I
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`T
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 1
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 1
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`
`
`T
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 1
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 1
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`
`
`--- -
`----
`- - - - -
`- ---
`- -
`---
`-_._--
`- - - ---
`--_.,,-
`
`Personal Computer
`Computer Language
`Series
`
`Disk
`Operating
`System
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 2
`
`
`
`(
`I;
`
`First Edition Revised (January 1982)
`
`Changes are periodically. made:to the information herein; these
`changes will be incorporated in new editions of this publication.
`
`Products are not stocked at the address below. Requests for copies of
`. this product and for technical information abollt the system:should
`be made to your authorized IBM Personal Computer Dealer.
`
`A BroductComment Form 'is provided at the back of this
`publication. If this formha:s been removed, address comment to:
`IBM Corp., Personal Computer, P.O. Box 132S-C, Boca Raton,
`Florida 33432. IBM may use or distribute any of the information
`you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring
`any obligations whatever.
`
`©Copyright International.Business Machines Corporation 19S1
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 3
`
`
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Prerequisite Publication
`. .
`Organization of this manual
`Data Security . . . . . . .
`
`CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
`What is DOS?
`. . . . . . . . . .
`What are the parts of DOS?
`A Few Words about Files
`. . .
`What is a file? .. . . . . .
`What can I name my files? .
`How many files can I have?
`How does DOS keep track of my files?
`Why is this information important to me?
`Formatting your diskettes . . . . . . .
`Why you should back up your diskettes
`
`CHAPTER 2. STARTING DOS . . .
`How to Start DOS . . . . . . . . .
`If Your Computer Power is Off
`If Your Computer Power is Already On
`How to Enter the Date
`Specifying the Default Drive
`Automatic Program Execution
`Single-Drive Systems
`Control Keys
`. . . . . . . . .
`DOS Editing Keys . . . . . .
`Examples of Ways to Use DOS Editing
`Keys
`. . . . . . . . . . .
`
`CHAPTER 3. DOS COMMANDS
`Introduction . . . . . . .
`Types of DOS Commands
`Format Notation .. . . .
`DO S Command Parameters
`Reserved Device Names
`Global Filename Characters
`
`vii
`vii
`vii
`. viii
`
`1-1
`1-3
`. 1-3
`1-5
`1-5
`1-5
`1-6
`1-6
`1-6
`1-7
`1-7
`
`2-1
`2-3
`2-3
`2-4
`2-5
`2-6
`2-7
`2-8
`2-10
`2-15
`
`2-19
`
`3-1
`3-3
`3-4
`3-5
`3-6
`3-8
`3-9
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 4
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`
`
`Detailed Descriptions of the DOS Commands
`Information Common to All DOS
`Commands . . . . . . . .
`Batch Processing . . . . . . . . . . .
`The AUTOEXEC.BAT File .. .
`Creating a .BAT File With Replaceable
`Parameters
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Executing a .BAT File With Replaceable
`Parameters
`. . . . . . . . .
`CHKDSK (Check Disk) Command
`COMP (Compare Files) Command
`COpy Command . . . . .
`DATE Command . . . . . . . . .
`DIR (Directory) Command . . . .
`DISKCOMP (Compare Diskette) Command
`DISKCOPY (Copy Diskette) Command
`ERASE Command
`FORMAT Command
`MODE Command ..
`PAUSE Command
`REM (Remark) Command
`RENAME Command
`. .
`.
`SYS (System) Command
`TIME Command . . . . .
`TYPE Command . . . . .
`Summary of DOS Commands
`
`CHAPTER 4. THE LINE EDITOR (EDLIN)
`In troduction . . . . . . . . . . .
`How to Start the EDLIN Program
`The ED LIN Command Parameters
`The ED LIN Commands . . . . . .
`Information Common to All EDLIN
`Commands . . . .
`Append Lines Command
`Delete Lines Command
`Edit Line Command
`End Edit Command . .
`Insert Lines Command
`List Lines Command
`.
`Quit Edit Command
`Replace Text Command
`Search Text Command
`Write Lines Command
`Summary of ED LIN Commands
`
`.
