322
`
`IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. SAC-1, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1983
`
`An Experimental Telecommunications Test Bed
`
`G.D. BERGLAND, MEMBER, IEEE
`
`Abstract-Although the computer and telecommunications in(cid:173)
`dustries have traditionally represented two very different cultures,
`recent advances in circuit and system technology have blurred many
`of their past distinctions. A digital system test bed environment has
`been implemented that not only supports but encourages the use of
`terminal, switching, and processing capabilities for both computing
`and communicating.
`One of our major goals was to provide a test bed environment for
`conducting telecommunications terminal (teleterminal) experiments
`in the context of work, school, home, and play. Model scenarios for
`each environment are briefly described. Physically, the experimental
`environment is a blend of model shop and commercial systems and
`components. Adaptability and versatility have been given higher
`priority than manufacturability. The testing of concepts is deemed
`more relevant than the testing of components. The resulting en(cid:173)
`vironment does not model all of the application areas but has provided
`a wealth of illustrative data and insights that are described in
`companion papers.
`
`I. INTRODUCTION
`
`MANY of the past distinctions between computer and tele(cid:173)
`
`communications technology have been blurred by the
`increased application of digital integrated circuit technology to
`control and transmission within modern telecommunications
`systems. As Robert Lucky once said,
`
`"Computers and telephones have been living together too
`long. It's time they got married."
`
`With this marriage, future telecommunications terminals could
`retrieve information from computer databases; they could
`store and retrieve voice messages stored in digital mass memo(cid:173)
`ries; they could be used for text editing electronic mail; they
`could be used for encrypting private messages and files; they
`would use computer graphics techniques to display advertise(cid:173)
`ments [ 1] , [2] . These are all things that could be provided in
`the context of the existing telecommunications network.
`
`II. NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
`
`At Bell Laboratories, the digital services test bed environ(cid:173)
`ment that has been created forms a framework for innovating
`and evaluating a host of service concepts for both the home
`and office. The basic hardware components of the test bed
`are an experimental digital switch (XDS), a commercial multi(cid:173)
`processor minicomputer, and a variety of experimental tele(cid:173)
`terminals. While many of the initial services would be most
`useful in an office enviroment ( e.g., electronic call memo),
`many seem particularly relevant to the residential environment
`as well.
`
`Manuscript received May 10, 1982; revised September 13, 1982.
`This paper was presented at the National Telecommunications Confer(cid:173)
`ence, New Orleans, LA, December 1981.
`The author is with the Digital Systems Research Department, Bell
`Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.
`
`A. The Experimental Digital Switch-
`
`The experimental digital switch (XDS) [3], [ 4] was de(cid:173)
`signed by C. Christensen and H. G. Alles and built by members
`of R. W. Lucky's Computer Systems Research Laboratory (see
`Fig. 1). The unique heart of the XDS system is the intelligent
`network [5]. Instead of just passing samples through, it can
`transform data on the fly to provide conferencing, encryption,
`amplification, padding, and companded to linear sample con(cid:173)
`version. In the intelligent network, a two-way voice connection
`is effected by executing two network processor instructions
`each sample period that move the incoming sample of one
`subscriber to the outgoing memory location of the other sub(cid:173)
`scriber and vice-versa. This makes switching a simple series of
`read and write operations. Each sample received from the sub(cid:173)
`scriber contains eight bits of digitally encoded voice informa(cid:173)
`tion and eight bits that may be used for either customer or
`system data. By including appropriate masking operations,
`the voice part of a sample can be treated completely independ(cid:173)
`ently of the data part of the sample. Thus, multiple simulta(cid:173)
`neous voice and data connections can be supported with ease.
`The limiting resource in this network is not voice paths but
`network processor instructions. Since very low data rate con(cid:173)
`nections require very few instructions per sample period ( on
`the average), costs could be allocated on the basis of bit rate
`as well as holding time. Thus, a 24 hour data call from a tele(cid:173)
`terminal could be dealt with economically without overload(cid:173)
`ing the network. This is very important since the traffic char(cid:173)
`acteristics of voice and data calls can differ dramatically.
