1 of 10
`
`Exhibit 2011
`Exhibit 2011
`IPR2016-01517
`IPR2016-01517
`
`

`
`
`
`=o=_E£..=o”_._2:m:o~E_._mom._<hzm__2<nzE
`
`2 of 10
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`Exhibit 2011
`IPR2016-01517
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`
`

`
`Special thanks to Sedco Forex for contributing the cover photo
`
`3 of 10
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`Exhibit 2011
`IPR2016-01517
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`

`
`Fundamentals
`
`of Petroleum
`
`FOURTH EDITION
`
`5??
`
`by Kate Van Dyke
`
`Pubtished by
`PETROLEUM EXTENSICDN SERVICE
`
`Division of Continuing Education
`
`The University of Texas at Austin
`
`/\ustin, Texas
`
`
`in cooperation with
`/\SSOC|/\TJON OF D|ES|<'. /'-\ND DERRICK CLUBS
`
`Tulsa, Oklahoma
`
`1997
`
`4 of 10
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`Exhibit 2011
`IPR2016-01517
`
`

`
`Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`_
`Van Dyke, Kate, I951-—
`Fundamentals of petroleum I by Kate Van Dyke. — 4th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`-
`-
`
`ISBN 0-88693-162-X (pbk.)
`-1. Petroleum engineering.
`TN870.V28
`1997
`665.5—'clc21
`
`'
`
`I. Title.
`
`97-10098
`CIP
`
`'
`
`© 1997 by The University of Texas at Austin
`All rights reserved
`First Edition published 1979. Fourth Edition 1997
`Eighth Impression 2007
`'
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without
`permission of Petroleum Extension Service, The University of Texas at
`Austin.
`
`-Brand‘ names, company names, trademarks, or other identifying symbols
`appearing in illustrations or text are used for educational purposes only and
`do not constitute an endorsement by the author or publisher.
`
`Catalog No. 100040
`ISBN 0-88698-162-X
`
`The University ofTexas at Austin is am equal opportunity employer. No statefunds
`were used to produce this manual.
`
`5 of 10
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`
`
`assessesseessssrsssstfiasssnsszsrassaaflxowro-A
`
`
`
`
`
`Contents
`
`1 Petroleum Geology
`Basic Concepts of Geology
`Plate Tectonics
`Life on Earth
`
`Categorizing Rocks
`Accumulations of Petroleum
`
`Origin of Petroleum
`Porosity and Permeability of Oil-Bearing Rocks
`Migration of Petroleum
`Traps
`Reservoir Fluids
`Water
`Oil
`'
`' Natural Gas
`Distribution of the Fluids
`
`Reservoir Pressure
`Normal Pressure
`Abnormal Pressure
`
`2 Petroleum Exploration
`Surface Geographical Studies
`Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images
`011 and Gas Seeps
`Collecting Data
`Private Company Libraries
`Public Agency Records
`Databases
`
`Geophysical Surveys
`Magnetic and Electromagnetic Surveys
`Gravity Surveys
`Seismic Surveys
`Reservoir _Development Tools
`- Well Logs
`'
`Sample Logs
`Drill Stem Test
`Strat Test
`
`Stratigraphic Correlation
`Maps
`-
`Computer Graphics and Models
`
`3 Aspects of Leasing
`Types of Private Ownership
`Fee Simple Landowner
`Mineral Estate and Surface Owners
`
`Royalty Interest Holder
`The Lease and the Law
`
`The Language of Leasing
`The First Leases
`
`Court Rulings on Oil Migration
`Court Decisions on Mineral Leases
`
`Government Regulations
`
`6 of 10
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`Preparations for Leasing Privately Owned Lands
`Determining Ownership
`Clearing the Title
`th:hOmL:1er's Capacity to Contract
`ego ta
`g
`e
`ase
`Provisions of the Lease
`Dates
`Granting Clause
`I-Iabendum Clause
`Royalty Clauses _
`Pooling and Unitization Clause
`Drilling, Delay’ Rental, and Related Clauses
`Assignment Clause
`Damage Clause
`Force Majeune Clause '
`Warranty and Proportionate Reduction
`Clallses
`-
`Special Provisions and Amendments
`Lease-Terminating Provisions
`Execution of the Lease
`Signing the Lease
`.
