`Exhibit 1018
`
`Page 1 of 10
`
`
`
`
`
`Pan American Petroleum Corporation
`
`C. R. Fast
`
`Research Group Supervisor
`
`Pan American Petroleum Corporation
`
`
`
`Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME
`
`Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME
`
`New York
`
`1970
`
`Dallas
`
`Page 2 of 10
`Page 2 of 10
`
`Hydraulic Fracturing
`
`G. C. Howard
`
`Special R esearch Associate
`
`
`
` l l l 1
`
`DEDICATIO-N_
`
`We wish to dedicate this book to our wives, Anne
`and Virginia, without whose cooperation this book
`would not have been possible.
`
`© Copyright 1970 by the American institute of Mining. Metal-
`lurgicai, and Petroleum Engineers.
`Inc. Printed in the United
`States of America by Millet the Printer, Dallas, Tex. All rights
`reserved. This book, or parts thereof, cannot be reproduced
`without written consent of the publisher.
`
`Page 3 of 10
`Page 3 of 10
`
`
`
`
`
`HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
`
`judging the relative merits of various hydraulic frac-
`turing treating procedures and the results to be ex-
`pected from such a stimulation method. In other words,
`this Monograph is a basic reference book and a working
`text for the practicing engineer.
`
`1.3 Historical Background
`
`injection pressure decreases when
`that
`The fact
`water, acid, cement or oil
`is pumped into a formation
`at a high rate and at a high initial pressure has been
`the subject of a number of studies.
`
`Acidizing of Oil and Gas Wells
`
`The Pure Oil Co. in cooperation with Dow Chemical
`Co. performed the first acidizing of an oil well (Feb.
`11, 1932) on Pure’s Fox No. 6 well
`in Midland
`
`County, Mich. A 15 percent (by weight) hydrochloric
`acid with an arsenic inhibitor was used. By" 1934,
`acidizing was an accepted practice for well stimulation
`in areas where the producing formation was limestone.
`From 1945 to 1963, the technological improvements
`in acidizing were basically limited to the development
`of acid fracturing techniques and materials, and to
`the use of surfaceactive agents. No change in acid
`composition was noted during this period. As a result
`of the development of high-pressure, high—rate pump-
`ing equipment, oil and gas wells were acidized at
`fracture inducing rates and pressures.”-‘
`Fitzgerald. In his comments on I. B. Clark’s paper
`on the Hydrafrac process“, P. E. Fitzgerald reflected the
`thinking of many engineers when he stated that pressure
`parting or formation lifting played an important part in
`the treatment of many wells where fluids were injected.
`The pressure parting phenomenon had long been
`recognized in well acidizing operations. For example,
`at pressures below those required to lift
`the over-
`burden,
`the formation would take substantially no
`fluid, but when a pressure high enough to part or
`fracture the formation was reached,
`the rate of fluid
`injection could be raised with little or no increase
`in the injection pressure.
`After the acid entered the formation the chemical
`
`thus further enlarg-
`reaction dissolved the formation,
`ing the established fracture. Since the characteristics
`of the rock are not uniform, more rock was dissolved
`by the acid in some places than in others,
`so that
`when the treatment was concluded the pressure—parted
`fracture could not completely close,
`and remained
`open to serve as a flow channel
`to the well.
`
`Water Injection
`
`Dickey and Ancferscu. From their study of water
`input wells, Dickey and Andersen‘ concluded that
`when the pressure at
`the bottom of an input well
`was raised above a certain value,
`the well
`took much
`more water than it normally would take. This critical
`pressure at the sand face ranges between 1.0 and 1.7
`psi per foot of depth in the northwestern Pennsylvania
`
`and eastern Illinois oil and gas fields (260 to 2,075 ft).
`The critical pressure also was observed to vary with
`depth and was, therefore, some function of the weight
`of the overlying rock. Assuming the specific gravity
`of water-saturated sedimentary rocks to be about 2.2,
`the pressure of the overburden would be approximately
`1.0 psi per foot of depth.
`these break-
`Dickey and Andersen concluded that
`throughs, or breaks in injection pressure, were the
`result of a rupture or fracture of the formation.
