`
`Weatherford Proceedings
`
`IPR2016-01517 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,134,505)
`
`IPR2016-01514 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,543,634)
`
`IPR2016-01509 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,774)
`
`

`

`Unless otherwise noted,all citations herein are to the exhibit
`list for IPR2016-01509 (774 patent). This exhibit list is available
`in the Patent Owner Response, Paper 32.
`
`All page citations are to the page numbers addedfor these
`proceedings, not the native page numbersofthe article,
`document, etc.
`
`
`
`

`

`Q. Well, what I'm asking is this
`hypothetical person of skill in the
`art, would they have thought it was
`obvious prior to 2001 to do open hole
`multistage fracturing?
`A. The -- the obvious part throws me
`because I don't what you mean by it
`was obvious. If somebody wished to do
`multistage fracturing, then -- then
`they could read Thomson. And Thomson
`did -- Thomson did multistage
`fracturing. So there was literature
`available to the POSITA to do such a
`thing, but the motivation by and
`large was not there.
`
`Ex. 2101, V. Rao Depo. at 13:11-24.
`
`3
`
`

`

`Q. Prior to November 2001, what was
`the goal of multistage fracturing in
`horizontal wells?
`A. The same as it would be today, but
`prior to 2001 there was not much of a
`call for it and so there was not much
`work done in that space. In part
`because the vast majority of the
`horizontally stimulated wells,
`horizontal fractured wells, were in
`the Austin Chalk. . .
`
`Ex. 2044, V. Rao Depo. at 31:14-32:3.
`
`4
`
`

`

`So I'll go back to the Austin Chalk.
`These are naturally fractured
`vertical fractures, and some of which
`were slightly filled with minerals,
`and the fracturing required to open
`it up further was not as intensive as
`-- the pressures required were not as
`great, so it was not needed.
`
`Ex. 2044, V. Rao Depo. at 32:7-12.
`
`5
`
`

`

`Q. And there's some wells that, prior
`to 2001, a person skilled in the art
`would say you know what, plug and
`perf is a better way to frac this
`well, as opposed to open hole
`multistage. You agree with that,
`right?
`A. No.
`Q. You would not agree with that?
`A. No. See, prior to 2001 there was
`not much impetus to do any zonal
`isolation fracturing; because if you
`look at the history of the – of the
`years before 2001, for the -- say the
`decade before 2001, the vast majority
`of the fracturing was done in Austin
`Chalk. . .
`
`Ex. 2101, V. Rao Depo. at 11:8-20.
`
`6
`
`

