SPE 25058
`
` Society at Petroleum Engineers
`
`Practical Considerations of Horizontal Well Fracturing in the
`“Danish Chalk”
`
`K.A. Owens and M.J. Pitts, Maersk Oil '3: Gas NS. and H.J. K'lampferer and
`SB. Krueger, Helliburton Services
`
`SPE Members
`
`Copyright 1992. Society of- Petroleum Engineers Inc.
`
`This. paper was prepared for presentation at the European Petroleum Conference held in Games, Praia-“re.1 16—13“ November 1992.
`
`This paper was selected tor presentation" by an SPE Program Committee. following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the-anthems). Contents of the paper.
`as, presented, haee not been reviewed by the. Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material. as presented, does not necessarily reflect
`any. position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. its olticers. or members. Papers presented at SPE "meetings. are subiect to publication renew by Editorial Committees of the Society
`of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than sou words. Illustrations may not be cooled. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment
`of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian. SPE; P.0'. Boat 633636. Richardson. TX 75083-3835. U.‘3.A-.- Telex. 183245 SPEUT.
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Placement of a propped hydraulic fracture in a
`horizontal well
`is dependent on several
`parameters. These parameters include topics
`such as reservoir conditions, drilling practices.
`and completion techniques.
`paper outlines-
`some of the practical. considerations that" must be
`accounted for during the placement of proppant
`in a horizontal well. In describing a propped
`fracture treatment on an offshore horizontal Well,
`the
`paper
`discusses
`treatment
`design
`considerations and verifies the operational and
`logistical improvements which can be made by
`utilizing a. state-of-the-art stim111ation vessel.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`is often
`Hydraulic fracturing of horizontal
`attractive. for a formation where conventional
`
`drilled in the vertical condition also require
`this type of treatment. The Dan- field in the
`Danish sector of the North Sea is no exception to
`philosophy. The field, discovered in 1971, is
`produced from the Tertiary Dani-an
`and.
`Cretaceous Maestrichtian chalks, typifiedby high
`porosities (30%) and low permeabilities (1 1nd).
`Since the start of development, all conventional
`deviated wells
`in this
`field were fracture
`stimulated to improve productivity. However,
`post
`stintulation production results were
`disappointing. A feasibility study performed on
`
`.
`.
`References and illustrations at end of Paper.
`
`application of horizontal wells in the Dan field
`concluded
`that
`horizontal wells were
`economically
`attractive
`only
`by
`fracture
`stimulating multiple zones in the drainhole
`section and maintaining appropriate zonal
`isolation.” Therefore,
`in 1987'
`the Operator
`commenced drilling of horizontal wells
`to
`inCrease the field's production potential.
`
`stimulated
`The initial Dan horizontal wells
`the industry
`with acid fracture treatments,
`standard for a chalk reservoir. The placement of.
`these treatments proved effective, however. the—
`medium term production was
`due to the.
`low formation integrity and. consequent collapse.
`of the induced fracture system.
`fracture
`treatments replaced the acid treatments and the
`benefits to productivity were quickly
`However. the placement of proppant into some
`of the Dan horizontal wells become- difficult, and
`in some cases intpossible. The. diffimflties in
`placement are attributed to several
`factors.
`Principal among these is the direction of the
`horizontal wellbore' relative to the preferred
`direction of the induced fracture. "' The situation
`
`the
`by
`complicated.
`further
`is
`nonconformities
`that can exist at
`wellbore area. 5
`
`varying
`the near
`
`The theory and completion philosophy utilized
`in performing multiple fracturing treatments in
`horizontal wells has been the topic of several
`'
`l
`'
`-
`'_ Fm
`'
`'
`Prewous Papers
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`2
`
`PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 0F HORIZONTAL
`
`SPE 25053
`
`WELLG IN THE
`
`CHALK
`
`sary for
`some of the practical considerations
`placing
`in a horizontal well.
`This information is based on actual field data
`
`various
`observations made during
`and
`stimulation campaigns
`in the Dan
`field in which over 100 propped fracture
`treatments have
`successfully placed from
`horizontal
`
`PRETREATMENT PARAMETERS
`
`fracture treatments in
`When performing
`knowledge of the far field—
`a horizontal
`induced
`fracture direction is of
`extreme
`
`importance. The fracture direcfion in the Dan
`field was initially based on borehole breakout
`data and related back to stress orientation.