`Grebe. In the same vein, Grebe“ reported in 1943
`that a sand formation in a well 810 ft deep was broken
`down with a brine solution at a surface pressure of
`720 psi. Backflow tests indicated that
`there was an
`exact balance at 360 psi (surface pressure) at which
`water would go in or out of the formation with very
`little pressure change. The weight of the earth above
`the point of formation fracture was determined by
`adding 360 psi
`to the head of 810 ft of brine. The
`average density of the earth proved to be about 2.2
`(09548 psi/ft).
`Grebe cited another case: a well 3,000 it deep in
`which a formation breakdown was observed at a sur-
`
`face pressure of 1,500 psi while the well was being
`acidized. The formation lifting factor was calculated
`to be 0.968 psi/ft.
`Yuster and Cafhoim. In their study of pressure part-
`ing of formations in watertlood operations, Yuster and
`Calhoun“ observed that overburden lifting does not
`mean that
`the entire overburden from a given input
`point to the surrounding producers is lifted by the water
`and actually floated on it.
`(While such a situation is
`
`theoretically possible, it would be the very rare excep-
`tion rather than the rule.) Lifting of the overburden
`was defined as the parting of the rock or matrix at
`any bedding plane by the injection of fluid at pressures
`in excess of
`those tending to hold the
`formation
`together.
`The implication that
`
`the downward force in a lift-
`
`the complete weight of the overburden
`ing process is
`does not necessarily hold true at all
`times. The force
`depends upon the physical condition of the overlying
`strata and is controlled by such factors as plasticity,
`compressibility, elasticity, and attitude of
`the strata.
`An analogy may illustrate this point. If the overburden
`were made up of 21 series of pillows topped by a series
`of books,
`it would be possibie to part
`the formation
`locally by compressing the pillow or pillows upward
`and/or downward without
`lifting the
`entire over-
`burden. The point or elevation of the wellhore where
`the formation has the lowest tensile strength wilt break
`first, while other fractures may occur if
`the pressure
`is great enough.
`If a
`fracture initiated by excessive pressures has
`impermeable boundaries,
`it will continue to advance
`into the formation until it reaches a sink or barrier.
`Yustcr and Calhoun“ further stated that
`if one or
`
`both boundaries of the horizontal fracture formed by
`Page 4 of 10
`Page 4 of 10
`
`
`
`
`
`3
`
`in which the cement slurry can lodge beyond the wall
`of the hole. This phenomenon has been confirmed from
`cores of sand formations in sidetracked holes adjacent
`to sections of hole that have been squeezed previously.
`The cores reveal that the cement slurry sets as rela-
`tively thin laminations between the individual
`sand
`beds.
`
`Rock samples (Fig. 1.1) recovered in shallow well
`squeezc—cementing tests” illustrate this parting of the
`formation.
`
`In their investigation of
`Teplitz and Hassebroek.
`squeeze cementing, Teplitz and Hassebroelcm observed
`that to inject the cement slurry injection pressures must
`be great enough to lift the overlying formations. This al-
`lows the cement slurry to How into the parting between
`the formations in a pancake shape and form a barrier
`tojvertical movement of fluids in the formation sur-
`rounding the casing. Teplitz and I-Iassebroek reasoned
`that it would be advisable to stop the injection of ce-
`ment shortly aftcr the pressure against
`the formation
`has exceeded that of the overburden, and after a reason-
`able quantity of cement has been forced out,
`since
`prolonged injection of cement at high pressure can only
`fracture the zone to a degree detrimental to the well.
`The sand core pictured in Fig. 1.2 demonstrates the
`results of such harmful action. This core was obtained
`
`from the producing horizon in a sidetracked well after
`the original hole had been subjected to a number of
`squeeze jobs. According to the best estimates,
`the lat-
`eral displacement of this core from the squeeze zone in
`the original well was approximately 21 ft. It should be
`noted that the prominent cement vein runs perpendicu-
`lar to the plane of bedding in the sand.
`A microscopic examination of the core revealed a
`thin filter cake, containing barites, between the cement
`and the face of the sand; but no trace of cement or mud
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`excessive pressure were permeable, the fracture would
`extend into the formation until the friction of the fluid
`
`flowing into it caused just enough drop in pressure to
`create a balance between the pressure in the liquid and
`the combined counter-force of the tensile strength of the
`formation and the downward pressure of the overbur-
`den.