`
`3-12
`
`3-12
`3-14
`3-15
`
`3-16 I
`
`3-17
`3-19
`3-21
`3-23
`3-27
`3-29
`3-32
`3-34
`3-37
`3-38
`3-41
`3-43
`3-44
`3-45
`3-46
`3-47
`3-49
`3-50
`
`4-1
`4-3
`4-4
`4-6
`4-9
`
`4-9
`4-11
`4-12
`4-16
`4-18
`4-19
`4-22
`4-26
`4-27
`4-30
`4-33
`4-34
`
`iv
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 5
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`
`
`CHAPTER 5. THE LINKER (LINK) PROGRAM. 5-1
`Introduction
`5-3
`Files . . . . . .
`5-4
`Input Files .
`5-4
`Output Files
`5-4
`VM.TMP (Temporary File)
`5-5
`Definitions
`.
`5-6
`Segment
`5-6
`Group
`.
`5-7
`Class
`. .
`5-7
`Command Prompts
`5-8
`Detailed Descriptions of the Command
`Prompts
`. . . . . .
`. . . . . . .
`Object Modules:
`Run File: . . . . . . . . . .
`List File [run-filename.MAP] :
`Libraries [ ] :
`Publics [No]: . . . . . . . .
`Line Numbers [No] :
`Stack Size [Object file stack] :
`Load Low [Yes]: . . .
`DSAllocation [No]:
`. .
`Special Command Characters
`How to Start LINK
`. . . . .
`Before You Begin
`. . .
`Example of an Automatic Response File
`Example Linker Session
`. . . . . . . ..
`Load Module Memory Map . . . . . . .
`How to Determine the Absolute Address
`of a Segment
`Messages
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`5-10
`5-10
`5-11
`5-11
`5-12
`5-13
`5-13
`5-13
`5-14
`5-15
`5 -16
`5-17
`5-1 7
`5-19
`5-20
`5-24
`
`5-25
`5-26
`
`CHAPTER 6. THE DEBUG PROGRAM
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .
`How to Start the DEBUG Program
`. . .
`The DEBUG Command Parameters. . .
`The DEBUG Commands . . . . . . . .
`Information Common to All DEBUG
`Commands
`Dump Command
`Enter Command
`Fill Command
`Go Command . .
`Hexarithmetic Command
`Input Command
`Load Command . . . . .
`
`6-1
`6-3
`6-4
`6-6
`6-10
`
`6-10
`6-12
`6-15
`6-1 8
`6-19
`6-22
`6-23
`6-24
`
`v
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`
`
`Move Command
`Name Command
`Output Command
`Quit Command
`. .
`Register Command
`Search Command
`.
`Trace Command
`Unassemble Command
`Write Command
`Summary of DEBUG Commands
`
`APPENDIX A. MESSAGES . . .
`
`APPENDIX B. DOS TECHNICAL
`INFORMATION
`DOS Structure . . . . . .
`DOS Initialization
`. . . .
`The Command Processor
`Replacing the Command Processor
`Available DOS Functions . . . .
`Diskette/File Management Notes
`The Disk Transfer Area (DT A)
`Error Trapping . . . . . . . . .
`General Guidelines . . . . . . .
`Example of Using DOS Functions
`
`APPENDIX C. DOS DISKETTE ALLOCATION
`DOS Diskette Directory . . . . . . . . .
`DOS File Allocation Table . . . . . . . .
`How to Use the File Allocation Table
`
`APPENDIX D. DOS INTERRUPTS AND
`FUNCTION CALLS
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Interrupts
`Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`APPENDIX E. DOS CONTROL BLOCKS AND
`WORK AREAS . . . . . .
`DOS Memory Map . . .
`DOS Program Segment
`File Control Block . . .
`
`APPENDIX F. EXE FILE STRUCTURE AND
`LOADING
`
`INDEX
`
`. .
