0. J. Hanas, P. den Toonder, F. Pennypacker: An Addressable Satellite Encryption System for Preventing Signal Piracy
`
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`
`AN ADDRESSABLE SATELLITE ENCRYPTION SYSTEM
`FOR PREVENTING SIGNAL PIRACY
`
`Orest J. Hanas
`Pieter den Toonder
`Frank Pennypacker
`Oak Communications Inc.
`Satellite Systems
`Crystal Lake, IL 60014
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Satellite signals which transmit tele-
`vision and other commercial communications
`can no longer be thought of as secure.
`The advent of lowv cost TVRO's has opened
`the door to the threat of signal piracy.
`In response to this threat, a signal sec-
`urity system was developed which masks
`both audio and video intelligibility.
`The
`system can effectively shield programming,
`control its delivery, and protect private
`Presently it is
`sensitive information.
`used at C-band and Ku-band with conventional
`It is,
`TVRO's and all existing satellites.
`of course, directly applicable for the use
`in the Direct Broadcast Systems in the near
`future.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`As each day passes, it seems that we
`become more and more dependent upon comm-
`Whether they are
`unications satellites.
`used to relay audio signals, data signals,
`or distribute broadcast and private tele-
`vision signals, our dependence on the
`reliability and security of satellite links
`has accelerated so rapidly that we now
`Unfortu-
`take their service for granted.
`nately the same technology that has made
`
`satellite communications cost effective
`and dependable has also reduced the
`security of i-ts transmissions.
`
`Because of the great height of geo-
`synchronous communications satellites,
`their coverage areas or "footprints" are
`As a result, a television
`extremely wide.
`signal or any other communication signal
`distributed by satellite potentially be-
`comes available to millions of people.
`UPitil recently, the high cost of satellite
`earth stations had sharply reduced the
`accessibility of satellite signals to
`In the past couple
`unauthorized persons.
`of years, however, the high cost of
`critical earth station components has
`dropped dramatically and is continuing to
`What's more, the availability
`do so now.
`of the premium television signals that
`are transmitted over satellites has been
`In ad-iition, the high
`widely publicized.
`cost of travel makes video teleconferen-
`cing over the satellite a very attractive
`alternative for corporations.
`Government
`deregulation has provided an additional
`incentive to private earth station owner-
`ship by discontinuing licensing require-
`Complete earth stations are now
`ments.
`being promoted for only a few thousand
`dollars and some inventive do-it-your-
`
`0098-3063/81/0631-0636 $00.75 © 1981 IEEE
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`selvers have unlocked the window to "free"
`in-
`movies and to private and privileged
`formation for only a few hundred dollars.
`
`While users of satellites who transmit
`valuable or private programming or infor-
`mation may be looking to legislative
`actions to discourage unauthorized tapping
`of their signals, it is not realistic to
`believe that this will become a practical
`The protection of the private
`solution.
`and privileged information is much too
`vital to the economic success of satellite
`In addition,
`users to be left to chance.
`legal ramifications resulting from signal
`piracy may have far reaching effects on
`For that reason, a system
`these users.
`has been developed utilizing advanced
`encryption and addressability techniques
`The system has received
`and equipment.
`exhaustive testing with a variety of
`satellites (including Westar I & III,
`Satcom I and II, and ANIK-B) and terminal
`equipment and has been successfully com-
`mercially applied for the first time in
`scrambling the satellite TV signals trans-
`mitting the Ali-Holmes and Leonard-Duran
`prizefights in October and November of
`It has also been demon-
`1980 respectively.
`strated at public and private conferences
`in the U.S. and Canada.
`
`The development of this low cost satel-
`lite signal decryption system has used
`scrambling technology similar to that used
`
`in cable and subscription television
`The satellite signal encryption
`systems.
`system offers a new high in the level of
`It is a complete end-to-
`program security.
`end system which provides for the encoding
`of audio and video at the up-link studio
`or control center and decoding of these
`signals at individually selected receive
`The system is fully
`earth stations.
