BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED
`Exhibit 1019
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`Dictionary of Petroleum Exploration,
`Drilling, 8; Production
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`Dictionary of Petroleum
`Exploration,
`Drilling, 8; Production
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`Norman]. Hyne, Ph.D.
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`Pennwoll Books
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`PENNWELL PUBLISHING COMPANY
`TULSA, OKLAHOMA
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`Disclaimer: The recommendations, advice, descriptions, and the methods in this
`book are presented solely for educational purposes. The author and publisher assume
`no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage that results from the use of any of the
`material in this book. Use of the material in this book is solely at the risk of the user.
`
`J
`
`Copyright © 1991
`PennWell Corporation
`1421 South Sheridan Road
`
`Tulsa, Oklahoma 74112-6600 USA
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`800.752.9764
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`+l.9l8.83l.942l
`
`sales @pennwell.com
`www.pennwellbooks.com
`www.pennwell.com
`
`Marketing Manager: Julie Simmons
`National Account Executive: Barbara McGee
`
`Director: Mary McGee
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`Managing Editor: Marla Patterson
`Production/Operations Manager: Traci Huntsman
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`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Publication Data Available on Request
`
`Hyne, Norman J.
`Dictionary of petroleum exploration, drilling and production / Norman J. Hyne.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 978-O—878l4-352-8
`
`l. Petroleum--Dictionaries.
`TN865.H96
`1990
`
`622’.3382’O3—dc20
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`2. Petroleum engineering—Dictionaries.
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`I. Title.
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`90-28584
`CIP
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`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
`system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
`photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
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`Foreword
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`The Dz'cz‘z'onmy of Petroleum Exploration, Drillmg and Production contains words, phrases and abbreviations
`used in all aspects of upstream petroleum. Topics that are covered include accounting, legal, land, economics,
`geology, geophysics, geochemistry, drilling, logging, completion, reservoir engineering and production.
`This book was compiled by reading more than. 100 textbooks, perusing the training manuals of several major
`oil companies and interviewing such experts as Pa V e A. Dickey, Lewis MosburgJr.,John Harris, Wayne Swearington
`and many others. Most of the illustrations were d ne by Herb and Sharon Scott. My son, Randy Hyne, keyboarded
`the manuscript.
`Although I feel the Dictionary is very comprehensive, I’m sure there will be many more items to be added
`in future editions. 1 solicit any additions for the, dictionary to be sent to the following address:
`
`Norman J. Hyne, Ph.D.
`Continuing Education
`The University of Tulsa
`Tulsa, OK 74104
`(918) 6316088
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`during acidizing. Some types of acid additives are
`surfactants, sequestering agents, antisludge agents,
`corrosion inhibitors, alcohol, gelling agents, fluid loss
`materials, clay stabilizers, scale inhibitors, acid
`dispersions, mutual solvent surfactants, and formation
`cleaners.
`
`acid bottle the first well surveying tool. The 4-oz
`soda-lime-glass bottle was filled half—full with
`hydrofluoric acid and encased in a long cylinder called
`a bomb or a clinometer case of brass or steel.
`acid-bottle inclinometer a device that is used to
`determine the angle (inclination) of a well during
`an acid-dip survey. A glass container of hydrofluoric
`acid is lowered into the well. The hydrofluoric acid
`etches the level surface of the acid on the glass. From
`this, the inclination of the well is read.
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`acid bottle inclinometer
`with protractor
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`acid brittleness a form of corrosion on steel in
`which free hydrogen ions form on a wet metal surface
`as the result of corrosion. Some of the hydrogen ions
`enter the steel, reduce the steel’s ductility, and cause
`brittle fractures. (hydrogen embrittlement or hydrogen
`stress cracking)
`acid-dip surveya method that uses an acid bottle
`inclinometer to determine the inclination of a well.
`Hydrofluoric acid etches the level of the acid on a
`glass container in the well.
`
`acid dispersion a solvent—in-acid that is used to
`remove oil and paraflin from a formation during matrix
`acidizing. The dispersion is a mineral or organic acid
`and an aromatic solvent. Both the solvent and acid
`contact the formation at the same time. Acid dispersion
`is also used to remove scale.