`Additional data was gathered in the form of
`Anelastic Strain Recovery (ASE) measurements.
`Differential Strain Curve Analysis
`(DSCA).
`Acous tic Transmission, and an accidental well to
`well
`via a fracture treatment performed
`from one of these wells.11 All of this data
`indicated a general North/South fracture
`.for the Dan field.
`
`The horizontal wells in. the
`field are
`a radial pattern from a centralized platform
`location.
`pattern ensures optimum reservoir
`drainage but also results in wellbores that
`intersect the preferred fracture direction at any
`angle between 0 and 90 degrees. Figure 1 shows
`the relationship botween some of the Dan
`horizontal well
`trajectories and the far field
`fracture
`direction. Horizontal wellbore
`
`trajectories which are not in alignment with the
`induced
`direction can have
`in
`
`placing proppant during fracture stimulations
`due to near wellbore fracture width
`and tortuosity effects. 5
`
`the induced fracture
`Prior knowledge of
`direction in a field to be completed with
`propped fracture stimulated horizontal wells is
`of utmost importance. This information can be
`utilized together with the magnitude of the
`principal
`stresses
`to calculate the expected
`frach pressures for a horizontal wellbore
`with a particular trajectory angle relative. to the
`induced fracture tion.‘ Calaflation of these
`
`fracturing. pressures for wellbore trajectories
`
`which are. not in alignment with the far field
`fracture direction will ensure that the installed
`
`completion/productionequipmentcan withstand.
`the increased fracturing
`associated
`with stimulating wellbores which have a large
`misalignment
`the well trajectory and
`fracth
`Knowing. the induced fracture
`direction wfll also allow for presfimulation
`contingencies to be in place should a
`horizontal wellbore not be. able to accept a
`propped fracture treatment due to the inherent"
`near wellbore width restrictions associated with
`
`this
`
`of situation.
`
`A horizontal well
`
`that
`
`is
`
`to be fracture
`
`stinmlated over multiple zones must be cased
`and cemented. The cementing of horizontal wells
`has
`enhanced with
`technology to
`achieve bonding along the entire horizontal
`section. These imProvements include formulation
`of zero
`water slurries, rotation and!or
`reciprocation
`of
`hriz'ontal
`liners,
`high
`displacement rates. and the use of spacer trains
`formulated to maintain hydrostatic pressure
`whfle achieving the highest rate of turbulence
`and solids .cleanout. ExPerience has shown that
`the cement job has to provide complete casing to
`formation bond and
`zonal isolation.
`
`The wellbore area around the perforated interval
`that is to receive the fracture stimulation should
`have cement integrity and hydraulic seal that
`of high quality. The formation area adjacent to
`the perforations will be subjected to increased.
`stres ses and damage during the perforating
`process.
`phenomenon will necessitate a
`higher breakdown pressure to initiate the
`induced fracture from this area. If the cement in
`
`this vicinity is absent or of such poor quality that
`large channels-
`present. the
`fluid
`has
`the opportunity to travel along the
`casing/formation annulus and break down the
`formation
`an area
`lower pressure
`compared to the perforated interval. This has
`occurred in certain instances in the Dan field
`
`stimulation campaign and has led to premature
`screenouts. Figures 2 and 3 are examples of the
`effect
`that cement bond integrity has on
`proppant placement: during fracture stimulations.
`These figures show the CET and. stimulation
`treatment log over the corresponding area for
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`SPE 25053
`
`KA. OWENS. MJ PITTS, HJ.
`
`so. KRUEGER
`
`3
`
`two different fracture stintulations
`the same
`well.
`can be seen from these figurine, the
`perforated interval in the poor quality cement
`bond area ulfilIIater incurred a premature
`screenout and had high pumping pressures
`during the stintulation treatment. However, in
`the same horizontal welIbore where a treatment
`
`in a perforated interval adjacent
`was
`to good cement quality.
`the treatment was
`as designed and at
`lower treating
`type of experience has indicated
`pressures.
`that a cement bond log is necessary for a.
`horizontal. well stimulation candidate.
`If the
`
`cement log indicates that the wellbore area to be
`stimulated has. poor cement quality, an alternate
`area where cement integrity is better should be
`picked.