`
`In a second article on waterflooding, Yuster and Cal-
`houn? concluded that
`the parting of
`formations in
`waterllood operations is indicated by a sudden increase
`in the rate of input without a corresponding increase in
`pressure. A graph of water input rate vs pressure might
`even show, at the point where parting or fracturing of
`the formation occurs, a definite decrease in injection
`pressure.
`
`The formation parting factor for injection wells‘-in
`the Bradford and Allegheny fields Pennsylvania
`varied from 0.8 to 1.4 psi/ft. The low parting fac-
`tors were confined generally to wells on the crest of the
`structure while the higher parting factors were as-
`sociated with wells low on the structure. A plot of these
`factors vs depth indicated a trend of decreasing factors
`with increasing depth.
`As a side—light to their study of waterflooding, Yuster
`and Calhoun noted that for successful acidizing_ and
`squeeze—ccmcnting operations, pressures must be high
`enough to part the formation.
`
`Squeeze Cementing
`
`Torrey. Early recognition of the fracturing pheno-
`menon in squeeze cementing was reported by P. D.
`Torreyfi‘ He presented geological and engineering in-
`formation to show that the fluid pressures involved in
`squeeze cementing part the rocks, generally along bed-
`ding planes or other lines of sedimentary weakness.
`The fracture formed provides channels or passageways
`
`i1
`
`i I I
`
`iI
`
`\ Il
`
`1'
`
`RED CHEMENT
`(FIRST JOB)
`
`SANDS TONE
`
`(SECOND JOB)
`
`YELLOW CEMENT
`
`BLACK CEMENT
`
`(THiRD JOB)
`
`Fig. 1.1 Relative iocation of cement pancakes on three successive squeeze cementing operations.
`Page 5 of 10
`Page 5 of 10
`
`
`
`Bibliography
`
`Alderman, E. N. and Woodard, G. W.: “Prevention of
`Secondary Deposition from Waterflood Brines”, Drill.
`and Prod. Prac., API (1957) 98.
`
`Anderson, Terry 0. and Stahl, Edwin J.: “A Study-of
`Induced Fracturing Using an Instrumental Approach”,
`J. Pet. Tech. (Feb., 1967) 261-267.
`
`Arps, J. 1.: “Estimation of Primary Oil Reserves”, Trans.,
`AIME (1956) 207, 182-191.
`
`Atkinson, C. H.: “Subsurface Fracturing from Shoal Nu-
`clear Detonation”, Report PNE 3001, USAEC-USBM
`(Nov., 1964).
`
`Atkinson, C. H. and Lekas, M. A.: “Atomic-Age Fractur-
`ing May Soon Open Up Stubborn Reservoirs”, Oil and
`Gas J. (Dec. 2, 1963) LXI, No. 48, 154-156.
`
`“Radioactivity Associated with Under-
`Batzel, R. E.:
`ground Nuclear Explosions”, Report UCRL 5623, Law-
`rence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
`(June,
`1959).
`
`Bearden, W. G.: “Technical Information on the Hydrafrac
`Service”, unpublished report, Pan American Petroleum
`Corp., Tulsa, Okla. (Jan., 1953).
`
`Bernard, G. G., Holm, L. W. and Jacobs, W. L.: “Effect
`of Foam on Trapped Gas Saturation and on Permeability
`of Porous Media to Water”, Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
`(Dec.,
`1965) 295-300.
`
`Black, Harold N. and Hower, Wayne E.: “Advantageous
`Use of Potassium Chloride Water for Fracturing Water
`Sensitive Formations”, paper 851-39-F presented at
`Mid-Continent District Meeting, API Div. of Produc-
`tion, Wichita, Kans., March 31-April 2, 1965.
`
`BIaster's Handbook (du Pont), Sesquicentennial ed., 49
`and 443.
`
`Boardman, C. R., Rabb, D. D. and McArthur, R. D.:
`“Contained Nuclear Detonations
`in Four Media—
`
`Geologic Factors in Cavity and Chimney Formation”,
`Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, USAEC TID
`7695 (1964) 109-126.