`
`vi
`
`6-27
`6-28
`6-30
`6-31
`6-32
`6-37
`6-38
`6-40
`6-43
`6-47
`
`A-3
`
`B-1
`B-1
`B-2
`B-3
`B-4
`B-5
`B-6
`B-7
`B-7
`B-8
`B-9
`
`C-l
`C-3
`C-6
`C-8
`
`D-l
`D-l
`D-7
`
`E-l
`E-1
`E-2
`E-7
`
`F-l
`
`.X-1
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 7
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`
`
`Preface
`
`This reference manual explains how to use the IBM
`Personal Computer Disk Operating System (DOS) ..
`It provides information on how to issue commands to
`DOS to create, edit, link, debug, and execute programs.
`
`Prerequisite PUblication.
`
`Regardless of your background or previous programming
`experience, you should look at the Guide to Operations
`before reading this manual. The chapter on "Using
`DOS" should be especially helpful to you before you
`approach the more detailed information that appears in
`this manual.
`
`Organization of this manual
`
`This manual has six chapters and six appendixes.
`
`Chapter I has some introductory information about DOS
`and files.
`
`Chapter 2 contains informatien about starting DOS, as
`well as directions on how to use the control keys and
`DOS editing keys.
`
`Chapter 3 contains detailed descriptions of the
`commands you can issue to DOS. These commands
`enable you to manage files, maintain diskettes, and
`create and execute programs.
`
`Chapter 4 describes how to use the Line Editor (EDLIN)
`program to create, alter, and display source language
`files and text files.
`
`Chapter 5 describes how to use the linker (LINK)
`program to link programs together before execution.
`
`Chapter 6 describes how the DEBUG program pn~vides
`a controlled test environment so you can monitor and
`control the execution of a program to be debugged; by
`altering, displaying, and executing object files.
`
`vii
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`IPR2016-01520
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`
`
`, Appendix A lists messages generated by the programs
`,described in this manual.
`
`Appendix B oon tains general technical infonnation, and
`introouces::the technical ilaformation in Appendixes
`C-E.
`
`Appendix C describes allocation of space on diskettes.
`
`Appendix D describes.thesystem ,interrupts and
`function calls.
`
`App-endix E describes control l3locksand work areas,
`in;cl:udinga Memory Map, Program Segment, and File
`Control Block.
`
`Appendix F contains detailed information about .EXE
`file structure and loading.
`
`Data'Security
`
`The IBM -Personal Computer is a powerful and useful
`tool to hel!) you with your personal and business
`information processing needs. (As with any information
`system:;oinadvertent errors may occur and information
`may be misused.) We suggest that when processing
`sensitive or highly valuable information, you take steps
`to ensure your data .andprograms are protected from
`accidental or unauthorized disclosure,modification,
`destruction or misuse. Simple measures, such as:
`removing diskettes when notinuse, keeping backup
`copies of valuable information, or installing the
`equi'pment in a secure facility, can goa long way to
`maintain the integrity and;privacy of your information.
`
`viii
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 9
`
`
`
`CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
`
`-Contents
`
`What-is DOS?
`. . . .. . . . . .
`What are ,the parts of DOS?
`
`A Few Words about:'Files. . .
`What is a file?
`. . . . . .
`Whatcan I name my files?
`'How many files can I have?
`,How does DOS keep track ,of my files?
`Why:is this information important to me?
`Formatting your diskettes . . . . . . .
`Why Y0u,'Should hack up your diskettes.
`
`. 1-3
`. 1-3
`
`. 1-5
`. 1-5
`. 1-5
`. 1-6
`. 1-6
`. 1-6
`. 1-7
`. 1-7
`
`1-1
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`IPR2016-01520
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`
`
`1-2 1-2
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`IPR2016-01520
`Page 11
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`
`
`What is DOS?
`
`The IBM Personal Computer Disk Operating System
`(DOS) is a collection of programs designed to make it
`easy for you to create and manage files, run programs,
`and use the system devices (for example, the printer
`and the disk drives) attached to your computer.
`
`What are the parts of DOS?
`
`There are four programs on your DOS diskette. These
`four programs are the "heart" of your DOS:
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`The boot record. This program resides at the
`beginning of your diskette. It is automatically
`loaded into memory each time you start DOS.
`The boot record is responsible for loading the
`rest of DOS. It is placed on all diskettes by the
`FORMAT program. FORMAT isa program that
`is supplied with DOS and will be discussed later in
`this chapter, and also in Chapter 3.