`
`B. The UNIX1 System on a NonStop 2 Computer
`The UNIX operating system environment [6] has found
`wide use in a variety of time sharing, word processing, and
`data processing applications. Until recently, it was only avail(cid:173)
`able on single processor computer systems but now has been
`successfully emulated by D. L. Bayer and A. M. Usas on a
`nonstop multiprocessor computer system built by the Tandem
`Computer Company [7].
`The Tandem system architecture is designed to tolerate any
`single system fault without interfering with the user program.
`This is accomplished by providing redundant hardware that
`can be configured for the n + l sparing of any major system
`component (see Fig. 2). A networking package is available for
`connecting up to 25 5 systems of 16 processors each, together
`into one large distributed computing network.
`The UNIX system on Tandem provides many of the word
`processing, electronic mail, encryption, etc., programs needed
`to support computer-enhanced telecommunications.
`
`1 UNIX is an unregistered trademark of Bell Laboratories.
`2 NonStop is a trademark of the Tandem Computer Company.
`
`0733-8716/83/0200-0322$01.00 © 1983'1EEE
`
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`BERGLAND: EXPERIMENTAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TEST BED
`
`323
`
`111
`lllUFACE
`IMrl
`
`111 -(cid:173)art
`
`IITELL.EIT
`lllTWDll1l
`
`-EIIDR ------
`
`11T
`l'IIDCEIIDR
`
`121
`/D CHANNEL
`
`NITAL
`Fl.YER
`121
`lllD ORDER
`IECTIDH
`
`\ \
`
`\
`\
`\
`
`I
`I
`
`I I I
`
`----
`
`- -
`CDRTRDL
`-EIIDR
`
`/ ,
`•ULTI
`CHA-L
`ma
`Ill
`CUCII
`
`. . DOW
`HPl'ED
`.E .. IT
`
`14 t
`
`Fig. 1. The experimental digital switch.
`
`Home Terminal
`
`S t and a rd o •••
`Television
`:::
`i..------
`Receiver
`
`Adaptor
`
`DD•
`
`•••
`•••
`•••
`Keypad
`
`Fig. 3. A videotex terminal configuration.
`
`PROCESSOR 1
`
`PROCESSOR 2
`
`PRDCEISOI I
`
`- - · - - CONTROLLER
`
`_ _ . . _ _ _ CDNTIIILLER
`
`Fig. 4. An integrated teleterminal.
`
`Fig. 2. The Tandem computer system.
`
`D. The Human Interface
`
`C. Telecommunications Terminals
`A variety of model shop and general trade terminals have
`been considered for our digital services test bed facility. A rep(cid:173)
`resentative videotex terminal configuration is shown in Fig. 3.
`The Prestel system in England [8] currently uses terminals
`of this type for accessing pages of information stored in a
`central database that is maintained and administered by the
`telephone company (i.e., the British Post Office). Thus, the
`telephone company acts as a common carrier of pages of in(cid:173)
`formation that are downloaded to the Prestel terminal. Plans
`for the future include adding local intelligence to the terminal
`and then downloading computer programs (telesoftware) on
`call as well.
`A more integrated experimental teleterminal has been built
`by Hagelbarger, Thompson, and others [9], [10] (see Fig. 4).
`This telecommunications terminal assumes separate data
`and voice connections. While these connections are logically
`distinct, they may physically be sharing one common voice
`circuit to the central office where they will be switched as
`separate entitles. The cathode ray tube display (CRT) is used
`as both a general purpose display and for providing relabel(cid:173)
`able function keys.
`For most applications only alphanumeric characters would
`be displayed but color and graphics capabilities could be pro(cid:173)
`vided for high-end terminals.
`
`Human factors elements are being studied that relate to
`both the users and developers of test bed services [ 11] , [ 12] ,
`[ 13] . Of critical importance are studies dealing with how
`people can and will use these services. Are people willing to
`search through directory trees?
`One recurring theme is the importance of providing sets
`of features that support each other in providing a truly inte(cid:173)
`grated service. Privacy issues are just now starting to look
`tractable. The task of developing techniques for modifying
`software quickly and correctly continues to be of critical
`importance [14], [15].