`Acknowledging the Lease
`Recording the Executed Lease '
`Transactions After Leasing
`Division Orders
`Support Agreements
`Acreage Acquisition Agreements
`Joint Operating Agreements
`Elllvrel-rllfingrlgsoyalty Agreements
`
`Leasing Public Lands
`State Ownership .
`Leasing State Lands
`Federal Ownership
`Leasing Federal Onshore Lands
`Leasing Federal Offshore Tracts
`Ownership in Canada
`
`.
`4 Drilling Opejations
`History of Drilling for Oil
`Drakoto won
`Cable-Tool Drilling
`Rotary Drilling
`Drilling Today
`polling contract;
`The Drilling Contractor
`Bid Proposals and Specifications
`Footage Contract
`Dayworlc Contract
`Turnkey Contract
`Combination Agreements
`Rotary Drilling Systems
`Hoisting System
`Rotating System
`
`-
`
`_
`
`r.
`
`53
`
`53
`54
`
`58
`- 59
`59
`60
`61 .
`62
`64
`65
`66_
`.66
`
`' 55
`66
`67
`o8
`68
`53
`68
`69
`69
`69
`70
`70
`
`Ti
`71
`71
`72
`72
`74
`74
`
`75 '
`75
`75
`78
`79
`31
`32
`82
`32
`
`33
`84
`84
`85
`86
`92
`
`-
`
`'
`
`Circulating System
`_
`Power System
`Routine Drilling Operations
`preparing the 9,111 site
`Rigging up
`Drilling the Surface Hole (Spudding In)
`Tripping Out
`_
`Running Surface Casing
`Cementing the Casing
`Tripping In
`Controlling Formation Pressure
`Running and Cementing Intermediate
`Casing
`Drilling to Final Depth
`‘Evaluating Formations
`Setting Production Casing
`Offshore Drilling
`History of Offshore Drilling
`053}-lone
`Today
`Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
`Offshore Drilling Platforms
`Directional Drilling
`Uses
`Tools and Techniques
`Fishing
`_
`Freeing Stuck Pipe
`Retrieving Twisted-Off Pipe
`1:151-.1;-lg for Junk
`Air or Gas Drilling
`
`I
`
`_
`
`.
`
`1
`
`1
`
`_
`5 Pl'0dU¢ll0Tl
`Early Production Methods
`Completion
`pumping
`storage and Hamming
`Well Completion
`Production Casing and Liners
`Open-Hole, Perforated, and Wire-Wrapped
`59199“ C°mP1eti°“5
`_
`Tubing and Packers
`Wellhead
`Starting the Flow
`Completing Gas Wells
`Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
`Wale‘ l?”"“’
`Gas Doves
`Combination Drives
`Gravity Drainage
`Artificial Lift
`Beam Pumping
`Electric Submersible Pumps
`Subsurface Hydraulic Pumps
`Gas Lift
`
`_
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`99
`103
`105
`105
`105
`107
`108
`111
`112
`114
`115 _
`
`113
`- 118 '
`118
`* 120
`121
`121
`123
`123
`-130
`134
`134.
`136
`133
`133
`141 .
`142
`143
`
`.145
`145
`145
`146
`146
`147
`147
`
`143
`150
`153
`153
`154
`155
`155
`156
`156
`157
`158
`158 -
`158
`159
`160
`
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`Well Testing .
`Potential Test
`Bottomhole Pressure Test
`
`Productivity Test
`Mfireline Formation Test
`
`Well Stimulation
`
`Explosives
`Hydraulic Fracturing
`Acidizing
`Improved Recovery Techniques
`Waterflooding
`Immiscible Gas Injection
`Miscible Gas Injection‘
`Chemical Flooding
`Thermal Recovery
`
`Surface Handling of Well Fluids
`Removing Free Water
`Separating Liquids from Gases
`_ Treating Oilfield Emulsions
`. Types of Emulsion Treaters
`Handling Natural Gas
`Storing Crude Oil.
`Measuring and Testing Oil and Gas
`Oil Sampling
`.