`
`The fBMB/O.COM program. IBMBIO.COM is an
`I/O (input/output) device handler program that
`reads and writes data to and from the computer
`memory and the devices attached to the computer.
`This program is on your DOS diskette, but it is
`not listed when you list the files on the diskette.
`IBMBIO.COM is also put on your diskette by the
`FORMAT program and occupies a specific
`location on the diskette.
`
`3.
`
`The fBMDOS.COM program. This program also
`resides on your DOS diskette. Like IBMBIO.COM,
`its filename does not appear when you list the files
`in the directory.
`
`1-3
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
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`
`
`IBMDOS.COM contains a file manager and a series
`of service functions that can be used by any
`program which is designed to run under DOS's
`control.
`
`4. The COMMAND. COM program. The
`COMMAND.COM program is a command processor
`that accepts commands you enter and runs the
`appropriate programs.
`
`All the programs on your DOS diskette are
`designed to run under DOS's control.
`
`1-4
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`
`
`A Few Words about Files
`
`What is a file?
`
`A file is a collection of related information. A file on
`your diskette is like a folder in a file cabinet.
`
`Nearly every business office has one or more filing
`cabinets containing folders of information. Usually all
`the information in a given folder is related. For
`example, one folder might contain the names and
`addresses of all employees. You might name this file
`the Employee Master File. A file on your diskette
`could also contain this information and could also be
`named the Employee Master File.
`
`All the programs on your diskette reside in files, each
`with a unique name. You create a file whenever you
`enter and save data.
`
`Files are kept track of by their names.
`
`What can I name my files?
`
`With few exceptions, you can give your files any names
`you want. Your diskette filenames can be 1-8 characters
`in length and can be followed by a filename extension.
`Filename extensions start with a period and can be 1-3
`characters in length. For example, the Employee Master
`File could be named EMPMSTR.FLE.
`
`Filenames and filename extensions are discussed in
`Chapter 3, in the section called "DOS Command
`Parameters. "
`
`1-5
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`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`
`
`How many files can I have?
`
`Each diskette can contain up to 64 files. Files on your
`diskette vary in size just like files in a file cabinet. If
`your files contain a lot of information, your diskette
`fills up with fewer than 64 files.
`
`How does DOS keep track of my files?
`
`The names of your files are kept on your diskette in a
`system area known as the directory. The directory also
`contains pertinent information concerning the size of
`your files, their location on the diskette, and the dates
`they were created or last updated.
`
`The directory occupies four sectors at a specific
`location on each diskette. For information concerning
`sectors, refer to the "Using DOS" chapter in your Guide
`to Operations.
`
`Next to the directory is a system area known as a File
`Allocation Table. Its job is to keep track of which
`sectors belong to which files. The File Allocation Table
`also keeps track of all available space on the diskette so
`that you can create new files.
`
`Each diskette has one directory and two copies of the
`File Allocation Table. If the system has a problem
`reading the first copy of the File Allocation Table, it
`reads the second.
`
`Why is this information important to me?
`
`How DOS keeps track of your files is important to you
`because these system areas are required on all diskettes
`that DOS is expected to recognize (not just your DOS
`diskette, but your other diskettes as well). The only
`way to get this information on a diskette is to use the
`FORMAT program-it comes on the DOS diskette.
`
`1-6
`
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`IPR2016-01520
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`
`
`Formatting your diskettes
`
`You must format every diskette before it can be used
`by DOS. You do not need to use FORMAT every time
`you want to put information on a diskette-only the
`first time you use a diskette.
`
`FORMAT writes on every sector of your diskette, sets
`up the directory and Fik Allocation Table, and puts the
`boot record program at the beginning of your diskette.
`
`FORMAT also creates a copy of DOS on a new diskette
`if you specify it in your command. This way, you can
`create a diskette containing DOS and have plenty of
`space for your own <data on the same diskette. Keep in
`mind that only DOS files are copied when you run
`FORMAT-Rone of the other files you may have on
`your DOS diskette are copied.