`
`importance
`of
`area
`.Another
`summation of horizontal
`
`to
`is
`
`formation.
`
`collected using a formation.
`data
`pressure.
`casing and provides
`testing tool before
`valuable information that can be utilized in the
`
`in
`treatments” to be
`design of
`the particular horizontal well. Since the Dan field
`has
`produced
`since
`1 .972.
`through
`conventional wells and since .1987 through both
`conventional and horizontal wells,
`there are
`areas within "the field that can have Substantially
`diffaent values of formation pressure. Figure 4
`shows an example of the differences in formation
`pressure which can occur along a horizontal
`section of a Dan field well.
`information
`very useful
`for
`fracture.
`treatment design
`purposes
`since formation pressure (and its
`depletion from initial reservoir pressure)
`a
`direct effect on fracnrre-breakdown/propagation
`pressure,
`fracture fluid leako-ff volurne, and
`tortuosity effects when the horizontal wellbore
`and induced fracture are not in. alignment.
`knowledge of this information has increased the
`number of propped fracture treatments being.
`placed according to design.
`
`DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
`
`In preparing a propped fracture treatment design
`for
`a Dan
`field horizontal well,
`several
`conditions are reviewed. These parameters
`include mechanical and reservoir properties of
`the formation rock.r fracture fluid characteristics.
`and proppant
`
`One of the mechanical properties for the oil-
`bearing Maastrlchtian
`that has a significant
`impact on treatment design is modulus of
`elasticity. This formation has a very low Young's
`modulus of approximately 1. x 10‘ psi.
`formation
`allows for the creation of
`very wide; (greater than '1 in.) induced fractures.
`The moderate. porosity and low strength of this
`reservoir rock also creates a situation where
`formation
`can occur under drawdown
`conditions.12
`chalk migration can cause
`premature production decline which eventually
`leads to the failure of conventional acid or
`
`propped fracturing treatments performed in
`field. To reduce and/or defer the problem of
`ingress
`into
`the
`induced
`stimnlation treatments are designed to achieve a
`high proppant concentration (5' to 10 lb/ftz) in
`the fracture.
`high proppant
`loading
`the
`possible due to the low moduhrs of
`formation and the use of tip screenout designs.”
`
`relatively
`is
`formation
`The Maastrichtian
`homogeneous. Fracture diagnostic tests have
`shown a lack of stress contrasts in the. reservoir
`layers which could act. as fracture barriers in the
`reservoir layers. Therefore. all induced fractures
`made in this. field are radial
`in
`This
`
`important for determining the
`mformation
`propped fracture sizes to be placed in the
`horizontal
`The size of each stimnlation
`
`treatment determined by the radial distance to
`the oil/water contact and the gas /oil contact.
`Figure 5- shows an example cross section. of a
`typical multiple fracture stintulated horizontal
`well in the Dan field containing varying fracture
`srzes.
`
`Obviously. production optimization can be lost
`should a fmchrre treatment extend :into the water
`
`simulation. and
`or gas interval. Detailed
`real-tithe
`diagnostics. are performed to.
`ensure that this risk is.
`A state of the
`3“ Simulafifln Program is utilized for this. task“
`Post-stintulation production from these wells has
`confirmed that the tolerance
`designed
`and actual fracture Mensions
`close since
`
`excessive COR development or high water
`production “'is- not apparent for most situations.
`
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`4
`
`CONSIDERATION-S 0F HORIZONTAL
`
`SPE 25058
`
`WELLG IN THE DANISH CHALK
`
`also critical components in
`Fracturing fluids
`the design of fracturing treatments. At present,
`two different types of fracturing fluids are being
`used to stimnlate the Maastrichtian
`in the
`
`Dan field. One fluid system incorporates a
`titanate—based crosslinker and the other uses an
`antimony-based .crosslinker. Both of
`these
`systems utilize a hydroxypropylguar (HPG) base
`gel. Initial titanate treatments were performed
`with a 50 Ib/Mgal
`polymer loading. Iob
`experience has allowed
`polymer loading to
`be reduced to a 40 lb/Mgal System without
`treatment placement. For the antimony-
`based fluids. a polymer loading of 5.0 lb/Mgal is
`still used. This is needed because this “fluid
`
`system is being used at its upper temperature
`limitation. The antimony system attempted to
`be used whenever possible due to the enhanced
`fraCture conductivity (cleaner breaking fluid) that
`can be achieved with
`fluid.