`addressable, allowing for controlled de-
`livery of information to specific decoders.
`Each decoder in the system carries a
`unique code that must be matched with
`digital message transmitted from the up-
`Other features of the system are:
`link.
`
`- Time varying video and audio
`encryption.
`
`- Digitized and encrypted audio.
`
`- Compatible interface levels with
`existing standard satellite earth
`station equipment.
`
`- Standard Baseband TV inputs (at up-
`link) and outputs (at down-link).
`
`- Broadcast quality signal processing.
`
`- Fully proven computer control of
`entire system.
`
`- Multilevel (tiered) program control
`within the secure channel.
`
`L OPERATOR_
`1/0
`TERMINAL
`
`CONTROL
`COMiPUTER
`
`i
`
`j
`
`SATELLITE
`
`SATELLITE
`UP-LINK
`RECEIVER
`
`SATELLITE
`DOWN-LINK
`RECEIVER
`
`Address
`
`Audio/Video
`Crypto Key
`
`Baseband Inptit
`(Unclamped)
`
`Baseband Outptit
`(Unclamped)
`
`, +
`VIDEO
`i'roqram Video
`0--
`PRE-ENCRYPTION
`t
`&AUDIO
`0--
`------*
`ENCRYPTION
`ProDramA Vijio
`(12/8 BIT AUDIO)
`MA
`Secure Addio
`ified
`Video
`(FSK)
`
`_
`
`Ftll1y Encrypted
`Video & Audio
`(1 2/8 bilts)
`
`Fully Encrypted
`Audio and Video
`
`.
`
`POST
`
`ENCRYPTION
`
`Aiod i f i ed
`Video
`
`Sec'r e Audio
`
`Baseband Oustinit
`
`DECRYPTER
`
`P
`
`Audio
`
`Dsrbto
`0gm io
`Prora Vid)
`
`KIECRWAVE
`TRANSMITTER
`
`.-
`
`MICROWAVE
`RECEIVEP
`
`)
`
`STUDIO
`Figure 1
`
`RECEIVE EPRTII STATION
`TRPNS1IIT EARTH SThTION
`Satellite Signal Encryption System
`
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`0. J. Hanas, P. den Toonder, F. Pennypacker: An Addressable Satellite Encryption System for Preventing Signal Piracy
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`
`SYSTEM OPERATION
`
`A block diagram of the satellite sig-
`nal scrambling system is illustrated in
`Figure 1.
`
`It consists of the following subsystems:
`
`A.
`B.
`C.
`
`Control center equipment
`Up-link earth station equipment
`Receiving site equipment
`
`Figures 2 and 3 show photographs of the
`actual encryption and decryption equipment,
`respectively.
`
`- Optional second encrypted audio
`channel.
`
`- Optional data channel and TVRO
`control units.
`
`When an unauthorized viewer attempts to
`tune-in the encoded signal, the video sig-
`nal will appear severely scrambled and
`The digitized and encrypted
`without sync.
`audio channel will be received as white
`Even if the unauthorized viewer
`noise.
`has a decoder system, unless that specific
`decoder has been "turned on" by the up-
`link operator, no decoding will take place
`In addition, decoding intelligence always
`requires two levels of authorization.
`
`Unique information stored in the micro-
`computer memory of each decoder, plus a
`second digital code transmitted as data,
`The encry-?-
`are required for decryption.
`tion can be changed as often as desiree
`and can be varied with time in a pseudo-
`random fashion, under computer control.
`FoT added security, the receive decoders
`are tamper-proof.
`
`The system can provide many levels of
`tiering, permitting a time-shared use of
`multiple satellite transponder channels
`by several classes of authorized sub-
`In addition, any decoder can
`scribers.
`be remotely denied access to all tiers by
`the authorized controlling party.
`
`Figure 3
`
`Decrypter
`
`At the Control Center, the video is
`partially scrambled, the baseband audio is
`digitized and encrypted (using an advanced
`technique similar to that used by banks
`for electronic funds transfers) and the
`addressing information is formatted.