`
`III. NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
`
`The new telecommunications services described here could
`be broadly categorized as computer-enhanced telephony. In
`most cases, they assume the existence of a home telecommuni(cid:173)
`cations terminal, a telephone network that will simultaneously
`accommodate data and voice, and reliable data storage and
`processing facilities which appear to be provided from within
`the telecommunications network. Most of the technology re(cid:173)
`quired for implementing these services exists in our test bed
`enviroment today, but several raise interesting human factors
`and sociological questions that may be critical to their value
`and acceptance. In this section, computer-enhanced telecom(cid:173)
`munications services are discussed in the contexts of work,
`school, home, and play.
`
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`324
`
`IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. SAC-1, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1983
`
`A. Work
`Scenario: Harry is an expediter. He makes things happen.
`He gets things· done. If he does not get the right material to the
`right place at the right time, the assembly line shuts down and
`everyone knows it is his fault. On the other hand, if he keeps
`too much material in stock, he ties up too much capital. His
`effectiveness is largely a·function of how well and how quickly
`he can communicate with several hundred suppliers.
`Harry is calling his pal John who works for the Quality
`Paper Company. He is using an integrated teleterrninal with re(cid:173)
`labelable buttons. First he pushes the button labeled personal
`directory, then suppliers, then Quality Paper, then John. By
`pushing the appropriate buttons, Harry was able to place a call
`to John by just traversing his personal directory tree. The se(cid:173)
`quence of frames that appears on his teleterminal is represented
`schematically in Fig. S. While the telephone is ringing, the
`personal assistant node (shown as the first frame of Fig. 6)
`comes up on the screen automatically.
`Unfortunately John has "stepped away from his desk" so
`Harry will have to "try again later." But Harry does not like to
`play that game so he leaves John a call memo. He pushes the
`send call memo button, checks off the boxes for called and
`please call, then types in the message "IMPORTANT!" Alter(cid:173)
`natively he could have pushed send voice message and recorded
`a voice message for later delivery.
`Later, John returns to his office and notes that there is a
`message waiting (see Fig. 7). He pushes his read message but(cid:173)
`ton, selects Harry's message, and finally, by pushing the make
`call button, he returns the call.
`Note that neither Harry nor John ever had to know each
`others phone number. John's number was stored in Harry's
`personal directory and Harry's number was automatically left
`for John along with the call memo.
`John and Harry are finally connected in a critically im(cid:173)
`portant voice. conversation. Harry asks, "Who's driving for
`bowling tonight?"
`System Issues: When Harry first went to make a call he
`merely pushed a button and started traversing his directory
`tree [9]. His voice line was not in use, but one of his data
`lines had been up since he logged in last Monday. Note also
`. that Harry's personal directory had to be stored on a com(cid:173)
`puter database. The delivery of the call memo implies either
`common access to a central computer or computer-to-com(cid:173)
`puter communication initiated at Harry's request. Notice that
`it would have been just as convenient for Harry to send a voice
`message as a text memo. This implies that some sort of voice
`storage system (VSS) is available [ 16] .
`
`B. School
`
`Scenario: Mary is working toward her Master's degree in
`business administration. She has just completed a self-paced
`programmed learning sequence on sociological problems that
`influence work performance. During the past several weeks
`she has worked her way through the programmed text using
`her teleterrninal. Each chapter of the course included an on(cid:173)
`line quiz that automatically directed her back through pre(cid:173)
`viously studied material or advanced her to new material as
`appropriate (see Fig. 8).
`
`D Barllara
`1K1
`
`John
`
`D
`IZJ
`
`PBS Corp
`
`Quality Paper
`
`D
`
`Suppliers
`
`Friends
`
`O
`IZ)
`D Directory
`1ZJ
`Personal Directory
`O Personal Assistant
`O New Services
`
`D
`
`Fig. S. Harry's personal directory.
`
`D
`D
`
`I
`I
`Type In
`I
`Message:
`I
`: IMPORTANTI
`I
`I
`I
`
`Dane
`
`~
`
`Dane
`
`~
`
`IKI
`IZI
`
`CaUed
`
`Please Call
`
`D
`IKI
`D
`D
`
`Read Message
`
`Send Call Memo
`
`Send Voice Message
`
`Consult Calendar
`
`D
`
`Fig. 6. Harry leaves a message.