`
`simulation,-
`With exPerience and correct
`fluid volumes have been optimized to
`such an extent that the desired Tip Screenout
`style design is
`achieved in most
`of.
`the
`treatments. Figure “6 is an example job treatment
`log indicating the pressure response from
`this
`of treatment. A common design goal
`utilized in the Dan field stimulation campaign is
`to place 75% of the total proppant pumped in a
`treatment at concentrations above 10 lb/ gal.
`Maximum proppant cerrcentrations are typically
`15 115/gal and in isolated cases, proppant
`concentrations exceeding 21 [ofgal have been
`placed in the formation.
`
`Optimization of these treatments could not have
`achieved without the use of bottomhole
`pressure (BHP) gauges. The data acquired
`these gauges ensures that
`the best possible
`interpretation of a
`treatment can be
`performed. Since a
`typical Dan multiple
`stimulated horizontal well receives on average. 7
`to ‘15 fracture treatments, BHP- measmements
`from a stimulated zone are also utilized to
`Optimize the fracture treatment to be
`in an adjacent zone in the same well. The cost of
`using these gauges is more than offset by the
`savings acquired (pad fluid reduction) by
`Optimizing
`seqnential
`treatments
`"in
`the.
`horizontal section.
`
`The introduction of encapsulated type breakers
`into the fracture fluid system has also assisted
`the net production response seen
`from the Dan field stimmated wells. The
`
`high-
`loaded with
`are
`fluids
`fracturing
`concentrations (5 lb/Mgal) of these breakers to
`ensure a centrolled. and delayed. but complete
`break of the fracturing fluid.
`especially
`inrportant in the area of gel filtercake buildup
`along the fracture face where a release of
`concentrated breaker can significantly improve
`the regained permeability of the fracture pack.
`
`the
`the pro-ppant material used
`is
`Sand.
`fracturing treatments performed in the Dan field.
`The strength of this material is sufficient
`to
`withstand the closure stress of the Maastrichtian
`
`formation. The designed high proppant loading
`(5 to '10 113/ft?) is used to combat creep, fines
`migration, and fracture fluid dam-age. All
`propped fracture. treatments in Dan also receive
`a resin-coated sand (RC3) tail-in. This procedure
`is performed to prevent proppant flowback
`during production. This has proved succeS-Sful
`compared to early treatments where no RC8 was
`used and sand production problems occurred...
`
`TREATMENT LOGISTICS AND PLACEMENT
`
`fracturing treatments placed in the
`The
`Dan field ,are performed from a dedicated
`stimulation vessel. The volume of proppant and
`fracture fluids utilized.
`in these treatments
`
`of equipment. To
`necessitates the use of this
`stirmrlation treatments on a multiple
`zone horizontal well,
`it
`essential
`to have
`equipment
`available
`that
`designed for
`versatility. A stimulation vessel
`
`this need.
`
`For example, the total volume of sand
`for an individual Dan horizontal well may vary
`botwem 2,000,000
`1b
`and "12,000,000
`lb.
`Therefore, the vessel must have a large and
`flexible sand storage system. Typically. 2,000.000
`lb of sand
`carried in one
`and treatment
`size determines the reloading interval. The sand
`bins on the vessel have been designed such that
`different
`and sizes of sand can be.
`at any time during the job should a change in
`treatment program hocome necessary.
`
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`SPE 2505.8
`
`RA. OWENS. MJ.
`
`I-IJ. KLAMI’FERER. so. KRUEGER
`
`5
`
`Sand capacity of the vessel is not the only area
`where the requirement of flexibility is
`The ves 561 must have sufficient fluid capacity to
`provide
`up
`to
`1,000,000
`gallons.
`of
`semicontinuous-mixed
`fluids
`of
`various.
`properties to meet the expected needs. The fluids
`use a seawater base since carrying: fresh water
`for mixing the
`fluids would severely
`limit the vessels capability to carry the maximum
`amount of sand. A gel concentrate base fluid
`system used to allow for instant job design
`modifications. These gel concentrates are blended
`at high pH to ensure long-term stability and
`when mixed at the correct ratio with seawater, a
`fast hydrating linear gel at the designed polymer
`loading available for continuous 'puumg. The
`ability to continuously mix gelled fluid
`that no gel has to be disposed of at the end of a
`treatment
`terminated earlier than designed.
