (Fig.12). This provides a satellite signal that can also be used
`for cable, SMATV, terrestrial microwave or UHF broadcast without the
`need for decoding at an intermediate distribution point.
`
`for
`(SMATV) applications,
`In Satellite Master Antenna Television
`example,
`the B-MAC signal can be received from
`the satellite and
`passed directly
`through a cable system within
`the building for
`subscriber access control at each individual television set. This also
`provides the potential for high quality red, green and blue signals
`for the television display combined with digital stereo audio directly
`to each viewer.
`
`Compared with C-MAC, B-MAC has the somewhat lower data rate of 1.8
`megabits per second but it has many advantages over C-MAC including
`its compatabil ity with conventional video
`tape
`recorders
`and
`demodulation with one conventional
`low cost satellite receiver. It
`also retains compatability with future extended definition systems
`using wider bandwidths (Fig.13).
`
`DIGITAL SYNC
`
`Sync is extremely rugged, yet it requires .2% of the total time as
`opposed to over 20% required for NTSC or PAL (Fig.14). Sync is carried
`on one line in the vertical interval as a highl,Y redundant digital
`word and provides for receiver lockup at O dB carrier to noise. This
`will assist
`the amateur
`in dish
`set-up and
`satellite signal
`acquisition, and provide picture continuity under the most adverse
`reception conditions.
`
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`the
`sync pulses and both
`traditional
`the
`Through elimination of
`colour and audio subcarriers, FM deviation in the channel, IF filters,
`and
`the pre-emphasis/de-emphasis networks can all be optimized
`to
`yield excellent results. Smaller satellite
`receiving dishes or
`improved performance is achieved. B-MAC is al so uneffected by most
`non-linearities in the transmission channel.
`
`in dish size can be achieved by
`Further significant reductions
`reducing the video bandwidths and data rates for applications, for
`example, where 11 video cassette quality 11 pictures and 2-channel stereo
`sound are considered viable.
`
`Standard NTSC or PAL satellite receiving equipment including dishes,
`low noise converters, receivers, and television sets can be used with
`the B-MAC system. Certain portions of this chain will be lower cost
`and· have
`improved performance when
`their design is optimized for
`B-MAC. Of the systems studied, B-MAC yields the lowest cost satellite
`distribution system (Fig.15).
`
`8-MAC ADVANTAGES
`
`In summary, the principal advantages of the B-MAC system are:
`
`a)
`
`b)
`c)
`d)
`
`e)
`f)
`
`g)
`
`a component system el imi nati ng cross 1 umi nance and cross col our
`effects;
`colour noise is reduced;
`colour bandwidth increased;
`red, green, blue signals are available for improved television
`display;
`rugged, truly digital sync;
`improved threshold extension techniques can be applied when all
`subcarriers are eliminated;
`dish size is reduced.
`
`VIDEO SCRAMBLING
`
`Scrambling of the analog video signal can be done in two basic ways.
`The amplitude of the signal can be varied or
`the video can be
`re-arranged in relation to time.
`
`The most elementary scrambling system is sync suppression (or sync
`denial) which has been used for many years in the cable television
`industry in North America .. Even
`in a controlled distribution cable
`environment, piracy of signals with many of the sync suppression
`systems
`runs high. With minor modification,
`some of
`the more
`sophisticated new television sets are capable of providing a locked
`picture
`in
`the
`absence of
`traditional
`sync
`pulses
`thereby
`automatically defeating such systems.
`
`Sync suppression and sync denial are considered to be inadequate for
`satellite distribution if any
`level of controlled access is to be
`maintained even for the short term.
`
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`inversion,
`include video
`The more sophisticated scrambling methods
`line reversal, line segmentation or line rotation,
`line shuffling
`using a field store, and line translation.
`
`Video Inversion
`
`inversion is an amplitude system providing a relatively low
`Video
`order of security. It is particularly subject to non-linearities in
`the channel. Should there be black stretch and white compression in
`the channel when the transmitted video is inverted, this becomes black
`compression and white stretch yielding an amplitude flicker.at the
`rate of the change from inverted to non-inverted video (Fig.16).
`
`In general, all systems varying amplitude have provided relatively low
`security .and, in some cases, low quality.
`
`Line Shuffle
`
`the transmit and receive p9ints to
`Use of a field store at both
`re-organize the line sequence during transmission can provide highly.
`obscured pictures. Effectively p•rfect reconstruction of the picturj
`can be achieved in the descrambler through knowlege of the correct
`line sequence. This is potentially a high-quality scrambling system,
`but its co~t will remain relatively high, particularly in light of the
`requirement for a random access memory
`in the decoder. Integrated
`circuits for field store use being developed today generally provide
`sequential access only.
`·
`
`Line Segmentation
`
`is essentially a
`Line segmentation or "line rotation" scrambling
`technique where each line is divided into
`two segments which are
`interchanged in position for transmission (Fig.17). Portions of the
`line are repeated to mask the effects of the "splice". Using digital
`sampling,
`the lines are reconstructed in. the descrambler with
`the
`repeated portion of the line around the splice discarded. This system,
`and variations of it, place excessive demands on specifications such
`as
`linearity,
`line tilt, and
`frequency
`response
`in
`the various
`equipment in the transmission chain.
`
`Line tilt in the order of 3% to 5% is usually not visible to the human
`eye because of the gradual change across the picture (Fig.18). When
`even 1% tilt is added to a segmented line signal during transmission,
`the reconstructed pictures are visibly unacceptable (Fig. 19 ~nd 20).
`When descrambled, the tilt becomes a de level shift in the picture