`
`At the up-link earth station, the video
`signal undergoes further encryption to
`completely mask its recognizable features
`There, the address channel,
`for security.
`the encrypted audio and the scrambled
`video are combined, modulated and trans-
`mitted to the satellite.
`
`Figure 2
`
`Encrypter
`
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`At the receive site, a conventional
`satellite receiver (TVRO) converts the
`satellite frequency modulated (FM) signal
`to a baseband TV signal.
`The encrypted
`signal may be distributed throughout an
`entire distribution installation, or it
`
`may be decrypted in the decrypter and
`then distributed.
`
`Table I lists the Major performance para-
`meters of the Satellite Signal Encryption
`System.
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Control and Encryption:
`
`Addressing:
`
`In-Channel
`* Rate: 7,200 subscribers/minute
`* Number of possible subscribers: 2,000,000
`Digital Data within video signal
`* Method:
`* Compatibility:
`Preserves Teletext, Teledon,
`VITS, VIRS, source ID and Captioning.
`
`3.
`
`Video Encryption:
`
`Analog, with time-varying encryption control led
`by central computer.
`
`Video Performance:
`
`Meets RS250-B specification
`
`4.
`
`Audio Encryption:
`
`Audio Performance:
`
`Operational Sequence:
`
`Tiering:
`
`Options:
`
`Applications:
`
`Int erf ace:
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`7.
`
`8.
`
`9 .
`
`10. Input/Output connection:
`
`Digital with time-varying encryption, using
`12 to 8 bits companded.
`12 KHz for 12/8 bit, 60 dB S/N
`Bandwidth
`l.% for 12/8 bit
`for 12/8 bit; Distortion
`Pre-authorize all subscribers
`Send decryption data
`7 tiers are available
`
`A.
`B.
`
`Multichannel Audio
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`One broadcast quality:
`
`One network quality:
`
`Pay program protection
`Secure teleconferencing
`
`12/8 bits digital,
`encrypted
`14 bits digital,
`encrypted
`
`Video Input/Output:
`
`Audio Input/Output:
`
`i v p-p into 75 ohms un-
`baianced 30 Hz - 4.2 NIIz
`0, +10 dBm into 600 ohms
`balanced
`BNC type (video), XLR type (Audio)
`
`11. Power requirement s:
`
`105-130 VAC, 60 Hz
`
`12. Mechanical:
`
`Mounts in standard 19" rack
`3½"!
`high
`Pre-encrrpter:
`Post-encrypter: 3½" higlh
`3½" hi.gh
`Decrvpter:
`PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
`
`TABTE 1
`
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`0. J. Hanas, P. den Toonder, F. Pennypacker: An Addressable Satellite Encryption System for Preventing Signal Piracy
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`635
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`For distribution in a CATV system, the
`decoded signals may be again scrambled,
`using the locally available security sys-
`Addressing, at the CONTROL CENTER,
`tem.
`directs the delivery of the information to
`authorized receivers.
`The digital address-
`ing information is inserted in the video
`during vertical blanking interval.
`
`This digital information consists of
`a series of messages ... one for each de-
`Each message contains a
`coder in use.
`number, which identifies the specific
`decoder, followed by a program authori-
`zation code telling the decoder what
`programs it is to decode.
`The system will
`send out these messages, one after another,
`until all of the decoders have been add-
`Up to 7,200 decoders can be
`ressed.
`(Higher rate of
`addressed in one minute.
`addressing is achievable, if required.)
`The addressing is controlled automatically
`by a computer into which all the authori-
`zation data has been programmed.
`
`RECEIVE SITE
`
`A standard satellite TVRO (television
`receive-only earth station) is used for
`converting the satellite-transponded FM
`signal into a TV signal.
`
`The output of the TVRO contains (at
`baseband) encrypted video and audio signals
`This signal is fed into
`and address data.