`

`Yost
`
`Yost
`
`7
`
`

`

`
` WEATHERFORD INTERNATIONAL, LLC, et al.
`
`
`EXHIBIT 1002
`
`
`
`The Federal Government
`has
`been
`investigating
`
`
`
`the application of high angle and horizontal drillina
`
`
`SPE 19090
`
`
`in
`tight
`formations
`for more
`than 20 years.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The U.S.
`Bureau
`of Mines,
`in
`
`cooperation with Columbia Gas and Consolidated Natural
`
`in the Devonian shales
`Gas, drilled inclined wells
`of West Vi
`These wellg
`
`respectivel
`The performance of multiple hydraulic fracturing|
`and
`not
`treatments along a 2000-foot horizontal wellbore was]
`technique.
`completed in a gas bearing, naturally-fractured shale
`gas
`reservoir
`in Wayne County, West Virginia.
`Pre-
`
`The st
`frac
`flow and pressure data, hydraulic fracturing
`and again in 1976, (4)
`of West Virginia in 1972(3)
`represent
`a
`treatments, and post-stimulation flow and
`pressure]
`
`where the h
`data
`form the
`basis
`from which
`a
`comprehensive]
`adequate ecd
`analysis was
`performed.
`Average
`field production
`
`Jiterature
`from 72 wells was
`used as baseline data
`for
`the!
`
`fracturing
`analysis.
`Such data was used to show the significance
`These wells obtained inclinations of 43°
`and
`52°
`horizontal
`of
`enhanced production from a horizontal well
`in!
`liners to p1
`a field that was partially depleted.
`
`
`
`of aiding
`The post-frac stabilized flow rate was 95,000
`respectively,
`but
`production
`results were mixed
`
`cubic
`history and
`feet
`per
`day
`(mcf/d)
`from 2000
`feet
`of}
`
`horizontal borehole. Under current reservoir pressure|such that
`
`conditions,
`the horizontal well
`produced at
`a
`rate!
`fluids can d
`
`
`7
`times greater
`than the field current average of
`and
`not
`convincing
`of
`the
`potential
`for
`the
`al
`An
`13 mcfd for stimulated vertical wells. This increase
`
`
`
`in that horizontal wells,|accomplishedgas production suggests
`
`
`in strategically placed locations within partially
`packers
`and|
`
`ia technique.
`depleted
`fields,
`could
`significantly
`increase}
`a casing 5
`
`
`reserves.
`a
`completi
`intervals w
`
`
`
`Me
`horizontal
`Toot
`2000
`this
`in
`completion used
`investigating]
`been
`has
`The Federal Government
`
`to avoid the problems of formation damage associated
`the application of high angle and horizontal drilling)
`with
`cementing
`and
`to
`eliminate
`the
`need
`for
`tight
`formations
`for more
`than 20 years.
`The
`in
`
`
`
`yalue of high angle drilling and multiple hydraulic|tubing-conveyed perforating of numerous treatment
`fracturing from an inclined or horizontal borehole
`intervals.
`for maximizing production was
`recognized in 1969.
`
`Ex. 1002 at 1, Ex.
`ded Ex 1002 at 1 Ex
`stimulations: were
`of
`The first test of the concept was performed by Mobil
`A
`series
`.
`,
`O11 Corporation in the Austin chalk in which a@ well!
`open and propagate the many known natural
`2081, McGowen
`that existed along the 2000 foot Ten gth of
`inclined to 60°
`through the pay zone was
`stimulated!
`2081, McGowen
`three
`times.(2)
`The U.S.
`Bureau
`of Mines,
`in! wellbore.
`The
`‘stimulations were
`also
`
`
`Decl. at 15, Paper
`
`
`cooperation with Columbia Gas and Consolidated Natural|t¢ induce fractures in the formation as
`
`
`Decl. at 15, Paper
`Gas, drilled inclined wells
`in the Devonian shales
`propagate natural
`fractures by manipulating
`
`and injection rates.
`32, POR at 45
`32, POR at 45
`
`8
`
`
`of whare and by whom the paper Is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 639896, Richardao
`
`
`
`4d
`
`
`
`
`
`.
`
`References and Tllustratfons at end of paper.
`
`
`oPbf 14
`
`WEATHERFORD INTERNATIONAL, LL
`V.
`
`PACKERS PLUS ENERGYSERVICES,
`
`Production and Stimulation Analysis of Multiple
`Hydraulic Fracturing of a 2,000-ft Horizontal Well
`by A.B. Yost Il, U.S. DOE/METC, and W.K. Overbey Jr., BDM Engineering Sor
`SPE Members
`
`This paper was prepared for preaganiation at ha SPE Gas Technology Symposium held in Dallas, Texas, June
`This paper was selectad for presentation by an SPE Program Gommiltee following review of Information contal
`as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction bytl
`any position of the Secletyof Patroteum Enginears,fis officers, or members, Papers presented at SPE maatlngs al
`of Petroloumn Enginaers. Permigalanto copyis restricted to an abstract of not more than 200 words.Illustrations may nm
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`
`
`
`rae
`
`