`which changes from line to line as the scrambling patterns change, and
`manifests itself as highly visible low frequency noise (Fig.21). A
`total system line tilt specification of .3%
`is required to provide
`acceptable video. This defines a very basic rule about video:
`the
`clamp-to-video timing relationship must be held constant.
`
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`line picture be distributed via a vestigial
`Should a segmented
`sideband
`(VSB)
`cable
`system,
`another
`impairment
`problem
`is
`encountered. Any mistuning at
`the
`receiver causes a boost or
`attentuation of the low frequency component of the signal (Fig.22)
`thereby effecting the step response of the channel (Fig.23). A low
`frequency transition that is artificially created by line segmentation
`scrambling yields a long overshoot or undershoot recovery period which
`is visible in the descrambled video and has no relation to actual
`picture transitions (Fig.24).
`
`Line Translation
`
`time-shift technique.
`Line translation scrambling uses a horizontal
`The blanking time is varied on a line-to-line basis from a minimum of
`zero to a maximum of two times the normal blanking. The clamp period
`is tied to the video with that relationship held constant (Fig.25).
`This line translation, or "time base" scrambling system redistributes
`the picture information in time (Fig.26), yielding a scrambled picture
`that is totally obscure, yet can be reconstructed in the descrambler
`to a high-quality picture with no visible or measurable degradation or
`artifacts relating to the scrambling technique.
`
`in that the patterns are changed every
`The scrambling is dynamic
`is
`the
`frame. A benefit, apart from controlling viewer access,
`decorrelation of transmission channel
`interference patterns when the
`pictures are descrambled. The only thing asked of the transmission
`channel is that it be relatively time invariant for approximately 100
`microseconds, a specification easily met by every normal channel
`today.
`
`translation descrambling, or both
`line
`format decoding,
`B-MAC
`together, require a maximum of
`three TV
`lines of storage. While
`providing both high security and high quality, the cost is low and it
`is compatible with CCD technology (Fig.27). The video descramble key
`is encrypted using the data encryption standard (DES) algorithm and is
`interleaved with other information in the digital data channel.
`
`Data Channel
`
`the data
`addresses,
`includes audio,
`The digital data channel
`decryption key, video descramble key, personal message data, and full
`field data as an option. The system supplies hi-fidelity digital
`stereo sound which can be connected to the viewers• standard hi-fi
`sound system.
`
`Four-Channel Digital Audio
`
`B-MAC has been designed with a four-channel digital audio system with
`31.4 Khz or 31.2 KHz
`(two
`times
`the TV
`line frequency) digital
`sampling. A new enhanced delta modulation technique yields a dynamic
`range at the descrambler greater than 84 dB and very gentle failure
`under low carrier to noise ratio reception conditions. The audio is
`encrypted
`to
`the data encryption standard
`(DES). This encryption
`
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`algorithm is applied on a bit-by-bit basis with the decryption keys
`and codes changing at irregular intervals. This provides dynamic DES
`encryption for the highest security commercially available.
`
`A data channel with 94 K bits per second is standard. Any audio
`channel can be assigned
`to data
`transmission and reception, each
`channel providing 320K bits per second. Full
`field data
`is also
`available by replacing the picture with digital
`information. This
`yields an additional 10.8 million bits per second.
`
`Addressing
`
`to four billion addresses
`The addressing technique provides for up
`with redundancy for reliable reception. This high number of addresses
`provides for effectively infinite tiering. Addressing is at the rate
`· of one mil 1 ion per hour. Effectively instant (1/4 second) access is
`provided
`to al 1 authorized programs wh.en
`the subscriber switches
`channels. The decoders are generic, and are capable of being addressed
`by any one or all program distributors using the system, depending on
`their desire to reach each individual viewer.
`
`Text Services
`
`Teletext is an integral part of the B-MAC system with 200 pages of
`encrypted or clear text available to all or any specific user with 20
`seconds access. Uses include film sub-titles as a user option, sub(cid:173)
`titles for the deaf, general and personal messages, ·program guides,
`current tiering and parental 1 ock information and individual account
`status for monthly and pay-per-view billing including presentation of
`the bill itself.
`
`S111111ary
`
`transmission, scrambling and encryption system employs a
`The B-MAC
`satel 1 i te optimized format; highly secure yet 1 ow-cost scrambling; a
`high
`data
`channel
`capacity;
`virtually
`unlimited
`addressing;
`facilities
`for pay-per-view
`programming
`and
`infinite
`tiering;
`multi-channel digital audio; and hard encryption. Personal messages
`can be sent to any individial, group, or to all receiving points.
`Red, green, blue video is available along with baseband NTSC or PAL
`and RF channel outputs. B-MAC provides excellent potential for use of
`two channe 1 s on one transponder and 1 eaves the door open for extended
`definition techniques in the future.
`
`The current implementation of the system is designed for professional
`use at cable headends,
`tele-conferencing, and other professional
`applications to the 525 line standard. The technology is also being
`implemented as a set of custom integrated circuits for both 525 and
`625 1 ine standards (Fig .28). These custom !Cs and other components
`will be carried on a printed circuit board approximately 6 inches by 9
`inserted
`into certain satellite receivers and
`inches and will be
`become integral to the design of others (Fig.29). Sample quantities of
`this decoding equipment will be available late
`this year, with
`production quantities available in the first half of 1985.
`
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`