`
`Another important factor in the performance of
`these treatments is the use of specially designed
`high-pressure treatment iron. Since a typical Dan
`horizontal well receives an average of 7 tol 5
`treatments, a semipermanent surface tree line
`rigup has been adopted.
`rigup utilizes two
`ID high—pressure lines initiating from the
`vessel-based
`high-pressure
`pumps
`and
`terminating at the frac header on the... rig floor.
`The high-pressure. connection:
`the
`stimulation vessel and the rig is made with high-
`sure hoses. This system, which. has a larger
`ID than traditional frac iron, reduces the. velocity
`through each line and the. corresponding
`erosional damage. It ale-o eliminates- the need fur
`a third frac line to. be employed. which is the
`case when traditional free iron is used at the
`typical Dan
`rates of 40 to .50 bbl/min. A
`combination of rigid. 4-in.
`frac iron and high-
`pressure hoses
`used in the rigup on the
`rig. The
`free
`iron
`uses
`clamp
`connections... with most of the joints being 30 ft
`long, thus drastically reducing the
`of
`connections and potential leak
`Two 4—in.
`high—pressure hosm connect the frac header to-
`the rigid iron located at the bottom of the v-
`door. Utilizing these hoses has eliminated the
`need fur imPlementing a large number of sWivel
`unions, as are typically employed in traditional
`frac
`semipermanent system, with its-
`]arger ID, superior clamp Connection compared
`to the traditional hammer connection, and
`
`overall reduction in the number of connections.
`
`has reduced the tune lo st during pressure testing
`by '% . Figure 7 gives a schematic of this.
`
`the
`To perform these fracturing treatments,
`stimulation vessel must have pump capacity in
`excess of 10.000 hydraulic horse power. Most of
`the treatments performed to date in the
`field
`have
`with long-strolcing, high-pressure
`pumps called intensifiers.
`name reflects the
`hydraulic intensification process by which these
`pumps derive their power. These pumps have
`demenstrated
`extremely
`high
`reliability.
`Experience has shown that this system maintains
`high operational duration with an extremely low
`incidence. of mechanical problems. These pumps
`have proven their capability to pump fluids at
`high pump rates
`and extreme proppant
`concentrations for long periods of time without
`failure.
`
`fracturing fluid additives are blended to the
`designed specifications
`through the use of
`metering systems. These metering systems
`ensure precise measurement of all additives, and
`reduce waste. The metering systems are
`to.
`a computerized data base which provides
`updated volume/additive usage information to
`maintain stringent quality control.
`
`The data acquisition system plays an. important
`role "in the placement of a fracturing treatment.
`A multi—tasking computer is used to record data,
`perform real-time data analysis, provide job
`plots, and run design program...
`recorded
`parameters are displayed in the fracturing
`control center located aboard. the stimulation
`
`include wellhead
`vessel. These parameters
`treating pressunar slurry injection rate. slurry
`density, pro-ppant
`concentration.
`calculated
`BHTP, stage and cumulative fluid volumes, as
`well as fracturing fluid propertiea at various
`stages of the mixing process. The data recorded
`is only of importance when it is displayed in
`such a format that it can be used efficiently by
`the personnel performing the treatment. The
`relevant data
`to be played both
`digitally and graphically .in a simple format, such
`that the stimulation engineer can be provided
`with updated
`information
`to maintain
`continuous control of the
`treatment.
`The
`computerized
`data
`acquisition-ldesign
`
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`6
`
`PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 0F HORIZONTAL
`WELL THE DANISH CHALK
`
`SPE 25058
`
`system should als0 provide sufficient flexibility
`such that design changes made during a
`treatment can be incorporated and diaplayed
`instantly. Figure
`'3 provides
`an
`example
`treatment job plot containing many of the-
`relevant parameters measured and utilized
`during a typical Dan field fracture treatment.
`
`Quality CONT-01 0f the fracturing fluids is another-
`area of importance for maintaining design and
`placement control of a fracturing treatment.
`Pretreatment fluid system checks of additive.
`breaker. and crosslinker concentration as
`as
`fluid viscosity are verified.