`
`Make Cati'
`
`00
`D Send CaH Memo
`
`I
`HARRY
`I
`CALLED
`I
`I
`PLEASE
`I
`CALL
`I
`I IMPORTANT!
`I
`I
`I
`
`D
`
`D
`
`HARRY
`
`00
`D
`
`•••
`MESSAGE
`WAITING
`
`• ••
`
`O
`
`IX!
`D
`D
`D
`
`Read Message
`
`Send Call Memo
`
`Send Voice Msg.
`
`ConsuH Calendar
`
`Fig. 7.
`
`John returns Harry's call.
`
`TEST
`
`In the USA
`alcoboUsm
`decreases tbe
`tile span
`
`years.
`
`D
`
`D
`
`D
`D
`D
`D
`
`Alcubutlsm is lbe biggest
`health problem aHer heart
`disease and cancer. In the
`USA it decreases lbe life
`span 10· 12 years.
`
`continue
`
`Fig. 8. Programmed learning session.
`
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`BERG LAND: EXPERIMENT AL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TEST BED
`
`System Issues: The on-line library of programmed learning
`courses and reference material is clearly something Mary wants
`to access but doesn't want to maintain. One shared database
`that could interface with a variety of different teleterminals
`would be very desirable here. Since much of the information
`may be generated, updated, and accessed from different
`regions of the country, a·geographically distributed implemen(cid:173)
`tation may be desirable.
`
`C. Home
`Scenario: Mrs. Brown is very interested in services that can
`save her time. As we look in, Mrs. Brown has just done her
`menu planning for the week using a modular teleterminal that
`uses her kitchen TV set as the display device. The food service
`program that she used [17] consults both her private file of
`recipes and a listing of nutritionally balanced recipes supplied
`by the state university home economics extension service (see
`Fig. 9).
`.
`She has selected recipes that meet the salt free dietary con(cid:173)
`straints of her husband and provide the nutritional needs of
`her growing teenage son.
`At the end of the menu planning session, the food service
`program automatically forms a shopping list of items that she
`will need during the next week.
`System Issues: The food service program used by Mrs.
`Brown uses both a personal database of her own favorite
`recipes plus a public database provided by an information
`provider. Any given meal may include entries from both
`sources so they should have a consistent and convenient user
`interface. Presumably, a fee could be charged for accessing
`the recipes provided by the extension service.
`Finding the calorie count and nutritional value of each food
`item is conveniently delegated to the computer during the
`selection process. It can recommend portion sizes for each
`family member or can recommend substitutions based on
`historical preferences.
`
`D. Play
`
`Scenario: John Smith and his son Junior have gone all out
`in obtaining the latest and most elaborate telecommunications
`terminals money can buy for their game room. For starters,
`there is a small color bridge terminal with graphic output and
`touch screen input. This sounds nice, but it is nothing com(cid:173)
`pared to the great American dream machine sitting in the
`corner.
`Tonight John dials into gamenet [18] and is soon involved
`. in a game of duplicate bridge with a fellow from Detroit and
`two women from Cleveland. The matching shows a small
`spread in national master points so it promises to be an exciting
`game. Since duplicate bridge can be serious business, the con(cid:173)
`ference voice circuit connection is only put up between hands
`for the post mortem analyses. This voice conference connection
`gives you a chance to explain to your partner why you opened
`one club on a hand that 95 percent of the other players opened
`with two spades. Fortunately, this talk all ends when the
`dealer pushes the next hand button. Only the data conference
`connection stays up during the play.
`Meanwhile, Junior is plugged into the great American dream
`machine. It has a 5 foot by 8 foot screen, stereoscopic vision,
`
`325
`
`SUGGESTIONS ?