`Amplitude (dB)
`
`AM Noise
`
`Video
`
`Noise(AM)
`
`0
`
`3.58 MHz
`
`Freq
`
`Fig. 1. With AM transmission, noise is relatively flat in r~lation to frequency.
`
`Amplitude (dB)
`
`FM Noise
`
`Video
`
`0
`
`3.58 MHz
`
`Freq
`
`Fig. 2. With FM transmission, noise is triangular, rising with the frequency.
`
`Amplitude (dB)
`
`HUMAN EYE NOISE RESPONSE
`
`Video
`
`.....
`
`' .....
`
`HUMAN EYE NOISE RESPONSE.:-
`
`' '
`
`0
`
`3.58 MHz
`
`'
`Freq
`
`Fig. 3. The human eye perceives a noise characteristic which is essentially triangular
`decreasing with the frequency.
`
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`Amplitude (dB)
`
`Video
`COLOUR~
`DETAIL
`NOISE
`
`,,,,,,
`
`,
`
`COLOUR RECOVERY
`FROM THE SUBCARRIER
`,,,
`
`/
`,,,,,, COLOUR
`SUBCARRIER
`NOISE
`
`FM NOISE
`,,,,,,
`
`"
`
`0
`
`Frequency
`
`3.58 MHz
`
`Fig. 4. Chroma demodulation converts high-frequency, high-amplitude noise into
`more visible low-frequency, high-amplitude noise.
`
`,
`
`MAC FORMAT
`
`1 '
`
`Chroma
`
`Luminance
`
`\
`
`J
`
`l
`
`-
`
`One TV Line
`
`,
`T 100
`IRE 1
`
`J
`
`--
`
`Fig. 5. -Chrominance and luminance are time compressed and transmitted in a sequen(cid:173)
`tial format on each TV line.
`
`FORMAT OPTIONS FOR DATA
`COMBINED WITH VIDEO
`
`Frequency
`Multiplex
`
`Time
`Multiplex
`
`Baseband
`
`RF
`
`A
`
`D
`
`B
`
`C
`
`Fig. 6. Matrix of four possible format options.
`
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`A·MAC FORMAT
`
`', Data
`
`Data
`
`J '
`I Chroma
`
`~
`
`l
`
`.~ , '
`
`~
`n
`J l
`
`130
`
`T
`· IRE l
`
`~ ~
`
`J
`
`-
`
`Luminance
`
`Data
`
`-
`
`One TV Line
`
`Fig. 7. A-MAC provides a baseband frequency multiplex of the audio and data on a
`subcarrier.
`
`A-MAC BASEBAND FREQUENCIES
`
`Amplitude
`
`100% . . - - - - - - - - -.....
`
`Time Sequential
`Luminance and
`Chroma
`
`Digital Data
`Subcarrier
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`6
`
`7
`
`8
`
`Frequency (MHz)
`
`Fig. 8. Luminance and chroma occupy approximately 6 MHz with a digital data
`subcarrier at 7 .16 MHz.
`
`, ,
`
`C·MAC FORMAT
`
`1 '
`
`Chroma
`
`Luminance
`
`l
`
`J
`
`~
`
`l
`
`One TV Line
`
`'
`
`RF
`Data
`
`l
`
`~
`
`,
`T 100
`IRE _L
`
`~
`-
`
`Fig. 9. C-MAC time multiplexes the data at RF with the baseband chroma and
`luminance on each TV line.
`
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`