`the decoder at standard TV baseband inter-
`After decoding it is
`face levels.
`distributed to the TV monitors, or cable
`system modulators, as required.
`
`PRINCIPLES OF THE ENCRYPTION SYSTEM
`
`The principle behinid the TV signal en-
`cryption system is based on the fact that
`television signals are quite redundant
`and portions of the waveform follow a
`given pattern.
`If these patterns are
`modified, a standard TV receiver will
`become confused and will try to lock on
`With-
`maximum video (which never occurs).
`in the decoder, a circuit extracts a
`hidden and encrypted digital message and
`uses it to restore the normal patterns to
`the scrambled signal, restoring the origi-
`Before this circuit can be
`nal video.
`activated, the decoder must recognize its
`Since
`unique address and decoding data.
`the digital messages are time varied in
`decryption of the
`a pseudo-random fashion,
`signal is essentially impossible by a non-
`authorized decrypter.
`
`The digitized broadcast-quality audio
`signal consists of two bytes sampled at
`To improve sound quality,
`a 31 KHz rate.
`the audio is compressed from 12 to 8 bits
`The 8 bit signal is encrypted,
`per sample.
`The orig-
`inserted in the video signal.
`inal audio subcarrier in the satellite
`channel is unused and open for other
`The optional 14 bit network-
`applications.
`quality audio signal, however, requires
`the use of the subcarrier in the satellite
`It is digi tized using 14 bits
`channel.
`per sample and is encrypted for security.
`FSK modulation of the subcarrier is used
`to trafsmit this digitized encrypted
`audio signal.
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`Orest J. Hanas is Vice President, Satellite Systems,
`He is a graduate in electrical
`Oak Communications Inc.
`engineering (BSEE), 1960 from the University of Mary-
`land and communications engineering (MSEE, 1964) from
`Drexel University.
`
`Prior to joining Oak, he was Manager of RF Engineering
`at RCA Astro-Electronics Division engaged in advanced
`development projects for SATCOM and other satellites.
`Before that, he was a participant with AII Systems and
`Satellite Communications Inc. where he was involved in
`developing satellite communications earth stations and
`Presently he is respon-
`systems at L-band and C-band.
`sible for Oak's satellite signal encryption and decryp-
`tion systems.
`
`He has co-authored
`Mr. Hanas is a member of IEEE.
`three articles in the area of satellite communications
`He holds 2 U.S. and international patents.
`systems.
`
`Ir. Pieter den Toonder is Managing Director, Oak
`Research and Engineering Center, Dordrecht, Holland.
`He is a graduate in electrical engineering (1946)
`from the Netherland Radio Society and holds the IR.
`Degree (1956) from the Delft Institute of Technology.
`He is currently a lecturer at the Technical College
`of Dordrecht.
`
`Ir. den Toonder has authored two books, "Basic
`Electronics for Control Engineering" and "RF Technology":
`and written eight college outlines in the field of
`communications, control engineering and electronics.
`He is a member of IEEE, the Royal Dutch Institute of
`Engineers, the Dutch Society of Radio Engineers and
`He holds
`the Society of Cable Engineers (England).
`7 U.S. and international patents.
`
`Frank C. Pennypacker is Manager, Satellite Systems
`He is a graduate
`Engineering, Oak Communications Inc.
`in electrical engineering (BSEE, 1963) from the
`Prior to joining Oak,
`University of Pennsylvania.
`he was Assistant to the President at Lindsay Specialty
`Products, engaged in the design of CATV products and
`Before that he was chief
`manufacturing management.
`engineer at Triple Crown Electronics and system
`engineer of Metro Cable TV in Toronto.
`
`Presently Mr. Pennypacker is responsible for performance
`integrity and implementation for Oak's satellite signal
`encryption and decryption systems.
`
`He has co-authored a paper in
`He is a member of IEEE.
`He holds 3 U.S. and
`the area of CATV equipment design.
`international patents.
`
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