`
`1. APPETIZER
`
`7. MAIN DISH
`----'------.ti.• .. VEGETABLE
`DIETARY CONSTRAINTS
`
`SALAD
`
`1. SALT FREE
`
`7. VEGETARIAN ACCENTS
`DESSERT
`
`- - - - ' - - - - - - " " - : · DIABETIC
`WHICH MEAL
`KOSHER
`
`BEVERAGE
`
`1. BREAKFAST
`
`COMPOSE MENU
`
`BLAND
`
`2. LUNCH
`
`3. DINNER
`
`1. TODAY
`
`7. THURSDAY
`
`----'------..t1.•· FRIDAY
`FOOD SERVICE
`
`SATURDAY
`NAME DATE
`
`1. REVIEW MENU
`
`2. COMPOSE MENU
`
`3. ENTER RECIPE
`
`4. UPDATE RECIPE
`
`Fig. 9. Food service.
`
`Fig. 10.
`
`Junior's Starfire 7 spaceship.
`
`and quadraphonic sound. Tonight he is off exploring with his
`space buddy Joey who lives in Seattle. Junior is flying a nice
`sleek Starfire 7 spaceship (see Fig. 10).
`Suddenly he is caught in a space warp that blocks his vision
`and damages his instruments. He seems doomed b11t Joey
`miraculously talks him through it to the relief of one and all.
`System Issues: Entertainment is one of the most likely
`reasons families will purchase a teleterminal in the first place.
`Apparently, the most heavily used services offered by the
`
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`IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. SAC-1, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1983
`
`Prestel information providers, thus far, are their games, even
`though they are confined to those that can be supported by
`calling up new pages of preformated information. The addition
`of processing p9wer plus' being able to play against real people;
`instead of just computers, would seem to be much more ex(cid:173)
`citing.
`By tearing down the voice connection during the duplicate
`bridge play, inadvertent signals between partners would be
`omitted and the telecommunications costs could be reduced
`substantially if the network supported low data rate con(cid:173)
`nections.
`Bridge is classified as an I move you move game [ 19] ,
`meaning that response time requirements do not influence the
`outcome of the game. Junior's space exploration game is quite
`the opposite. It is classified as a simultaneous action game and
`as such the response time of his terminal and the response
`time of the computer mediating this game can influence the
`outcome. Many of these problems are best solved by providing
`most of the compute-power locally while minimizing the
`amount 'of data which must pass ove; the network [20].
`
`IV. CONCLUSIONS
`Most of the technology for providing computer-enhanced
`telecommunicatio11s services for work, school, home, and play
`is rapidly becoming a reality. Early indications from the Prestel
`system in England are that the things they are least well suited
`to provide (games) are selling the best. In France, an electronic
`directory service is being planned which could eliminate the
`need for printing and distributing phone books. In this country
`Knight-Ridder and AT&T are cooperating in a trial where the
`newspaper provides the information and the telephone com(cid:173)
`pany delivers it-electronically.
`In the scenarios discussed, a number of technology themes
`kept recurring. They were the need for concurrent data and
`voice paths charged for by the bit, the need for a network of
`computer systems which approach the reliability and availabil(cid:173)
`ity requirements of current communications systems, the
`need for a variety of telecommunication terminal options, and,
`most important of all, the need for a good human interface.
`
`ACKNOWLEDGMENT
`Many of the ideas presented here were distilled from the
`thoughts and inputs of other people. Of particular note are the
`thoughts and philosophy of R. A. Thompson, R. D. Gordon, D.
`W. Hagelbarger, and P. S. Kubik regarding teleterminal services
`in general, plus inputs provided by R. W. Lucky and H. G.
`Alles on multiplayer game networks.
`
`REFERENCES
`[I] N. H. Goguen, · ·Electronic information services system,·· in Proc.
`Nat. Electron. Conf., vol. 33, Oct. 1979, pp. 403-405.
`[2] G. D. Bergland, "Looking ahead, .. Te/co-Digest. vol. 7, pp. 35-
`44, Aug.-Sept. 1979.
`[3 J R. W. Lucky, "Flexible experimental digital switching, .. in Proc.
`
`[71
`
`IEEE Int. Sem. Digital Commun., Zurich, Switzerland, Mar. I 978,
`pp. A4. l-A4.4.
`[4] R. D. Gordon, "An overview of a flexible digital switching sys(cid:173)
`tem,"
`in Proc. Commun. Techniques· Sem., Princeton Univ.,
`Princeton, NJ, Mar. 1979, pp. 2. l-2.5.