`the treatment.
`fracture fluid quality control is also maintained
`since this parameter is critical to ensure designed
`placement of the stimulation treatment. Fluid
`samples are taken during. each job stage and
`checked for correct gel loading (viscosity). pH
`level. hydration time, and crosslink time. All
`samples are retained and placed in a water bath
`set at reservoir temperature (165” F) to ensure
`that these fluid-s will break
`the designed
`time period.
`e quality procedures ensure
`complete control over the designed fluid system.
`EXperienced fluid engineers coordinate measured
`fluid data to the
`fluid blendingj/systems
`personnel as well as to the stimulation engineer
`on a continuous basis. Any desired change in
`fluid properties canbe a short
`period of tune.
`
`fracturing
`A typical Dan horizontal well
`treatment is initiated by perfommg an injectivity
`test with base linear gel.
`test confirm5 the
`capacity of the formation. to accept stimulation
`fluids at fracturing rates. It also gives a measure
`of pres response due to near—wellbore
`tortuosity caused by misalignment the
`horizontal wellbore and the far field fracture
`direction and/or
`inadequate cement bond
`integrity. Following
`the
`injection
`test...
`a
`diagnostic test is
`with crosslinked
`to
`confirm that
`critical
`fracturing
`parameters
`such as
`leakoff are within the-
`sensitivity limits
`in the.
`fracture-
`treatment design. Finally. the main treatment is
`initiated and imPlement-ed. Upon completion of
`the treatment. the zone is isolated and these
`procedures are repeated in the subsequent zones
`within the horizontal wellbore. Compliance to
`
`the above-described procedures has resulted in
`over 100 propped fracture treatments being
`successfully placed from horizontal wells in the
`Dan field.
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`
`1.
`
`Knowledge of reservoir properties such
`as fracture direction, formation pressure,
`and principal
`stress magnitudes
`necessary
`for
`design
`of
`installed
`completion-lproduction equipment that
`can withstand the increased fracturing
`pres-sure associated with
`large
`a
`wellbores which
`have
`misalignment between the well trajectory
`and fracture direction.
`
`a
`for
`are necessary
`logs
`Cement
`horizontal well stimulation candidate to
`
`ensure that
`
`the wellbore area in the
`
`vicinity of the interval to be perforated
`has cement integrity and a hydraulic
`seal that is of high quality. Utilization of
`this
`information has
`increased the
`
`number of prepped fracture treatments
`placed according to design in the
`Dan field.
`
`are
`treatments
`fracture
`Propped
`designed for high proppant loading and
`utilizing a
`tip screen-out
`technique to combat the effects of chalk
`migration. This design philosophy has
`mcreased the medium term productivity
`from the Dan field.
`
`Detailed design simMation and fracture
`diagnostics are necessary to maintain
`stringent
`control
`over
`fracture
`dimensions. Production results have
`validated the accuracy of the Dan field
`designed fracture treatment-s.
`
`Bl-IP measurement gauges are utilized
`on every
`fracturing
`treatment
`to
`maintain
`detailed
`post-stimulation
`diagnostic evaluation. and ensure for
`Optimization of subsequent zones to be
`stimulated in the horizontal wellbo-re.
`
`4.20
`
`6 of 12
`60f12
`
`DEFINV00005467
`Ex. 2099
`Ex.2099
`IPR2016-01517
`IPR2016-01517
`
`

`

`SPE 25053
`
`IcA. OWENS. MJ.
`
`HJ.
`
`5.3.. KRUEGER
`
`7
`
`'6.
`
`7.
`
`3..
`
`9.-
`
`selection of fracturing fluids and
`proth are critical design criteria for
`achieving maximum productivity and
`minimizing stimulation cost.
`
`A resin-coated sand tail—in is
`on
`propped stimulation
`treatment to prevent proppant flowback
`during production. This procedure has
`proved to be very successful.
`
`A customized "semipermanent" frat: iron
`rigup is "utilized for the placement of
`multiple fracttu-e treatments in a Dan
`horizontal well.
`system has. proven
`superim due to time savings during
`rigup and. reduced leak correction at
`connections as compared to traditional
`hammer union. smaller ID type free iron.