`C-MAC BASEBAND FREQUENCIES
`
`Amplitude
`
`100% . - - - - - - - - - -........
`
`Time Sequential
`Luminance and
`Chroma
`
`and Data
`at 20MB/S
`
`0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
`0
`4
`3
`5
`6
`2
`8
`9
`10
`7
`
`Frequency (MHz)
`
`Fig. 10. The C-MAC data burst of over 20 Mbits/sec requires over 10 MHz equivalent
`baseband bandwidth.
`
`, 1 I
`
`B-MAC FORMAT
`
`1 '
`
`Multi
`Level
`Data
`
`t
`
`Chroma
`
`Luminance
`
`I
`
`I
`
`\
`
`j \
`
`~
`
`One TV Line
`
`T 100
`IRE 1
`
`1
`
`J
`
`-
`
`Fig. 11. B·MAC utilizes a multi-level code for data and time multiplexes this baseband
`signal with chroma and luminance.
`
`B-MAC BASEBAND FREQUENCIES
`
`Amplitude
`
`100% . - - - - - - - - - - ,
`
`Time Sequential
`Luminance Chroma
`and Data
`
`0
`
`0
`
`I
`1
`
`I
`2
`
`I
`3
`
`I
`I
`6
`4
`5
`Frequency (MHz)
`
`Fig. 12. The baseband bandwidth of B·MAC is held to just over 6 MHz for data,
`chrominance and luminance yet provides 1.8 Mbits/sec.
`·
`
`220
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`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1074
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 11
`
`