`
`For more information about FORMAT, refer to
`Chapter 3.
`
`Why you should back up your diskettes
`
`IBM strongly recommends that you make backup copies
`of all your diskettes. If a diskette somehow becomes
`damaged, or if files are accidentally erased, y'Ou wilLstill
`have all your information.
`
`Note: Don't forget, if the diskette you plan to use
`as the backup diskette is new, you must FORMAT
`it before you copy infonnation from the existing
`diskette.
`
`1-7
`
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`
`
`There are two ways to create a backup diskette:
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Use the DISKCOPY command: DISKCOPY
`creates an exact image of an entire diskette on
`another diskette. You can use this command to
`either capy the DOS diskette or your own
`diskette. DISKCOPY is the fastest way af co.pying
`a diskette because it capies everything, including
`DOS if it exists, in ane aperation.
`
`Use the COpy cammand to capy all files to. a new
`diskette also. This is a slower method than
`DISKCOPY, but it praduces the same end result
`with one difference-yaur files will be written
`sequentially (ane right after the ather).
`
`If you use COpy and yau want the new diskette to.
`cantain a copy af DOS, yau must first FORMAT
`the diskette with the apprapriate option; then use
`COPY. Unlike DISKCOPY, COpy will not copy
`the system files for you.
`
`Note: If either diskette involved in the capy
`has defective tracks, ar if the diskette you
`want to. capy fram has had a large amount of
`file creatian/erasure activity, the COPY
`method is recammended. COpy compensates
`for the randam placement o.f data caused by
`the creatian/erasure activity and results in
`better performance.
`
`The dates stared in the directary for each file are
`unaffected by copying, whether yau use COpy ar
`DISKCOPY.
`
`Far more infarmatian abaut the COpy and DISKCOPY
`commands, refer to Chapter 3.
`
`Now that you are more familiar with DOS and files,
`let's start up DOS.
`
`1-8
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`Page 17
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`
`
`CHAPTER 2. STARTING DOS
`
`Contents·
`
`How to Start DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`If Your Computer Power is. Off
`. . . .
`If Your Computer Power is Already- On
`How to Enter the Date
`Specifying the Default Drive
`
`Autom'atic Program Execution
`
`Single-Drive Systems
`
`Control Keys
`
`. . . .
`
`2-3
`2-3
`2-4
`2-5
`2-6
`
`2-7
`
`2-8
`
`2-10
`
`2-15
`DOS Editing Keys
`Exam pIes of Ways to Use DOS Editing Keys . 2-19
`
`2-1
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`
`
`2-2
`
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`
`
`How to Start DOS
`
`There are two ways to start DOS:
`
`•
`
`•
`
`If your computer power is off
`
`If your computer power is already on
`
`If Your Computer Power is Off
`
`1.
`
`Insert your DOS diskette in drive A.
`
`2. Close the drive door.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`If you have a printer, place the power switch
`in the on position.
`
`If your monitor has a separate power switch,
`place the power switch in the on position.
`
`Place the system unit power switch in the on
`position.
`
`2-3
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`
`
`If Your Computer Power is Already On
`
`1.
`
`Insert your DOS diskette in drive A.
`
`2. Close the drive door.
`
`3.
`
`Press and hold both the Ctrl and Alt keys;
`then, press the Del key. Release the three
`keys. This procedure is known as a system
`reset.
`
`Either of these procedures automatically loads DOS into
`memory. Loading DOS takes from 3 to 45 seconds,
`depending on the memory size.
`
`Once DOS is loaded, DOS searches your DOS diskette
`for the COMMAND.COM program and loads it into
`memory. Remember, the COMMAND program is a
`command processor that accepts commands you enter
`and runs the appropriate programs.
`
`Now you must enter the date.
`
`2-4
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
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`
`
`How to Enter the Date
`
`When the command processor is loaded, the following
`message will be displayed:
`
`Enter today's date (m-d-y):_
`
`where:
`
`m is a one- or two-digit number from 1-12
`d is a one- or two-digit number from 1-31
`y is a two-digit number from 80-99 (the 19 is assumed),
`or a four-digit number from 1980-2099.