`
`Treatment logistics and placement have
`been intproved
`on these
`complex
`propped hydraulic fracturing treatments
`performed
`in
`the Dan
`field
`by
`maintaining stringent quality control and
`detailed data measurement. acquisition.
`and display.
`is only possible
`through the use of a state-of-the— art
`stinmlation vessel.
`
`ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
`
`The authors wish to thank the management of
`Meets}: Olie og Gas AS. Texaco Denmark Inc...
`Shell Olie og Gasudvinding Denmark BV
`(Holland).-
`and Hallibur‘ton
`Services
`for
`permission to publish this work.
`
`REFERENCES
`
`l ..
`
`2.
`
`and
`Andersen. SA... Hansen. SA.
`Fjeldgaar‘d. K: "Horizontal Drilling and
`Completion. Denmark. " Paper SPE 13349.
`1988.
`
`Andersen. S.A.. Conlin. IM.. Fjeldgaard.
`K.
`and ' Hansen.
`S.A.:
`"Exploiting
`Reservoirs with Horizontal Wells: The
`Mam-sic Experience. " Oilfield
`(July
`1990).
`
`3..
`
`Damgaard. A... Bangert. D5... Murray.
`DJ. Rubbo. RR. and Stout. G.W.: "A
`Unigue Method for Perforating. Fracturing.
`and Contpleting HoriZtmtal Wells. " Paper
`SPE 192-32. 1989.
`
`and
`Owens. KA... Anderson. 9A..
`Econonfides. M.].: "Fracturing Pressures
`for Horizontal Wells. "' Paper SPE 24822.
`1992.
`
`Wellers. L... de Peter. (2.]... Owens. RA...
`and 'Kogsboll. H.H.:
`"Geometry
`of
`Hydraulic
`Fractures
`Induced
`from
`Horizontal Wellbores." Paper SPE 2.5049.
`1992.
`
`ID... Roegiers. LC. and
`Mchnan.
`Economides. M.].: "Extended Reach and
`Horizontal Wells. " Reservoir Stimulation
`(second edition). MJ. Economides and
`Nolte
`(eds)
`Prentice Hall.
`Englewood Cliffs 1989.
`
`Behrmann. LA. and Elbe-l. LL: (1992).
`".Efiect
`of Perforations
`on
`Fracture
`Initiation. JPT. pp. 608-615.
`
`Veeken. CAM... Davies. DR... and
`
`"Limited Communication
`Walters. J.V.:
`Between Hydraulic Fracture and (Deoiated)
`Wellbore." Paper SPE 18982. “1989.-
`
`E1 Rabaa. W... (1989): "Experimental Study
`of Hydraulic Fracture Gaomctry Initiated
`from Horizontal Wells." SPE 19720.
`
`Yew. CH... and. Schmidt. I.H. (1939): "On
`Fracture Design of Demhted Wells." 'SPE
`19722.
`
`Van der Hook, EL. Bussink. P.G.I.. and
`Van Munster.
`].G..: "Koninklijke/Shell
`Eacploratie en Produktie Laboratorium.
`Confidential Project Paper.
`
`P... and Hijdendaal. H..G.:
`de Bree,
`Koninklijke/Shell Exploratie
`en
`Produktie Laboratorium. Confidential
`
`Paper .
`
`DEFINV00005468
`Ex. 2099
`Ex.2099
`IPR2016-01517
`lPR2016-01517
`
`1.0..
`
`11.
`
`12.
`
`421
`
`7 of 12
`7of12
`
`

`

`PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF HORIZONTAL
`
`SPE 2.5058
`
`FRACTURING IN THE DANISH CHALK
`
`13.
`
`14.
`
`Smith, M3,, Miller, WK... and Haga, 1.:
`"Tip Screen Out Fracturing: A Technique
`for Soft, Unstable Pannafians, " EPEPE
`(May 1937), 95-103.
`
`Cleary, M.P., Wright, 0A., and Wright,
`T.B.: " Experimental and Modeling Evidence
`for major Changes in Hydraulic Fracturing
`Design and Field Procedur'w," Paper SPE
`21494, 1-991.
`
`Fracture direction N5W
`
`. FA-14
`
`__ MFB- 13 '
`
`MFA-13
`
`Fig. 1—Well trajectorylfra'c'ture deviation angles
`in the Dan field.