`
`Boardman, C. R., Rabb, D. D. and McArthur, R. D.:
`Report UCRL 7350, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,
`Livermore, Calif.
`(May, 1963); “Characteristic Effects
`of Contained Nuclear Explosives for Mining Applica-
`tion”, Rev. I, UCRL 7350 (Sept., 1963).
`
`Boriskie, R. J .: “An Investigation of Productivity Increases
`from Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments”, MS thesis,
`Texas A&M U., College Station (Aug., 1963).
`
`Brown, J. L. and Landers, Mary M.: U. S. Patent No.
`2,779,735 (April 18, 1956).
`
`Brown, R. W., Neill, G. H. and Loper, R. G.: “Factors
`Influencing Optimum Ball Sealer Performance", J. Pet.
`Tech. (April, 1963) 450-454.
`
`Campbell, I. B.: “The Effect of Fracturing on Ultimate
`'Recovery”, paper 851-31-L presented at
`the Mid-
`Continent District Meeting, API Div. of Production,
`Tulsa, Okla., April 10-12, 1957.
`
`“Can Underground Blast Make Shale Oil?’’, Oil and Gas J.
`(Jan. 12, 1959) LVII, No. 2, 58.
`
`Card, David C., Jr.: “Review of Fracturing Theories”,
`UCRL 13040, Colorado School of Mines Research
`Foundation, Inc., Golden, Colo. (April 16, 1962) 14-20.
`
`Ca_rman, P. C.: Trans., Inst. Chem. Eng., London (1937)
`15, 150.
`
`Cauthen, L. J., Jr.: “Survey of Shock Damage to Surface
`Facilities and Drilled Holes Resulting from Under-
`ground Nuclear Detonations”, Report UCRL 7694,
`Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. (July,
`1964).
`
`Churchill, R. V.: Modern Operational Mathematics in
`Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York
`(1944) 107, 111.
`
`Clark, J. B.: “A Hydraulic Process for Increasing the Pro-
`ductivity of Wells”, Trans., AIME (1949) 186, 1-8.
`
`Clark, J. B., Fast, C. R. and Howard, G. C.: “A Multiple-
`Fracturing Process for Increasing Productivity of Wells”,
`Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1952) 104.
`
`Clark, R. C., Freedman, H. G., Bolstead, J. H. and Coffer,
`H. F.: “Application of Hydraulic Fracturing to the
`Stimulation of Oil and Gas Production”, Drill. and
`Prod. Prac., API (1953) 113.
`
`Coburn, R. W.: “Custom Designed Well Stimulation”, Oil
`and Gas]. (March 4, 1957) 102.
`
`Coffer, H. F., Bray, B. G., Knutson, C. F. and Rawson,
`D. E.: “Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Oil Reservoir
`Stimulation’-’, J. Pet. Tech. (May, 1964) 473-480.
`
`Coffer, H. F., Bray, B. G. and Knutson, C. F.: “Applica-
`tions of Nuclear Explosives”, paper 851-40-E presented
`Diameters”, Engineering with Nuclear Explosives,
`USAEC TID 7695 (1964) 269-288.
`
`Bray, B. G., Knutson, C. F., Wahl, H. A. and Dew, J. N.:
`“Economics of Contained Nuclear Explosions Applied
`to Petroleum Reservoir Stimulation”, J. Pet. Tech. (0ct.,
`1965) 1145-1152.
`
`Coffer, H. F. and Aronson, H. H.: “Commercial Applica-
`tions of Nuclear Explosives”, paper 851-40-E presented
`at Mid-Continent District Meeting, API Div. of Pro-
`duction, Tulsa, Okla. March 30-April 1, 1966.
`
`Page 6 of 10
`Page 6 of 10
`
`
`
`‘ZOO
`
`;Cottrell, A. H.: Theoretical Aspects of Fracture in Frac-
`ture: Averbach, B. L. et al., Eds., Technology Press and
`John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1959).
`Coulter, A. W. and David, H. E.: “Fracturing Fluids and
`Additives”, unpublished report, Dowell Div. of Dow
`Chemical Co. (Jan., 1967).