`
`Any date is acceptable as today's date as long as the
`digits are in the correct ranges and the delimiters
`(separators) between the numbers are either slashes
`(/) or hyphens (-).
`
`If you enter an invalid date or delimiter, the system
`repeats the date prompt.
`
`After you enter a valid date, you see this:
`
`The IBM Personal Computer DOS
`Version 1.00 (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1981
`A>
`
`The command processor is now ready to accept your
`commands. The date you enter is recorded in the
`directory entry for any files that you create or change.
`
`A> is the DOS prompt from the command processor.
`Whenever you see A>, the system is waiting for you to
`enter a command.
`
`You have now completed the steps for starting DOS.
`
`Note: If you did not receive the system messages
`described, repeat the steps for starting DOS.
`
`2-5
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 22
`
`
`
`Specifying the Default Drive
`
`The A in the prompt designates the default drive. DOS
`searches the diskette located in the default drive to find
`any filenames that you enter unless you specify another
`drive.
`
`You can change the default drive in the prompt by
`entering the new designation letter followed by a colon.
`For example:
`
`A>
`A>B:
`B>
`
`(original prompt)
`(new drive designation)
`(new prompt)
`
`Now, B is the default drive. DOS searches the diskette
`located in drive B to find any filenames that you enter,
`unless you specify a drive.
`
`Remember, if you do not specify a drive when you enter
`a filename, the system automatically searches the
`diskette located in the default drive.
`
`2-6
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 23
`
`
`
`Automatic Program Execution
`
`You may want to start a specific program every time
`you start DOS. You can do this with the DOS command
`processor by using automatic program execution.
`
`Every time you start up DOS, the command processor
`searches for a file named AUTOEXEC.BAT on the DOS
`diskette. This filename is special because it refers to a
`batch file that is automatically executed whenever you
`start the system. With this facility, you can execute
`programs or commands immediately every time you
`start DOS.
`
`If DOS finds the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, the file is
`immediately executed by the command processor. The
`date prom"pt will be bypassed.
`
`If DOS does not find the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, it
`issues the date prDmpt:· Refer to "Batch Processing" in
`Chapter 3 for details on how to create an
`AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
`
`2-7
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 24
`
`
`
`Single-Drive Systems
`
`On:a single-drive system, you enter the commands the
`same way'you would on a multi..;drive system.
`
`You should think of the single-drive system as having
`two drives-(drive A and drive B). Instead of A and B
`representing two physical drives as on a multi-drive
`system,the A and B represent diskettes.
`
`If you specify drive B when the "drive A diskette" was
`last used, you are prompted to insert the diskette for
`drive B. For exam pIe:
`
`A>COPY COMMAND.COM B:
`Insert diskette for drive B:
`and strike any key when ready
`1 File(s) copied
`A>_
`
`If you specify drive A when the "drive -B diskette" was
`last used, you are again prompted to change diskettes.
`This time, the system prompts you to insert the "drive
`A diskette."
`
`The same procedure is used if a command is executed
`from a batch file. The system waits for you to insert
`the appropriate diskette and press any key before it
`continues.
`
`Note: Rememberthat the letter displayed in the
`system prompt represents the default drive where
`DOS looks to find a file whose name is entered
`without a drive specifier. The letter in the system
`prompt does not represent the last diskette used.
`
`For example, assume that A: is the default drive.
`If the last operation performed was DIR B:, DOS
`believes the "drive B diskette" is still in the drive;
`however, the system prompt is still A> because A
`is still the default drive. If you issue DIR A:,
`DOS prompts you for the "drive A diskette."
`
`2-8
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 25
`
`
`
`Now that you know how to start the system and specify
`drives, you should learn about the keys on your
`keyboard that you can use with DOS.
`
`2-9
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 26
`
`
`
`Control Keys'
`
`Use the.. control keys when you are entering commands
`or input lines to any program. Where two keys are
`specified; fOE e-xample Ctrl-Break, you must press and'
`hold down the first key ang·then press the- second key.