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`acidfrac or acid fracturing a well~stimulation
`technique used to both dissolve and fracture carbonate
`reservoirs. An inert, gelled water pad is first injected
`into the well to fracture the formation. An acid—in-oil
`emulsion is then injected with or without proppants
`to etch the fracture face. A slug of regular acid can
`then be injected. AF
`acidg acidizing
`acid gas 1) a gas that forms an acid with water and
`is corrosive. Two common acid gases are hydrogen
`sulfide (H28) and carbon dioxide (C02). 2) natural
`gas that contains nonhydrocarbon gases that, when
`dissolved in water, will form an acid They include
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`acid bottle 0 acid soak or spot
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`5
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`hydrogen sulfide, mercaptains and carbon dioxide.
`(sour gas)
`acid inhibitor an additive used in an acid job to
`retard the acid reaction rate to prevent damage to
`well equipment. Acid inhibitors are either organic,
`such as nitrogen or sulfur bearing compounds, or
`inorganic such as copper or arsenic.
`
`acid intensifier an additive used in an acid job to
`accelerate or intensify the acid reaction. An intensified
`acid is a mixture of inhibited hydrochloric and
`hydrofluoric acids. The fluoride intensifies the acid
`reaction rate.
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`acidity 1) the quality of being acidic, usually
`measured on the pH scale, where below 7 is acidic
`in contrast to basic 2) a measure of the silica content
`of a rock Granites are acidic, whereas basalts are basic.
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`acidize, acidizing or acid job a method used to
`increase production in a well that is producing from
`a carbonate. formation by using acid to dissolve the
`reservoir rock. The most common acids used are 15%
`HCI (regular acid), HC1/HF (mud acid), HF, acetic,
`and formic. An acid inhibitor or reaction-rate retarder
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`can be used to delay the reaction time of a strong
`acid to protect equipment in the well and allow the
`acid to penetrate the formation. The acid is usually
`pumped down the well and held under pressure for
`a period of time. The spent acid is then pumped back
`out during cleanout and the well is swabbed. Acid .
`volumes commonly range from 1,000 to 100,000 gals
`of 10-20% acid. Matrix or interstitial acidizing is used
`to etch a formation, usually a carbonate to increase
`permeability in a well. Matrix acidizing is done with
`pressures less than formation fracture pressure, and
`the acid flows through the natural permeability routes
`in the formation. A wellbore cleanup treatment uses
`acid to remove cement residue, drilling mud, scale
`and perforation debris from a well. There is little or
`no circulation of acid during a wellbore cleanup. An
`acidfrac is a hydraulic fracture job that uses an acidic
`frac fluid with or without propellents. Acid additives
`can be combined with the acid to reduce friction,
`control clay, stabilize clays and break emulsions. Types
`of acid jobs include a) uncontrolled treatment, b)
`controlled treatment, and c) stage acidizing. Acidizing
`was first attempted in 1895 by Herman Frasch using
`HCl but did not become eflfective until 1932 when
`inhibitors were developed. (acid stimulation or
`treatment) acd, acid or acidg
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`acid number the milligrams of potassium hydroxide
`that are neutralized by 1 g of crude oil. Acid number
`is a measure of crude oil reactivity with a caustic
`solution. used in enhanced oil recovery.
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`acid pickling the use of a hydraulic or sulfuric acid
`bath for steel tubulars before galvanizing
`acid-reaction-rate retarder a surfactant additive
`that is used in acidizing. The retarder coats the rock
`surfaces and forms a physical barrier to reduce the
`rate of acid reaction with the rock.
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`acid resistance the resistance of cement to softening
`and corrosive effects of acids
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`acid soak or spot a well treatment in which acid,
`usually regular acid composed of 15% hydrochloric
`acid and water, is pumped down the tubing and
`allowed to stand in the completion zone. Acid soak
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`S 0
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`safety valve
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`439
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`safety bolt a bolt that has a pin through it so that
`it cannot become unscrewed. The bolt is made of
`harder steel than usual and is called an 8-hard bolt.
`A safety bolt is often used where regular adjustments
`must be made in height and length and is found on
`a stifl" or rig-floor hinge.