`

`WEATHERFORD INTERNATIONAL, LLC, et al.
`
`EXHIBIT 1002
`
`WEATHERFORD INTERNATIONAL, LLC, et al.
`
`y PACKERS PLUS ENERGYSERVICES, INC.
`
`SPE 19090
`
`SPE
`
`Society of Petroleum Engineers
`
`Production and Stimulation Analysis of Multiple
`Hydraulic Fracturing of a 2,000-ft Horizontal Well
`by A.B. Yost Il, U.S. DOE/METC, and W.K. Overbey Jr., BOM Engineering Services Co.
`SPE Members
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` Well Stimulation Summary
`
`‘This paper was prepared for preaeniation at the SPE Gas Technology Symposium held in Dellas, Texas, June 7-8, 1989.
`This paper was selectad for presentation by an SPE Program Gommiltee following review of information contained In an abstract submitted by i
`as presented, have not been reviewed by the Soclely of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as pra
`ny position of the Secletyof Patroteum Enginears, fis officers, or members, Papers presented at SPE maalings are subject to publication review b
`of Petroloumn Engingers. Permigalon to copyis restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words.IIlusirations may not be copied. The abstract should
`of where and by whom the paperls presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, Talex, 73094!
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`The performance of multiple hydraulic fracturing
`treatments along a 2000-foot horizontal wellbore was
`completed in a gas bearing, naturally-fractured shale
`gas
`reservoir
`in Wayne County, West Virginia.
`Pre-
`frac
`flow and pressure data, hydraulic fracturing
`treatments, and post-stimulation flow and pressure
`data
`form the
`basis
`from which
`a
`comprehensive
`analysis was
`performed.
`Average
`field production
`from 72 wells was
`used as baseline data
`for
`the
`analysis.
`Such data was used to show the significance
`of
`enhanced production from a horizontal well
`in
`a field that was partially depleted.
`The post-frac stabilized flow rate was 95,000
`cubic
`feet
`per
`day
`(mcf/d)
`from 2000
`feet of
`horizontal borehole. Under current reservoir pressure
`conditions,
`the horizontal well
`produced at
`a
`rate
`7
`times greater
`than the field current average of
`13 mcfd for stimulated vertical wells. This increase
`in
`gas production suggests
`that horizontal wells,
`in strategically placed locations within partially
`depleted
`fields,
`could
`significantly
`increase
`reserves,
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`investigating
`been
`has
`The Federal Government
`the application of high angle and horizontal drilling
`tight
`formations
`for more
`than 20 years.
`The
`in
`yalue of high angle drilling and multiple hydraylic
`fracturing from an inclined or horizontal borehole
`for maximizing production was
`recognized in 1969.
`The first test of the concept was performed by Mobil
`O11 Corporation in the Austin chalk in which a well
`inclined to 60°,
`through the pay zone was stimulated
`three
`times.
`The U.S.
`Bureau
`of Mines,
`in
`cooperation with Columbia Gas and Consolidated Natural
`Gas, drilled inclined wells
`in the Devonian shales
`
`
`
`deq
`stimulations’ were
`of
`series
`A
`open and propagate the many known natural
`that existed along the 2000 foot
`length of
`wellbore.
`The
`stimulations were
`also
`to
`induce
`fractures
`in
`the formation as
`Propagate natural
`fractures by manipulating
`and injection rates.
`
`References and Tllustratfons at end of paper.
`
`
`stimulation research in the
`The objective of
`to determine the recovery
`horizontal wellbore was
`efficiency of
`the natural
`fracture system and the
`
`
`
`effects
`expected
`from hydraulically
`fracturing
`of West Virginia in 1972(3)
`q
`These wells obtained inclinat
`
`
`mreomenotol
`the
`6=6well whenever multiple
`fractures would
`be
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The stimulation aspects o
`induced.
`To determine the most effective wellbore
`
`technical challeng
`represent
`a
`
`
`where the horizontal wellbore
`
`adequate economic production.
`stimulation under
`these conditions, it was necessary
`
`
`the meq
`literature exists
`on
`
`fracturing of horizontal wel
`
`horizontal wells
`are complete
`to use a systematic approach to examine the effects
`
`liners to preserve hole integr
`
`of
`this type of completion js|
`
`of pulling the liner at
`a
`late
`of
`various
`combinations
`of
`four
`factors, which
`history and re-running and cema
`
`
`such
`that
`selective
`placemen|
`fluids can be accomplished.
`were:
`(1)
`type of fluid (e.g., gas,
`liquid,
`foam);
`
`
`
`
`approach
`alternative
`An
`accomplished by the installatig
`(2)
`fluid injection rate;
`(3)
`volume of
`fluid
`
`packers
`and port collars
`as
`
`
`a casing string .in the horiz
`
`a
`completion
`arrangement
`gq
`increreadme ret TNjected;
`and
`(4)
`bottomhole
`treating
`pressure.
`
`
`
`intervals with ready-made perfo
`
`
`o
`the method
`condition
`behind
`pipe.
`This was
`completion used
`in this
`2000 foot horizontal well
`
`to avoid the problems of formation damage associated
`
`with
`cementing
`and
`to
`eliminate
`the
`need
`for
`tubing-conveyed perforating of
`numerous
`treatment
`
`
`Ex. 1002 at 3, Ex.
`Ex. 1002 at 3, Ex.
`2081, McGowen
`2081, McGowen
`
`
`Decl. at 15, Paper
`Decl. at 15, Paper
`
`Ex. 1040 at 3, 5
`32, POR at 45
`32, POR at 45
`
`9
`oPbf 14
`
`

`

`1988
`DOE Publishes
`Ex. 2075
`
`1986
`DOE drills
`Yost well
`
`1988
`
`1990
`
`1992
`
`1995
`
`1997
`
`1999
`
`10
`
`