`
`Here is a summary of the control keys, their function}:_
`andtineir-Iocatiofl on the keyboard:
`
`Control Key
`
`Function
`
`This: is the Enter key. Once you press the
`Enter key, the displayed line is sent to the
`req uesting program.
`
`Ctrl,;.Break
`
`Ends the current operation.
`
`2-10
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 27
`
`
`
`Control Key
`
`Function
`
`Ctrl-Enter
`
`Allows you to go to the next display line
`on the screen to continue entering the
`line being typed.
`
`Ctrl-NumLock
`
`Suspends system operation. You must press
`any character key to resume operation. This
`is useful when a large amount of screen
`output is being generated. You can press
`Ctrl-NumLock to temporarily suspend the
`display of your output so you can review
`it. You can then press any other character
`key to restart the display.
`
`2-11
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 28
`
`
`
`Control Key
`
`Function
`
`Ctrl-PrtSc
`
`These keys serve as an on/off switch for
`sending display output to the printer as
`well as to the screen.
`
`You can press these keys to print display
`output on the printer and press them
`again to stop printing display output on
`the printer.
`
`Although this allows the printer to function
`as a system log, it slows down some
`operations because the computer waits
`during the printing.
`
`Note: This function is disabled when
`you run Disk and Advanced BASIC.
`
`2-12
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 29
`
`
`
`Control Key
`
`Function
`
`Esc
`
`Cancels the current line and moves to the
`next display line. A back slash (\) is
`displayed to indicate the cancelled line.
`
`Shift-PrtSc
`
`Sends a copy of what is currently displayed
`on the screen to the printer. This, in
`effect, prints a "snapshot" of the screen.
`
`2-13
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 30
`
`
`
`Control Key
`
`Function
`
`Backspaces and removes a character from
`the screen. This is the key to the left of
`NumLock, not key 4 on the numeric
`keypad.
`
`2-14
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 31
`
`
`
`DOS Editing Keys
`
`Use the DOS ooiting keys to make corrections to
`commands and input lines as they are being entered.
`
`The DOS editing keys are used to edit within a line.
`The.· Line Editor (EDLIN) program operates on complete
`lines within a file or document. When you are working
`withEDLIN;£lnd want to edit within a line; however,
`use the DOS editing keys. For more information about
`EDLIN, refer to Chapter 4.
`
`Note: Some word processing programs define
`special editing rules; therefore, the DOS editing
`keys may not work as described in this chapter.
`You can also define special editiNg rules when
`using the BASIC Program Editor used while
`, programming in BASIC.
`
`Any line you enter from the keyboard is retained in an
`input buffer when you press'·Enter. The line is then
`made available to your program for processing.
`
`Since the line remains in the input buffer, you can use
`'that .line as a template for editing purposes .. The ~DOS
`editing keys operate on that copy of the line. You
`can::repeat ·or change the line by usinR.the DOS~editing
`keys, or you can enter an entirely new line.
`
`Here is a summary ofihe DOS editing keys, their
`function, and their location on the keyboard:
`
`2-15
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 32
`
`
`
`DOS EditingKey Function.
`
`Del
`
`Skips over one character in the template.
`The cursor does not move.
`
`Esc
`
`Cancels the line'currentIy being displayed.
`The template remains unchanged.
`
`Copies one character from the tern pIa te
`and displays it.
`
`2-16
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 33
`
`
`
`DOS Editing Key Function
`
`F2
`
`Copies all characters up to' a specified
`chara'ctec
`
`F3
`
`Copies all remaining characters from the
`template to ,the screen.
`
`F4
`
`Skips over all characters up to a specified
`character. (F4is the opposite of F2.)
`
`2-17
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 34
`
`
`
`DOS Editing, Key
`
`Function
`
`F5
`
`,Accepts an ,;edited 'line for, continued
`~editing~the, currently displayed line
`becomes"the template, but it is not sent
`to the n~questing'program.
`
`Ins
`
`Allows ,you to insert characters within a
`line.
`
`'I::, IU-\Uor-\'r-','"
`
`~,,~ur.-c..r.;--L.(ULl7~-""'-J':'
`
`F1
`
`Fa
`
`F9
`
`Fi'6
`
`11r---~~--------~--~I~~,
`
`2-18
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 35
`
`
`
`Examples of Ways to Use DOS Editing Keys
`
`The following examples show how you use the DOS
`editing keys with the Line Editor (EDLIN) program.