`Oil Measurement and Testing
`LACT Units
`
`Gas Sampling
`Gas Testing
`Gas Metering
`
`Well Servicing and Workover
`Service and Workover Equipment
`Well Servicing and Repair
`Workover Operations
`Offshore and Arctic Production
`Modern Production Platforms
`
`Offshore Completions
`Handling Well Fluids Offshore
`Arctic Production
`
`6 Transportation
`Early Methods of Transportation
`Wagons and Water
`Rails and Tank Cars
`
`The First Oil Pipelines
`Crude Oil Trunk Lines
`
`Gathering Systems
`Products Pipelines
`Gas Transmission Pipelines
`Ships at Sea '
`Tank Trucks
`
`Barge Tows
`Barges
`Tugboats
`Towboats
`
`5
`
`I
`
`101
`161
`
`161 _
`161-
`161
`
`‘I62
`162
`162
`164
`165‘
`165
`167
`167
`168
`169
`171
`172
`172
`174
`175
`177
`182
`
`184
`184
`185
`186
`187
`. 187
`188
`
`- 190
`190
`195
`196
`
`201
`201
`202
`204
`206
`
`207 '
`207
`207
`207
`208
`209
`210
`211
`212
`214
`215
`
`216
`217
`217
`218
`
`'
`Railway Systems
`Petroleum Products Transported by Rail
`Government Regulations
`Tank Car Design and Manufacture
`Safety
`Tank Car Strings
`
`Motor Transportation
`Types of Vehicles
`_
`.
`Crude Oil Trucks
`Nonpressurized Refined Products
`Transport
`.
`LPG Transport
`- U.S. Government Regulations
`
`-
`
`'
`
`Oceangoing Tankers
`Supertanloers
`Average—Size Tankers
`NGL and LNG Tankers
`
`Icebreaking Tankers
`Loading} Offloading Facilities
`
`Crude Oil Pipelines
`State and Federal Regulations
`Field Gathering Systems
`Pump Station Operation
`Control of Oil Movements
`
`Products Pipelines
`Control of Product Movement
`
`Batching
`. Natural Gas Pipelines
`Modern Transmission Systems
`Automation
`Odorants
`
`.
`
`Pipeline Construction on Land
`Assembling the Spread
`Clearing Right—of—Way
`Ditching
`Stringing Pipe
`Bending Pipe
`Cleaning, Aligning, and
`Welding Pipe
`Coating and Wrapping Pipe
`Lowering In and Backfilling
`Specialty and Tie-In Crews
`
`Offshore Pipeline Construction
`Conventional Lay Barges
`Bury Barges
`Superbarges
`Semisubmersihle Barges
`Reel Vessel
`
`Economics and Safety
`
`-
`
`I
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`220
`220
`20
`221
`22
`222
`
`26
`226
`226
`
`226
`228
`228
`
`229
`229
`229
`230
`
`231
`232
`
`234
`235
`235
`235
`238
`
`241
`241
`
`242
`246
`246
`248
`248
`
`249
`249
`249
`250
`-252
`253
`
`253
`254
`254
`1255
`
`257
`257
`259
`260
`260
`261
`
`262
`
`7 Refining and Processing
`' Structure of Hydrocarbons in Oil and Gas
`' Paraffins
`
`265
`267
`267'
`
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`
`'
`
`3
`
`olefiris
`Naphthenes
`,
`.
`Ar
`ti
`O&‘:$aEl:3mem5
`
`Refining Crude Oil
`Assays
`Refimsmeeei 7
`Gas Processing
`Recovering NGL 15/Iixtures
`Fractionation of NGLs
`Petmclieinicals
`Types of Petmchernicalsu
`-A1'.’etrochemical Plant
`
`_
`
`-
`
`269
`269
`269
`269
`
`270
`271
`272 3
`' 280
`286
`290
`291
`.291.
`292
`
`2
`
`3 9 Petroleum Marketing
`The Chan .'
`gmg Market
`‘
`Types of Marketers
`Development of Products Magket
`Natural Gas Industry
`—
`'“‘MLllei’}i§i§2§$2i
`Supply and Demand
`International Influences
`' Influence of Technology
`Refinery Capacity
`_
`Transportainon SChed1..1l_1ng
`gedera1tPr1§e geslélatlons
`ompu er v ua one
`
`2
`
`-
`
`tal
`
`an
`
`.