`

`SPE 17759
`
`SPE
`
`Society of PetroieumEngineers
`
`
`
`in a Naturally Fractured
`Hydraulic Fracturing of a Horizontal Well
`Reservoir: Gas Study for Multiple Fracture Design
`by A.B. Yost Il, U.S. DOE METC; W.K. Overbey Jr., BDM Corp.; D.A. Wilkins,
`Grace, Shursen, Moore & Assocs.; and C.D. Locke, BDM Corp
`SPE Members
`
`This paper was propared for presentation at tho SPE Gas Technology Symposium, held in Dallas, TX, June 13-16, 1968.
` aw wat sole
`in wn abeirect s
`Contant: of
`
`plcvous a son, TH PS0EI-2036, Telex,
`
` References and 1! lustrationsat end of paper.
`
`
`
`Ex. 1040 at 3, 5
`
`11
`
`
`ABSTRACT
`published
`or mo
`Little
`Jiterature
`production.
`———_
`the mechanics of hydraulic fracturing
`exists
`on
`
`low
` naturally-fractured,
`a
`of
`Stimulation
`long horizontal
`of horizontal wells.
`Typically,
`
`low-pressure
`permeability,
`2000-foot
`horizontal
`liners
`wells
`are
`completed with
`preperforated
`in a
`low permeability reservoir
`and
`in-situ
`wel]
`disadvantage
`to
`preserve
`hole
`ty.
`he
`in
`
`
`stress
`environment
`requires
`careful
`stimulation
`of
`this type of
`completion is the associated risk
`
`
`
`to minimizefluid design the capillary retention|9f pulling the liner at @ later stage of production
`
`casing
`of
`treatment
`fluids.
`Therefore,
`a
`systematic
`history and
`re-running and
`cementing
`a
`
`approach to stimulation design using Nz, COz,
`and
`string such that selective placement of
`fracturing
`alternative
`No-foam was
`used
`to
`select
`one which
`is most
`of
`fluids
`can
`be
`accomplished.
`An
`
`7
`efficient. Stimulation modeling was used to evaluate
`approach
`is
`zone
`{solation
`accomplished
`by
`the
`
`fracture geometry with particular the|installation of externalconcern for casing packers and port Hyd raulically
`
`
`
`
`
`
`minimum pressure rise above parting pressure required|Collars as an integral part of a casing string
`
`
`
`
`
`‘Such a completion
`¥
`for
`height
`growth
`during
`frac
`fluid
`injection.
`run along the horizontal section.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`zonesseventoUp the horizontal wellbore|2frangementalong provided Jlation intervals with induced
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`are available for stimulation. ranked|"eady-made perforations£ z was inje g fracturing fluids
`
`
`fractures
`and
`pre-frac
`tested
`to
`establish
`pre-frac
`into
`an
`open
`hole
`fracturing condit
`"
`be
`
`used
`permeabilities.
`A No
`and No-foam data
`frac was
`pipe.
`— This was
`the method
`of
`completion
`performed
`in
`one
`zone
`establish
`leakoff
`in
`this
`2000
`foot horizontal well
`to avoid the
`to
`
`characteristics.
`Subsequently, No, C09, and N2-foam
`problems
`of
`formation
`damage
`associated with
`
`for
`treatments were
`performed
`on
`a 400-foot
`zone
`to
`cementing
`and
`to
`eliminate
`the
`need
`
`treatment
`evaluate the effectiveness of C09 versus Np
`frac
`tubing-conveyed perforating of numerous
`fluids.
`Both
`the
`data
`frac and
`subsequent
`intervals.
`
`stimulations
`were
`evaluated
`in
`the
`two
`least
`-
`:
`3
`F
`
`of Energy's Morgantown
`productive intervals in order
`to use the preferred
`The U.S. Department
`investigating
`fluids
`in
`the best
`zones
`in the
`reservoir.
`The
`Energy Technology Center
`has
`been
`
`
`
`post-treatment decline curves for No and COz indicate|the merits of drilling high angle wells for more
`Two high angle wells were completed
`@
`COQy-based
`fluid treatment
`should
`be
`performed
`than 20 years.
`
`from vertical.
`in the Devonian Shale at 43 and 52°
`in the most productive interval
`to achieve maximum
`
`Recent emphasis has been on
`the use of horizontel
`success.
`Results
`of
`the
`stimulation
`conducted
`ae
`:
`
`recovery efficiency in
`wellbores
`to enhance
`gas
`are presented along with discussion of
`improvement
`ratios
`and potential utility to other horizontal
`tight
`formations.!
`Initial
`study
`of
`horizontal
`the
`drilling
`in
`fractured Devonian
`Shale
`in
`
`drilling projects.
`Appalachian Basin involved selection of a geographic
`
`simulation
`area
`followed
`by
`reservoir
`BACKGROUND
`
`-£
`|
`site was
`.
`—
`and
`initial
`well
`Once
`the
`
`
`selected, computer
`to examine
`Fig. ?—Elevalian view 64 fisitiply ofented frectene fom hoaiicedial wellbore,
`are was
`Tue stimulation aspects of horizontal drilling |
`used
`
`
`
`
`
`
`represent formations|drilla technical challenge in tight string bottomhole assemblies,
`
`
`
`daily
`}
`age
`Jj
`the
`horizontal
`placement
`of
`a
`horizontal
`track _ well
`to
`provide
`where
`2000
`during drilling.
`wellbore may not
`always provide adequate economic
`reporting
`Finally.
`the
`long horizontal well discussed in this pape
`foot
`
`Ex. 2075 at 8, Ex.
`was air-drilled to a measured depth of
`6020 f
`true vertical depth of 3403 feet.4 A vidd Ex. 2075 at 8, Ex.
`and a
`
`2081, McGowen
`2081, McGowen
`Decl. at 15, Paper
`Decl. at 15, Paper
`32, POR at 47-48
`RWCT-Prod-00004 32, POR at 47-48
`IP
`
`|451
`
`1 of 10
`
`