`safety catheads see automatic cat/aeads
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`safety clamp a holding device of several designs
`that prevents dropping of drill collars or pipe into
`the well when making up or breaking out the
`drillstring. Safety clamps are used as an extra
`precaution when drill collars are being held by slips.
`
`safety drilling the drilling of a small hole about
`half way through the metal on the outside of a pipe
`bend The bend is where erosion and corrosion will
`be concentrated in the pipe. A small leak will warn
`that the metal is eroding and/or corroding away.
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`safety factor the ratio of the minimum load causing
`failure in a structure to the maximum permissible
`working load or the ultimate stress to the allowable
`stress. The safety factor is usually expressed as a
`decimal. The safety factor for casing is 1.125 for
`collapse strength, 1.80 for joint strength, 1.25 for plain-
`end yield stress and 1.00 for internal yield pressure.
`The safety factor of wire rope is the nominal catalog-
`breaking strength of the wire rope divided by the
`calculated total static load on the wire rope. (design
`factor) SF
`safety hook a hook with a latch that prevents
`accidental slippage of a load olf the hook
`
`safety joint 1) a special sub that is used on a fishing
`string. The safety joint has right-handed threads that
`can be disengaged by left-hand rotation to release
`the fishing tools below it that are attached to a fish
`that cannot be retrieved. Many fishing tools have built-
`in safety joints. 2) a threaded connection with coarse
`threads that unscrews before other connections. A
`safety joint is run above the core barrel and is attached
`to the inner barrel land bearing assembly. The safety
`joint allows the core and core barrel to be taken out
`of the hole if the outer core barrel becomes stuck.
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`safety shut-off valve a full-opening, ball-type valve
`that has a left-handed connection to attach to the
`bottom of the swivel sub. The valve shuts off flow
`on the inside of the rotating equipment and is used
`only when the well is blowing out.
`
`safety slide a device that is used by a crew member
`to escape from the monkey or tubing board near
`the top of the derrick on a drilling or workover rig.
`The safety slide consists of a wheel that is used to
`slide down a cable attached to the rod basket or tubing
`board on the derrick and a stake or some other secure
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`fastening on the ground away from the rig. The slide
`is equipped with a brake and brake handle. (Geronimo
`or derric/e climber)
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`safety valve 1) a valve that is designed to open when
`the pressure on a liquid or gas reaches a preset level.
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`S
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`S 1) south 2) saturation 3) shear wave 4) square 5)
`sulfur content 6) surface area 7) salite
`s 1) skin effect 2) skin 5) solid 4) solution 5) specific
`6) segregation 7) stabilization 8) swept region 9)
`surrounding formation 10) second
`S. sand
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`SI 1) swabbed 2) swabbing
`SA south addition
`Sa or sa salt
`sabkha see sebkba
`sa-c salt cast
`Sacc or sacc saccharoidal
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`saccharoidal a fine-grained, granular, or crystalline
`texture in sedimentary rocks that is similar in
`appearance to sugar. The texture is often formed in
`calcitic dolomite. Sacc or sacc
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`sack the container for dry cement (94 lb), bentonite
`(100 lb), barite (100 lb), and other dry supplies. SX,
`Sx, sx, or 512
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`sack room a storage room near the mud pumps
`on a drilling rig that contains dry drilling mud and
`additives
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`sacrificial anode a metal plate, usually zinc,
`magnesium, or aluminum, that is used as part of a
`cathodic protection system to inhibit the
`electrochemical corrosion of a large offshore structure
`such as an olfshore platform. The sacrificial anode is
`corroded instead of the structure.
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`saddle 1) a patch that is clamped or cemented onto
`the outside of a pipe to stop a leak or provide a tap
`2) a depression in sedimentary rocks between two
`antiforms or convex-upward folds
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`saddle bearing a wide, heavy bearing upon which
`the walking beam pivots on the Samson post of a
`pumping unit or cable-tool rig
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`saddle clamp a curved, metal plate that is designed
`to fit over and attach to a pipe to temporarily repair
`a leak in the pipe. (leak-repair clamp)
`saddle reef an anticline
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`SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
`saf safety
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`safety belt a strong belt that is worn by a crew
`member going up the derrick. A tail rope is attached
`to a D-ring on the safety belt and to the railing. The
`safety belt is designed to prevent the crew member
`from falling off the derrick.
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