`
`Craft, B. C., Holden, W. R. and Graves, E. D., Jr.: Well
`Design: Drilling and Production, Prentice-Hall,
`Inc.,
`Englewood, Cliffs, N. J. (1962) 494.
`Crawford, P. B. and Collins, R. E.: “Estimated Effect of
`Vertical Fractures on Secondary Recovery”, Trans.,,
`AIME (1954) 201, 192-196.
`
`Crawford, P. B. and Landrum, B. L.: “Effect of Unsym-
`metrical Vertical Fractures on Production Capacity”,
`Trans., AIME (1955) 204, 251-254.
`
`I...: “Estimated Effect
`Crawford, P. B. and Landrum, B.
`of Horizontal Fractures on Production Capacity". paper
`414-G presented at
`the Annual Fall Meeting of
`the
`Petroleum Branch of AIME, San Antonio, Tex.. Oct. 17-
`20, 1954.
`
`Crawford, P. B., Pinson, J. M., Simmons, J. and Landrum,
`B. L.: “Sweep Efliciencies of Vertically Fractured Five-
`Spot Pattern”, Pet. Eng. (March, 1956) B-95.
`
`Crittendon, B. C.: “The Mechanics of Design and Inter-
`pretation of Hydraulic Fracture Treatments”, J. Pet.
`Tech. (Oct., 1959) 21-29.
`Darcy, H.: Memoires a l’Academic des Sciences de l’Insti-
`tute imperial de France‘ (1858) 15, 141.
`
`Trans., AIME (1960) 219, 31-37.
`
`Darin, S. R. and Huitt, J. L.: “Effect of a Partial Mono-
`layer of Propping Agent on Fracture Flow Capacity”,
`Dickey, P. A. and Andersen, K. H.: “Behavior of Water
`Input Wells — Part 4”, Oil Weekly (Dec. 10, 1945).
`Durand, R.: “Basic Relationships of the Transportation of
`Solids in Pipes—Experiment Research”, Proc., Minne-
`sota Hydraulic Convention, Part I (1953).
`Dyes, A. B., Kemp, C. E. and Caudle, B. H.: “Effect of
`Fractures on Sweep-Out Pattern”, Trans., AIME (1958)
`213, 245-249.
`Essary, Roy L.: “Fracture Treatments in S.E. New Mexi-
`co”, World Oil (March, 1962) 99.
`
`Farris, R. F.: unpublished report, Pan American Petrole-
`um Corp., Tulsa, Okla. (1946).
`Fast, C. R., Flickinger, D. H. and Howard, G. C.: “Effect
`of Fracture-Formation Flow Capacity Contrast on Well
`Productivity", Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1961) 145.
`Fast, C. R., Nabors, F. L. and Mase, G. D.: “Propping-
`Agent Spacer Effective in Gas-Well Fracturing”, Oil and
`Gas J. (Sept. 27, 1965) 97.
`
`Fenner, R.: “Untersuchung zur Erkenntnis des Gebirgs-
`drucks: Glueckauf” (Aug.-Sept., 1938).
`
`Flangas, W. G. and Rabb, D. D.: Report UCRL 6636,
`Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
`(Sept., 1961).
`
`Flickinger, D. H.: “Effect of Formation Damage During
`Fracturing on Well Productivity", unpublished report,
`Pan American Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Okla. (June 18,
`1956).
`
`I
`
`..
`
`II
`
`I
`'
`
`I
`
`1
`
`'1
`
`I
`
`|
`l
`
`|
`
`|
`“
`1
`
`|
`'
`
`'
`|
`
`l
`
`1
`
`,
`
`I
`
`l
`
`I
`
`Flickinger, D. H. and Fast, C. R.: “The Engineering De-
`sign of Well Stimulation Treatments”, paper presented
`"at Annual Meeting of Petroleum Branch of the CIM,
`Edmonton, Alta., April 1-3, 1963.
`
`Foshee, W. C. and Hurst, R. E.: “Improvement of Well
`Stimulation Fluids by Including a Gas Phase”, J. Pet.
`Tech. (July, 1965) 768-772.
`
`Frac Guide Data Book, Dowell Div. of Dow Chemical Co.,
`Tulsa, Okla. (1965).
`
`“Fracturing: Big and Getting Bigger", Petroleum Week
`(May 13, 1955) 18.