`

` DATE:
`
`ee
`
`.
`
`Society of Petroleum Engineers:
`
`Inducing Multiple Hydraulic Fractures From a Horizontal Wellbore
`by W.K. Overbey Jr., BOM Engineering Services Corp,; A.B. YostIl, U.S. DOE; and
`D.A. Wilkins, Grace, Shursen, Moore & Assocs.
`SPE Members
`
`This paper was prepared fer presentation at the 63rd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Soclaty of Petroleum Engineers heldin
`Houston, TX, October 2-6, 1988.
`This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following raview of information contained in an abstract submitted bythe
`authos(s). Contents of the paper, a8 prasented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petrolaum Engineers and are subject to correction by the
`authow(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Soclaty of Petroleum Engineer
`A
`ted at SPE meetings are subjactto publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petrole
`restricted to an abstract of not more than 900 words.Illustrations maynot bs copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous
`where and by whomthe paperls prasented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O, Sox 839836, Rilchardson, TX 7508-3836, Telex,
`
`7
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`i
`
`A. Blomnstrom CRRICLAARMRICSR SPE 18249
`
`to tight.
`Later efforts addressed themselves
`low permeability shales
`and
`sandstones which were
`productive
`only
`as
`a
` fune
`A
`to
`designed
`stimulations were
`of
`series
`fractures which
`are
`conduits
`to
`natural
`fractures
`known
`and
`propagate
`open
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`cuniy, est Virginie: ‘are|¢the stimulations ote objective of the tests conducted and
`The
`hydrocarbons.
`exist along a 2000 foot horizontal well
`in Wayne
`The
`ideal way
`efficiency is to increase the t
`County, West Virginia.
`The
`stimulations were
`Seipuacing cease ont Taiecionwices “| cama,ta Reported on in this paper
`is to present evidence
`number of radioactive tracers rere usedto determine
`angle
`(40 to 90 degrees) wag
`a
`Z
`eterantaedeetiontaterne Tceacrefoun
`|tearm Me every
`SUMO PLING our conclusion that two sets of natural
`in fractures
`in zones other
`than the one
`pumped
`.
`into,
`a fact considered prima facie evidence that
`A method
`of
`improving
`5
`t
`5
`d
`d
`4
`* cl
`d
`natural
`fractures with
`two or more orientations
`efficiency of
`inclined or
`h
`} ac uT eS
`we re
`opene
`an
`Dt opa ga é
`uri hg
`had been opened and propagated. | Rressure testing
`a naturally fractured reservol
`and
`gas
`sampling o
`@
`isolated
`zones
`confirm
`eometry
`and
`flow capacity
`that fracture communication was accomplished along
`ts wel as create new. induced
`ST imu] ati on
`and
`induced
`fra cture 5
`o era tions
`a!
`near]y 1000 eet of borehole
`by
`stimulation a This
`can best
`be accomplishe
`one
`400 foot
`long section.
`A technique for
`inducing
`natural
`fractures which
`exis
`1
`“
`F
`=
`r
`orientations was demonstrated.
`oropping the
`inflated fractu
`a * on
`c
`1 F
`rec 7On con ro
`e
`¥
`e req ond
`multiple
`hydraulic
`fractures
`with multiple
`by
`inflating
`them with a
`no
`q
`enhanced flow capacity and
`¥
`BACKGROUND
`fractures by increasing the
`5 tre 55 a e | d ®
`was
`the
`technical
`approach u
`solve
`to
`drilled
`are
`Horizontal wells
`recovery from the Devonian sha
`
`
`
`
`
`
`problemsproduction hydrocarbon|well,or to improve This type of operation can be accomplished
`
`recovery efficiency from a particular
`reservoir.
`quite
`readily
`if
`the
`right
`geologic
`conditions
`It is believed that the original concept of drilling|can be found. That-condition is generally associated
`horizontal wells was
`to contact more
`formation
`with normal or block faulted areas where multiple
`in
`a
`reservoir which was
`not
`a particularly
`fracture directions
`are generated in
`association
`outstanding producer, or which had other production
`with the faulting. Other conditions where multiple
`problems.
`One
`of
`the earliest
`known
`attempts
`fracture
`sets
`are generated
`are
`associated with
`at horizontal drilling in the United States was
`thrust
`faulted areas.
`Several
`geologic
`settings
`
`
`that done in the Venango sandstone from a shaft|were selected in Wayne and Lincoln Counties, West
`drilied
`near
`Franklin,
`Pennsylvania
`in
`1944,
`Virginia, which were known to have multiple fracture
`The particular
`problem being addressed was
`how
`sets
`as
`a
`function of
`the pre-Cambrian rift-type
`to produce
`the heavy crude oi] which
`had
`lost
`basement
`faulting which produced the Rome
`ous
`
`because ofits solution gas shallow depth|and the test well was drilled in one of thenthe
`
`
`Ex. 1040 at 2,
`of
`the formation (less
`than 500
`feet)
`and thus
`Little
`exist EX. 1040 at 2,
`published
`literature
`was produced at slow rates.
`discusses
`relationship of
`the orient
`Paper 39, Reply
`horizontal or atinganetepetur! respectto Pa per 39, Reply
`at 10
`Exhibit 1q at 10
`Weatherford International LLC et al. v. Packers Plus Energy Services, |
`IPR2016-01509, Page 1-of 15
`
`References and illustrations at end of paper.
`
`the
`
`12
`7
`
`€
`