`
`If you want to try these examples, you must use the
`EDLIN program. The EDLIN program is on your DOS
`diskette and is discussed in Chapter 4. You do not have
`to review the EDLIN chapter to complete these
`examples-just follow the steps provided.
`
`Note: Because the DOS diskette shipped with
`your IBM Personal Computer is write protected,
`you cannot create the file used in the following
`examples on that diskette. You must use a copy
`of your DOS diskette to complete these examples.
`Refer to the section called "Write Protect Notch"
`in the DOS section of your Guide to Operations
`for more information about write protected
`diskettes.
`
`To Start EDLIN:
`
`1.
`
`Insert your DOS diskette into drive A.
`
`2. Create a file named EXAMPLES.
`
`2-19
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 36
`
`
`
`If you want the EXAMPLES file to reside on the
`diskette in your default drive, enter:
`
`ED LIN EXAMPLES
`
`or
`
`If you want the EXAMPLES file to reside on the
`diskette in another drive, you must specify the
`drive, as in:
`
`EDLIN B:EXAMPLES
`
`This command tells DOS to load the ED LIN
`program and create a file called EXAMPLES.
`
`The following message and prompt will be
`displayed:
`
`New file
`*
`
`Notice that the prompt for EDLIN is an asterisk
`(*).
`
`3. Now, enter the letter I.
`
`This tells EDLIN that you want to begin inserting
`lines in the file named EXAMPLES.
`
`The screen looks like this:
`
`New file
`*1
`
`1:*_
`
`4. Type This is a mail order file. on line I and press
`Enter.
`
`2-20
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 37
`
`
`
`5.
`
`Type Editing is easy. on line 2 and press Enter.
`
`You now have two lines of text in your
`EXAMPLES file.
`
`6.
`
`Press the Ctrl-Break keys.
`
`Pressing Ctrl-Break will end the insert mode of
`operation and return you to the EDLIN prompt.
`
`7.
`
`Enter the number 1.
`
`This tells EDLIN that you want to display line 1
`on the screen.
`
`The screen looks like this:
`
`1 :*This is a mailorder file.
`1 :*
`
`You are now ready to begin the examples.
`
`Note: If you encounter any problems while trying
`these examples, press the Ctrl-Break keys. The
`EDLIN prompt will be displayed and you can start
`over.
`
`Example 1
`
`Let's delete the first two characters in the word This and
`then copy the remainder of the line.
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Press the Del key twice to delete the first two
`characters.
`
`Press F3 to copy the remainder of the line to the
`screen. The screen looks like this:
`
`1 :*This is a mailorder file.
`1 :*is is a mailorder file.
`
`2-21
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 38
`
`
`
`If you want to continue with the next example:
`
`1.
`
`Press Ctrl-Break to return to the EDLIN prompt.
`(The changes you made to line I will not be
`saved.)
`
`2.
`
`Enter the number 1.
`
`Example 2
`
`Now we'll change line I; then, using Esc, we will cancel
`the change. A back slash (\) will be displayed to
`indicate that the displayed line has been cancelled.
`
`Note: If the insert mode is on, the system
`automatically turns it off when you use Esc.
`
`The screen looks like this:
`
`1: *This is a mail order file.
`1 :*
`
`To change line I to Sample file:
`
`1.
`
`Type Sample file, but do not press Enter.
`
`1 :*This is a mailorder file.
`1 :*Sample file_
`
`2.
`
`To cancel the line we just entered, press the Esc
`key.
`
`l:*This is a mailorder file.
`1 :*Sample file\
`
`Now we can continue to edit the original line
`This is a mailorder file.
`
`3.
`
`Press F3 to copy the original line to the screen.
`
`2-22
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1066
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 39
`
`
`
`The screen looks like this:
`
`1 :*This is a mailorder file.
`1 :*Sample file\
`This is a mailorder file._
`
`If you want to continue with the next example:
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Press Ctrl-Break to return to t
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