`

`B·MAC BASEBAND FREQUENCIES
`FOR EDTV
`
`Amplitude
`
`100% ... - - - - - - - - - -... , , - - - -..
`
`..
`
`Wider Bandwidths
`For
`Luminance
`Chroma.
`and Data
`o --~•_.,_ ....... , _ __,,....__ • .____.l...__ .... __ l.__ ....... _ __.. __ _
`0
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`6
`7
`8
`9
`10
`
`Frequency (MHz)
`
`Fig . .13. A broad range of market requirements for the complete television delivery
`system are met by 8-MAC.
`·
`
`DIGITAL SYNC
`
`VERTICAL SYNC
`
`......J -------..l
`
`PHASE DATA
`
`NTSC/PAL
`
`B-MAC
`
`L HORIZONTAL SYNC
`
`AND BURST
`
`L FREQUENCY DATA
`
`Fig. 14. The absence of subcarriers for chroma, audio or data allows simple expansion
`of bandwidths for extended definition television systems in the future.
`
`MAC FORMAT OPTIONS
`
`A·MAC B·MAC C·MAC D·MAC
`
`Data Capacity (approx.)
`
`2 Mb/s 1.8 Mb/s 2.5 Mb/s 3 Mb/s+
`
`Cable Compatible
`
`STV/MDS Compatible
`
`Conventional Satellite
`Receiver Compatible
`
`VTR Compatible
`
`Compatible with
`EDTV Bandwidths
`
`Cost
`
`no
`
`no
`
`yes
`
`no
`
`no
`
`medium
`
`yes
`
`yes
`
`yes
`
`yes
`
`yes
`
`low
`
`no
`
`no
`
`no
`
`no
`
`no
`
`no
`
`no
`
`no
`
`yes
`
`yes
`
`medium
`
`high
`
`Fig. 15. Sync is replaced by a digital code on one line in the vertical interval (defining
`the top left-hand corner of the picture), combined with a burst on each line for phase
`and frequency to generate all timing requirements.
`
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`
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`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1074
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 12
`
`

`

`VIDEO INVERSION NON-LINEARITIES
`Input
`Response on ·
`Amplltud
`Non-linear
`100%
`Channel'l/hen ""
`Inverted
`~
`
`,
`
`Response of
`Non-llnear
`Channel
`
`! ,,~ , ....... _
`, ,
`,
`~;'
`,
`
`I
`
`O t
`t
`Amplitude
`U pu
`._ __ of Flicker
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - . Amplitude
`0
`
`Fig. 16. Scrambling techniques which vary the amplitude or invert the video are
`subject to picture degradation due to transmission non-linearities.
`
`LINE SEGMENTATION SCRAMBLING
`
`D'
`
`Fig. 17. The line might be cut in any one of, say, 32 different positions with the line
`AB, CD transmitted as CD, AB.
`
`LINE TILT
`ADDED TO A NORMAL PICTURE
`
`· 3% Dlfferentlal
`Across the
`Picture
`
`'
`
`--.----
`t
`
`3%
`
`Fig. 18. A constant line tilt of 3% is normally not visible.
`
`222
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`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1074
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 13
`
`

`

`LINE TILT
`ADDED TO SCRAMBLED PICTURE
`
`3% Differential
`Across Scrambled
`Picture
`
`C
`
`Segment
`Two
`
`--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--- .
`
`Segment
`D A One
`
`B
`
`...
`
`Fig. 19. Tilt is added during transmission to the scrambled line CD, AB.
`
`LINE TILT
`WHEN DESCRAMBLED
`
`Adjacent
`3% Differential
`
`-J
`
`...
`B ~
`
`,_
`
`Segment
`A One
`
`..
`
`Segment
`Two
`
`p
`
`Fig. 20. After descrambling tilt is no longer a picture edge-to-edge gradual function.
`
`I DC LEVEL SHIFT WITH LINE TILT
`I
`I
`
`t
`I
`I
`
`-== iiJ i
`- t
`
`LW.L
`I i
`I :1
`_., ,..-
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`I
`· I Clamp Period
`
`Fig. 21. A visible degradation with line rotation techniques is the DC level shift created
`by moving the video in relation to the clamp.
`
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`
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`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 14
`
`

`

`VSB ERROR RESPONSE
`
`OdB
`
`-1dB
`
`250KHz
`
`Fig. 22. In a vestigial sideband system such as cable, a~y mistuning at the receiver
`causes a boost or attenuation of low-frequency components.
`
`STEP RESPONSE
`r- - ~-~---------
`•
`
`Fig. 23. Step response will vary as a function of vestigial sideband receiver mistuning.
`
`ORIGINAL
`TV LINE
`
`SEGMENTED
`LINE
`
`AFTER
`VSB ERROR
`
`IA
`C
`
`C
`
`DESCRAMBLED
`TV LINE
`
`A
`
`BIC
`
`~
`
`B
`
`A
`
`A
`
`B
`
`,.--,,
`1 BC
`\
`
`Fig. 24. Low-frequency transitions that are created by line segmentation scrambling
`yield a long overshoot or undershoot recovery period that has no relation to actual
`picture transitions.
`·
`
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`
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`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1074
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 15
`
`