`

`DATE:
`A. Blomnstrom CRRICLAARMRICSR
`
`SPE
`
`Society of Petroleum Engineers
`
`SPE 18249
`
`Inducing Multiple Hydraulic Fractures From a Horizontal Wellbore
`by W.K. Overbey Jr., BOM Engineering Services Corp,; A.B. YostIl, U.S. DOE; and
`DA. Wilkins, Grace, Shursen, Moore & Assocs.
`SPE Members
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`This paper was prepared for presentation at the Gard Annual Technical Conference and Exhinition of the Soclety of Petroleum Engineers held in
`Houston, TX, October 2-6, 1988.
`This paper wasselected for presentation by an SPE Program Committes following raview of informationcontained in an abstract submitted by the
`author(s). Contents of the paper, a8 presented, have not been reviewed by tha Sotiety of Petrolaum Engineers and are subject to correction by the
`authov(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflact any position of the Sociaty of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members, Papers
`presented al SPE meetings are subjact to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is
`restricted to an abstract of not more than 900 words. Illustrations may not bs copled. The abstract shauld contain conspicuous acknowledgment of
`where and by whomthe paper Is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O, Sox 633936, Alehardson, TX 75083-3836. Telex, 720989 SPEDAL.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`recovery
`gas
`the
`improving
`of
`A method
`inclined or horizontal wellbore
`efficiency of
`in
`
`a maturally fractured reservoir
`is to extend the
`geometry and
`flow capacity of existing fractures
`
`as well as create mew induced hydraulic fractures.
`
`This
`can best
`be accomplished by stimulating the
`
`natural
`fractures which
`exist
`in
`the
`reservoir
`
`by
`inflating them with a
`non-damaging fluid and
`
`
`propping the
`inflated fractures
`to maintain
`the
` \
`_ NBT*E
`enhanced flow capacity and
`to
`induce
`additional
`
`
`
`fractures by increasing the
`injection rate.
`This
`a=
`
`
`was
`the
`technical
`approach used to stimulate gas
`
`
`recovery from the Devonian shales in the horizontal
`HATURAL FRACTURES -“———— N3aT"E
`
`
`well.
`This
`type of operation can be
`accomp) ished
`
`quite
`readily
`if
`the
`right
`geologic
`conditions
`can be found. That-condition is generally associated
`
`with normal or block faulted areas where multiple
`
`
`fracture directions
`are generated in
`association
`INDUCED FRACTURES ————___ H4e-s2°E
`
`with the faulting. Other conditions where multiple
`fracture
`sets
`are generated
`are
`associated with
`thrust
`faulted areas.
`Several
`geologic
`settings
`
`were selected in Wayne
`and Lincoln Counties, West
`Fig. 6—Ciegrem: likvetrating Imerconnsction of anal dihedral angle tecture.
`
`Virginia, which were known to have multiple fracture
`sets
`as
`a
`function of
`the pre-Cambrian rift-type
`
`basement
`faulting which pro
`Ex. 1040 at 10,
`and the test well was drilled EX. 1040 at 10,
`
` Little published lit
`
`Paper 39, Reply
`discusses
`the
`relationship
`Paper 39, Reply
`horizontal or inclined wells
`Apnds,of
`faulting and. fra
`at 10
`at 10
`27
`
`13
` IPR2016-01509 , Page 1-0f 15
`
`
`to tight,
`Later efforts addressed themselves
`low permeability shales
`and
`sandstones which were
`productive
`only
`as
`a
`function
`of
`the
`natural
`fractures which
`are
`conduits
`for
`the
`reservoir
`hydrocarbons.
`The
`{deal way
`to improve
`recovery
`efficiency is to increase the total number of natural
`fractures which can be connected to a single wellbore
`for drainage.
`Thus
`the concept of drilling a well
`in @ particular direction and attaining an inclined
`angle
`(40 to 90 degrees) was
`a
`logical means of
`improving. upon the recovery efficiency of a vertical
`wellbore.
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A
`
`to
`designed
`stimulations were
`of
`series
`to
`natural
`fractures
`known
`and
`propagate
`open
`exist along a 2000 foot horizontal well
`in Wayne
`County, West Virginia.
`The
`stimulations were
`also designed to induce fractures in the formation
`as well
`as propagate
`the natural
`fractures
`by
`manipulating
`pressure
`and
`injection
`rates,
`A
`number of radioactive tracers were used to determine
`where
`fractures were
`opened
`and
`propagated
`at
`different
`injection rates.
`The
`tracers were found
`in fractures
`in zones other
`than the one
`pumped
`into,
`a fact considered prima facie evidence that
`natural
`fractures with
`two or more orientations
`had been opened and propagated.
`Pressure testing
`and
`gas
`sampling of
`the
`isolated zones
`confirm
`that fracture communication was accomplished along
`nearly 1000
`feet of borehole
`by
`stimulation of
`one 400 foot long section.
`A technique for inducing
`multiple
`hydraulic
`fractures
`with multiple
`orientations was demonstrated.
`BACKGROUND
`solve
`to
`drilled
`are
`Horizontal wells
`hydrocarbon
`improve
`to
`or
`production
`problems
`reservoir.
`recovery efficiency from a particular
`It is believed that the original concept of drilling
`horizontal wells was
`to contact more
`formation
`in
`a
`reservoir which was
`not
`a particularly
`outstanding producer, or which had other production
`problems.
`One
`of
`the earliest
`known
`attempts
`at horizontal drilling in the United States was
`that done
`in the Venango sandstone from a shaft
`dritied
`near
`Franklin,
`Pennsylvania
`in
`1944,
`The particular
`problem being addressed was
`how
`to produce
`the heavy crude of] which
`had
`lost
`its solution gas
`because of
`the
`shallow depth
`of
`the formation (less
`than 500
`feet)
`and thus
`was produced at slow rates.
`
`References and illustrations at end of paper.
`
`
`
`Weatherford International LLC etal.
`
`v. Packers Plus Energy
`
`