`
`422
`
`8 of 12
`80f12
`
`DEFINV00005469
`Ex. 2099
`Ex.2099
`IPR2016-01517
`lPR2016-01517
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`li-‘I—JI-1
`III"I ItIIfl_-1I!I-'l-I
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`. H
`Slurry Rat: (Em)
`:1
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`
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`
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`
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`
`Fig. :Z—Sand-prupped trEatrnent perfnrmad an lane with liner nemem quaflty.
`
`Fig. 3—53nd-pruppau traatrnant panama an mm with 91:13:! claimant quality.
`
`9 of 12
`90f12
`
`DEFINV00005470
`Ex. 2099
`Ex.2099
`IPR2016-01517
`lPR2016-01517
`
`

`

`SPE 2505.3
`
`lb-l gal
`+404- Pmp C000.
`_ +Tubing press-,0 (psi)
`5.0.00
`
`*---Slurry rate (00m)
`
`
`
`-
`
`1
`. 0.0
`1'
`'-
`-'
`
`123.0
`192.0
`256.0
`320.0
`Time (Minutes)
`
`||
`'t
`
`_.._..-.
`E
`CL '
`:E
`
`ED
`'5 .
`I:
`
`:
`0.0.0 i
`0-0.0
`
`-'
`i
`
`64.0
`
`14.011
`
`3300-
`
`0200
`
`000
`
`J-flflfl
`
`20.00
`
`2000
`
`2100
`
`200::
`
`2000
`
`2400
`.0
`2300
`
`2200
`
`200
`
`Eflflfl
`
`1900
`
`
`
`
`
`RESERvolRPRESSSURE(psig)
`
`050
`
`2000
`
`2250
`
`2500
`
`2:00
`
`4:00
`4250
`+000
`3050.
`.3500
`3250
`5000
`HORIZOMTAL DISTANCE FROM PLATFORM (ft)
`
`4150
`
`5250'
`
`5.500
`
`5050.
`
`Fin. 4—.an1lnn Ill‘fifll-lrfl- 1m. latnmi Exlanillun at 0 Han harliuntal.
`
`173?
`
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`
`r2030. ( 0|)
`
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`
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`
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`00f0rm0tl0n
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`
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`
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`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`. .. _.._._._._ _-.
`._
`102.0
`250.0
`1-23.00
`Time (Minutes)
`
`..
`320.0
`
`,5
`E
`
`E 3 m
`
`U3
`E
`0.
`a,
`E
`
`E
`a
`
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`m
`
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`
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`
`_
`5
`05 9-” WELL PATH
`g
`=
`
`.
`' “5;.
`~- 3“ -“' i 1-...
`
`£62m
`E
`0 6600
`a
`
`v=?v_-_—__—‘f=¥—!va= 52"“ E:
`5.91:-50“ .,__._.___,___'____'_
`E
`..
`-
`_
`.
`6600 g
`50W
`70W _
`3°00
`_
`.
`950°
`HflHIZGNTAL DISTANGE FROM PLATFRDM (FT)
`
`ZDNE:
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`6
`T
`a
`9
`
`PROPPANT TOTAL (LBS) STIMULATION DESIEN: RADIUS (FT)
`000.000-
`125
`750.000
`150
`7500000
`15.0
`1 .DOU..GDO
`1 7-5
`1.000.000.
`17:5
`1.009..U{}fl
`1?5
`'1‘ .
`175
`2.100.000
`200
`500,000
`1-25
`
`[:19P 5.013.153: victim 01-: Dan IlirI'Iulatad horizqntnl HI".
`
`Fin-fi-TIF screen—nuttrafltmant.
`
`10 of 12
`10 of 12
`
`DEFINV00005471
`Ex. 2099
`Ex.2099
`IPR2016-01517
`lPR2016-01517
`
`

`

`
`
`53V
`
`4" HP FLEX HOSE
`50 FEET
`
`
`
`LINE
`
`' VALVE
`
`2”
`
`1502- TEES.
`
`“. _ _I—. —-_'I_ —. — l".— _ _
`
`Flg. ?——Fraclura treatment- Iine anham‘atle.
`
`11 of 12
`11 Of12
`
`DEFINV00005472
`Ex. 2099
`Ex.2099
`IPR2016-01517
`lPR2016-01517
`
`

`

`SEE-“HTER' RHTE
`
`
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