`

`LINE TRANSLATION SCRAMBLING
`~ .,.._ Clamp Period Tied to Video
`
`'
`
`Only
`Blanking
`I
`Time is
`Varied -4--
`-
`
`Video
`Relationship of the
`Clamp Period to Video
`is Constant
`
`One TV Line
`
`1
`
`J
`
`Fig. 25. Line translation or "timebase" scrambling maintains the video line and
`clamping period intact. Blanking time is varied from a minimum from Oto a maximum
`of 2 x normal.
`
`LINE TRANSLATION SCRAMBLING
`ONE FIELD SCRAMBLED
`ORIGINAL "SCENE"
`
`---- --
`~-=--~~
`
`TWO FIELDS SCRAMBLED
`
`FOUR FIELDS SCRAMBLED
`
`- - -
`
`----
`- -
`
`-
`
`Fig. 26. Picture information is re-distributed in relation to time by the cumulative
`effect of reducing or expanding the horizontal blanking (data) period. The blanking
`(data) period is normal when averaged over each field.
`
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`
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`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 16
`
`

`

`VIDEO SCRAMBLING OPTIONS
`
`Sync Amplitude
`Line
`Line
`Line
`Denial Reversal Segmentation Shuffle Translation
`
`Quality
`
`Security
`
`Cost
`
`high
`
`low
`
`low
`
`low
`
`low
`
`low
`
`low?
`
`high
`
`high
`
`high
`
`high
`
`vei
`hlg
`
`high
`
`high
`
`low
`
`Compatibility
`with CCD
`
`N/A
`
`N/A
`
`no
`
`no
`
`yes
`
`Fig. 27. Line translation scrambling presents the most viable opportunity for a high
`quality secure consumer product.
`
`ANALOG VIDEO IC SET
`
`KEYPAD
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`1-------
`
`U&V
`
`L------------------1
`L-----------------~
`Fig. 28. A block diagram of the CCD implementation of the 8-MAC descrambling and
`decryption receiver. It is compatible with both 525- and 625-line systems.
`
`I
`I
`
`I
`
`PROPOSED P.C. BOARD LAYOUT
`
`SYNC
`REC·
`OVERY
`
`INPUT
`
`STORE
`
`N
`
`DATA DEMOD
`
`DELTA
`DEMOD
`
`DEMOD
`
`OUTPUT
`
`CK & D PAGE D AUDIO DEMUX/
`, TANK r OXTAL I TIMING & DATA
`I I TRAP I
`I=
`D I CK OR I I CK DR I I CK DR I IR·YLPFIIB·YLPFI B
`CHROMA I 1a
`
`I LUM CCD I
`
`CCD LS
`
`IZZ2I l2Z2I
`
`Fig. 29. Printed circuit board layout for the initial consumer implementation of the
`8-MAC system.
`
`226
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`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1074
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 17
`
`

`

`John Lowry started his career in television at the CBC in Toronto in 1952. In
`/961 , he worked on the development of the first electronic editing system f or
`videotape in cooperation with Ampex Corporation and Advertel Productions.
`Mr. Lowry lpent 6 yearl' in film production and was co-developer of the Wesscam
`stabilizer for helicopter photography. In 1971 , he developed the Image Trans(cid:173)
`form signal processing and videotape-to-film conversion system. In 1976 Mr.
`Lowry founded Digital Video Systems, where he has pioneered numerous aspects
`of digital television. Today he is a member of the corporate staff of Scientific(cid:173)
`Atlanta and Chairman of Digtal Video Systems .
`Mr. Lowry is a Fellow of the SMPTE and has six patents on video noise reduction.
`image enhancement and film recording systems. with others pending.
`
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`
`227
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1074
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 18
`
`