`ea
`d H lth
`
`_
`
`_
`
`'
`
`'
`
`-
`
`.
`IIVITOUHICII
`8 E
`com
`F°‘1°““ '-‘W5 """d R°3“‘a“°“5
`Air
`'
`li
`Watgiusugiity
`Protection of Human and Other Life
`Hazardous Materials and Wastes
`International Laws and Treaties
`Sample Problems and Their Solutions
`Closed-Loop Drilling System
`Syntlaei-aio-Basedfllirillirig Fluid
`Mud A ditives m Waste
`Detecting Contaminated Water and Soil
`Cleanin Contaminated Soil
`B1
`3
`_
`.°“’?“*5
`Pipelines
`Spills from Tankers
`Refining and Petrochemical Production
`
`-
`
`297
`298
`298
`300
`301
`301
`302
`302
`:32
`3
`303
`303
`306
`307
`308
`313
`
`3 317
`317
`. 317
`. 317
`313
`333
`321
`321
`321
`321
`322
`
`324'
`324
`2::
`327
`33:;
`333
`3
`335
`336
`336
`
`338
`333
`
`.
`
`Buying and Selling
`e
`1
`Crud 0'1
`
`'
`
`)
`
`Products Sales:and Distribution
`'
`Petroleum Product Consumption
`. A‘_“t°m°b‘1°5
`A1rCraft_
`_
`_
`fiec:1°:$°n °f Elecmclty
`Home
`Commerce
`Agflcultum
`.
`.
`.
`.
`AdI::1.mn.g :$l::bh:t:?htl°ns
`nluflo
`.ve mg
`Special Promotions
`Service-Oriented Public Relations
`
`Index
`
`I
`
`_
`
`'
`
`-
`
`341
`
`9 of 10
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`IPR2016-01517
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`

`
`WELL
`
`COMPLETION
`
`After a well has been drilled and the company has determined that the
`reservoir will be economical to produce, the work of setting the final
`string of casing, preparing the well for production, and bringing in the oil
`or gas begins.
`Completion equipment and the methods employed are quite varied,
`and operators make the decisions for an individual well based on the type of
`oil or gas accumulations involved, the requirements that may develop dur~
`ing the life of the well, and the economic circumstances at the time the work
`is done. An operator may use low-pressure pipe, sometimes secondhand, if
`the oil accumulation has a marginal payout, and other expenditures will be
`scaled down accordingly. If the operator anticipates high pressure and a long
`well life, however, the best grade of pipe will be necessary.
`
`Production Casing and Liners
`Many oil and gas wells require four concentric strings of large pipe, each
`one reaching to the surface: conductor pipe, surface casing, intermediate casing,
`and production casing (fig. 5.3). The production casing is often called the oil
`string or the long string in the oil patch and is the final casing for most wells.
`Usually, the production casing oompletely seals off the producing formation,
`but in rare in-stances the production casing stops near or just on top of the
`potential pay zone.
`Another type of pipe that is not uncommon in wells over 10,000 feet
`(3,048 metres) is called a liner. Liners are really just like casing-uthat is, they
`serve the same purpose—but they do not extend all the way to the surface
`(fig. 5.4). Instead, a liner hangs from the end of larger casing above it by
`means of a liner hanger. A liner can function as production casing, in which
`case it is called a production liner. Since it does not go to the surface, which is
`sometimes a considerable distance, the operator has a lower pipe cost.
`
`IHTERMEDIME
`IDASING
`
`LINER
`
`PHUIJUUTIUII
`
`CASING SHOE
`
`Figure 5.3 Conductor, surface, intennediate, and production casing are cemented
`in the well. Note that the production casing is set through the producing zone and
`seals it off.
`
`Figure 5.4 A production liner is ce-
`mented in place but hangs from the
`bottom of the intermediate casing rather
`than extending to the surface.
`
`Production
`
`10 of 10
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`137
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`Exhibit 2011
`IPR2016-01517