`

`
`
`Socataof Petrokeun Engineers
`
`in a
`
`SPE 18255
`
`Insights Info Hydraulic Fracturing of a Horizontal Weill
`Naturally Fractured Formation
`by A.W. Layne, US. OOF, and HJ. Siriwardane, West Virginia U.
`SPE Members
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` determine the recovery effectiveness of the
`
`
`When peepreesure E
`
`
`
`
`
`fractures were enlarged. Retual roe ot
`
`
`fay not hayes oceurred, but fluid tasak-ofF
`=
`
`
`
`quent expansion of the existing fracture 4
`place
`
`to be necessary in forma~ae
`| Horizontal wells are thought
`Inid was pumped down the
`
`ions with low-permeability such as the Devonian shales
`e
`L
`Recent
`kb
`investigations at the U.3. Departmant of
`i:
`to increase matural gaa recovery and te reduce the
`aa ed
`i the bore hole crosses multiple natural fractures im thejaddressed the potential of horizontal wells to
`[ = et
`ees
`eae
`ti Ll ps a
`th trp ]
`rT
`thnology Center have
`.
`fF ase 7
`i
`In a horizontal well,
`Esergy's Morgantown Ener;
`risk of drilling a éry hole.
`
`
`jincrease the gaa recovery from low-permeabili
`—
`ervoir. Stimulation data from # 2,000 £t (609.6 m)
`
`
`
`
`formations. A 2000 ft (609.6 =) berizontal
`well was
`horizontal well-drilled into the Devonian shales in
`4 into the Devonian shale formation in Wayne
`Wayne County, West Virginia, was used in this study.
`af
`
`inflatable packers and casing port collars were used
`County, West Virginie, te 4 measured length of 6,020 ft
`so that
`individual zones could be tested of stimulated ((1,835 @) and up to a
`true vertical depth of 3,403 ft
`
`
`along the wellbore.
`{61,037 a},
`i This paper focuses on an analysis of hydraulie Fracture ta echamatie of the well configuration is shown in Fig-
`[design and geometry predictions for the above horizon~ jure 1.
`The fracture spacing and locations of casing
`(tal well. Current hydraulic fracture wadeling theories packers were determined with a downhole videe camera
`address failure mechanisms and the
`propagation of 2
`jand geophysical well logs.
`Seven zones were isolated
`single crack from a vertical welibere. These theories {along the heritentsl section, with external casing
`ing.
`have been adapted te predict
`the pressure, flow rate,
`isackers and port collars as part of the casing «
`and induced fracture geometry for each natural fracture
`port collars and packers were used to iselate
`
`
`
`interaected by the hydraulic fracturing Fluid im the
`stimlation intervals
`h existing perforations.
`
`
`horizontal wellbore.
`<A tubing/anoitlus flow model was
`Fracturing fluids were injected through the port col-
`
`eoupled with a hydraulic fracture model that predicts
`ra& inte the wellbore tubi
`and aanulus te pressurize
`
`
`
`the three-dimensional geometry of multiple natural
`the nathral fracture ayateat. “Stimlations vere per-
`fractures propagating from a horizontal well, Addi~
`med in Zone I
`(see Figure 2) with sitrogen, carbon
`
`tionally,
`a closed-form solution was developed to pre-
`i oxide, and sand-laden pitrogen foam to determine