`·
`·
`[5] H. G. Alles, ··An intelligent network processor for a digital central
`office," in Proc. IEEE Int. Sem. Digital Commun .. Zurich, Swit(cid:173)
`zerland, Mar. 1978, pp. A5.l-A5.6.
`[6] D. M. Ritchie and K. Thompson, "The UNIX time-sharing sys(cid:173)
`tem, .. Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 57, pp. 1905-1929, July-Aug.
`1978.
`.
`J. A. Katzman, "A fault-tolerant computing system," Tandem
`Computers, Inc. Cupertino, CA, 1977'.
`[8] M: L. Ford, "Prestel-The British postoffice viewdata service," in
`Conj. Rec., Int. Conf. Commun., vol. 4, June.1979, pp. 56.5.1-
`56.5.4.
`.
`[9] D. W. Hagelbarger, R. V. Anderson, and P. S. Kubik, Experiments
`with teleterminals," this issue pp .. 310-315.
`·
`[!OJ R. A. Thompson, "Accessing experimental telecommunications
`services," this issue pp. 316-'32 l.
`·
`[ l l] R. N. Klapman, "A trial of services and terminals with execu(cid:173)
`tives." this issue pp. 327-332.
`[ 12] R. B. Allen, "Cognitive factors in the use of menus ·and trees: An
`experiment," this issue pp. 333-336.
`,
`·
`[ 13] R. A. Thompson, "Users' perceptions with experimental services
`and terminals," this issue pp. 337-342.
`·
`[14] D. L. Caswell and R. D. Gordon, "An access'tree editor," this
`issue pp. 343-345.
`[ 15] W. M. Schell, "Control software for an experimental tele(cid:173)
`terminal." this issue pp. 343-349.
`[ 16] G.D. Bergland, E. R. Kerkeslager, R. J. Nacon, and G. W. Smith.
`Jr.. "New custom calling services," Conf. Rec .. Int. Switching
`Symp., Paris, France, May 1979, pp. 1256-1262.
`[ 17] R. D. Gordon and M. C. Sturzenbecker, private communication.
`[18] R. W. Lucky. "Gamenet," IEEE Commun. Mag., Nov. 1979.
`[ 19] C. N. Judice, .. A computations protocol for distributed games
`played on personal computers, .. Comput Networks. Also presented
`at the !st Annu. Conf. R & D Personal Comput.. Chicago, IL, Aug.
`1979.
`.
`[20] H. G. Alles. "Communication using synthetic images, .. presented
`at the New Graphics Commun. Technol. Conf., Fairfield Univ.,
`Fairfield. CT, Oct. 1979.
`
`*
`
`G. D. Bergland (S '66-M'66) received
`the
`B.S.E.E. degree in 1962, the M.S.E.E. degree in
`1964. and the Ph.D.E.E. degree in 1966 from
`Iowa State University of Science and Technol(cid:173)
`ogy. Ames, IA.
`In 1966 he began working at Bell Laboratories
`in the Military Systems Research area. He did
`early work in the discovery, application. and
`hardware implementation of· several new fast
`Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms.which were
`applied to speech and signal processing. From
`1968-197 I , he supervised a group doing research in the design and
`application of highly parallel computer architectures and became Project
`Engineer for the final development of the parallel element processing
`ensemble (PEPE) system. In 1972. he became head of the Advanced
`Switching Architecture Department, Bell Laboratories, Naperville, IL,
`where he proposed the initial voice storage system ( VSS) concept. In
`1974. he became head of the Software Systems Department where he
`started the VSS feature development for the No. I electronic switching
`system (ESS). Since 1977, he has been head of the Digital Systems
`Research Department, Bell Laboratories. Murray Hill, NJ. His principal
`research areas are in software design methodologies, telecommunications
`terminals, and telematics services.
`·
`Dr. Bergland is a member of ACM, Sigma Xi, Eta Kappa Nu, Pili
`Kappa Phi, Tau Beta Pi, and AAAS. He received honorable mention as an
`Eta Kappa Nu Outstanding Young Electrical Engineer.
`
`APPLE EXHIBIT 1065
`APPLE v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 5
`
`