`dict the pressure and flow rate distribution along the
`hie most effective fracturing fiuid for the shale
`jjaterai extent of the wellbore,
`Formation.
`Predicted results were compared with in situ fracture
`dagnestics from gas (sitroges and CO.) and foam stimu-.
`ation treatments. RBadioactive-tracer with spectral
`
`
`| gamma ray logging confirmed that both fluid pressure
`
`
`inetural fracture system and the impact of stimulating
`nd stress perp
`ular te the fracture affect the
`
`
`iche well by hydraulic fracturing,
`Five stimalations
`[injection flow rate distribution along the wellboxe.
`* heen performed. Multiple fractures were propa-
`wth of these factors were used as governing mechanisms bye
`
`
`
`
`gated simultanecusly during these stimulation treat-
`jfor fyacture geometry predictions ia the simulation
`
`
`
`
`ments.
`The well was drilled in the direction of t!
`\model, Predictions based on these models and tracer
`|loge confirm that @ Single crack theory for fracture
`
`
`a peincipal stress and orthogonal
`to the majer
`
`
`
`{propagation is not applicable for stimulations that
`
`| propag.
`BP.
`< Gatural fracture
`acture system in the reservoir.
`fare initiated along an iselated part of a horizontal
`
`[borehole
`artantations were identified with the downhole video
`Figure 2 depicts
`
`id wasz pumped down the
`
`AMES OS Batt ira
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1 of 12
`
` Ex. 2076 at 1-2, Ex.
`Ex. 2076 at 1-2, Ex.
`2081, McGowen
`
`
`2081, McGowen
`Decl. at 21, Paper
`Decl. at 21, Paper
`
`32, POR at 48
`DEFINVO! 32, POR at 48
`
`14
`
`.
`20/0
`IPR2016-01509
`
`
`

`

`formation in Wayne
`
`
`
`
`
`ions with low-permeability such as the Devonian shales
`=
`Seeryvoir,
`ras
`to increase matural gaa recovery and te reduce the
`= Fp ethyl
`Department. of
`Recent
`investigations at the U.3
`
`thnology Center have
`visk of drilling a éry hole.
`Ina horizontal well,
`Esergy's Morgantown Ener;
`
`ithe bore hole crosses multiple natural fractures in thejaddreseed the potential of horizontal wells to
`ervoir,
`
`
`rach auckace if aeh arp
`low-permeabdli
`
`Stimulstion data from 4 2,000 ft (609.6 m)
`[increase the gaa recovery from
`horizontal
`well was
`+6 im)
`aT,
`horizontal well ‘drilled inte the Devonian shales in
`formations. A 2000 ft (609
`Wayne County, West Virginia, wae used in this study,
`af
`4 into the Bevenian shale
`te a measured length of 6,020 ft
`
`
`so that
`individual zones could be tested or stimulated
`w resistance paths ayai
`inflatable packers and casing port collars were used
`jCounty, West Virginia,
`((1,835 @) and up to a
`true verti
`+ im
`ai depth of 3,403 ft
`
`along the wellbore.
`
`{(1,037 am).
`i
`me been observes that
`i This paper focuses on an analy
`
`3 of hydraulic fracture! echematie of the well configuration is show in Fig-
`ure I.
` Lng
`idesign and geometrp predictions for the above horizon-
`The fracture apacing and locations of cas
`
`
`
`downbole video Camera
`(tal well. Current hydraulic frac
`ure nodeling theories jpacke