`
`Frank, W. J.: “Characteristics of Nuclear Explosives”,
`Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, USAEC TID
`7675 (1964) 7-10; also Report UCRL 7870 (1964).
`
`Fraser, C. D. and Pettitt, B. E.: “Results of a Field Test
`to Determine the Type and Orientation of a Hydrauli-
`cally Induced Formation Fracture”, J. Pet. Tech. (May,
`1962) 463-466.
`
`Garland, T. M., Elliott, W. C., Jr., Dolan, Pat and Dobyns,
`R. P.: “Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing Upon Oil Re-
`covery from the Strawn and Cisco Formations in North
`Texas”, RI 5371, USBM (1957).
`
`Gevertz, Harry: “Project Gasbuggy—Fracturing with Nu-
`clear Explosive”, Bull., AAPG (1968).
`
`Ghauri, W. K.: “Results of Well Stimulation by Hydraulic
`Fracturing and High Rate Oil Backflush”, J. Pet. Tech.
`(June, 1960) 19-27.
`
`. Theory and Prac-
`.
`Gilbert, Bruce: “The F I Process .
`tice”, paper 1021-G presented at Fourth Annual Joint
`Meeting, Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME,
`Denver, Colo., March 3-4, 1958.
`
`Gilman, J. J.: “Fracture”, Proc. Intl. Conference, Swamp-
`scott, Mass., M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1959) II,
`193.
`
`Gilman, J. J.: “Fracture in Solids”, Scientific American
`(Feb., 1960) CCII, 94.
`
`Gladfelter, R. E., Tracy, G. W. and Wilsey, L. E.: “Select-
`ing Wells Which Will Respond to Production-Stimula-
`tion Treatment”, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1955)
`117.
`
`Grant, B. F., Duvall, W. I., Obert, L., Rough, R. L. and
`Atchison, T. C.: “Research on Shooting Oil and Gas
`Wells”, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1950) 303.
`
`Gras, E. H.: “Hydraulic Fracturing Mechanical Equip-
`ment”, unpublished report, Halliburton Co. (Oct., 1966).
`Gray, D. H. and Rex, R. W.: “Formation Damage in Sand-
`stones Caused by Clay Dispersion and Migration“, Proc.,
`Fourteenth Annual National Conference on Clays and
`Clay Minerals (1965) 14.
`Grebe, J . J.: “Tools and Aims of Research”, Chem. and
`Eng. News (Dec. 10, 1943) 21, No. 23, 2004.
`Grebe, J. J. and Stosser, S. M.: “Increasing Crude Pro-
`duction 20,000,000 Barrels from Established Fields”.
`World Petroleum (Aug., 1935) 6, No. 8, 473.
`Griflith, A. A.: “The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in
`Solids”, Philos. Trans., Royal Soc. (1920) 221A, 163.
`Guerrero, E. T.: “Fracturing Can Help Secondary Recov-
`ery”, World Oil (July, 1958) 126.
`Page 7 of 10
`Page 7 of 10
`
`
`
`
`
`Guest, J. J.: Phil. Mag. (1900) 50, 69.
`
`Hall, C. D., Jr., and Dollarhide, F. E.: “Effects of Fractur-
`ing Fluid Velocity on Fluid-Loss Agent Performance”,
`J. Pet. Tech. (May, 1964) 555-560.
`
`Hartsock, J . H. and Slobod, R. L.: “The Effect of Mobility
`Ratio and Vertical Fractures on the Sweep Efficiency of
`a Five-Spot”, Prod. Monthly (Sept., 1961) 2.
`
`Hassebroek, W. E. and Waters, A. B.: “Advancements
`Through 15 Years of Fracturing”, J. Pet. Tech.
`(July,
`1964) 760-764.
`
`Hawsey, Jerry D., Whitesell, L. B. and Kepley, N. A.:
`“Injection of a Bactericide-Surfactant During Hydraulic
`Fracturing — A New Method of Corrosion Control”,
`paper SPE 978 presented at SPE 39th Annual Fall
`Meeting, Houston, Tex., Oct. 11-14, 1964.
`
`Hendrickson, A. R., Nesbitt, E. E. and Oaks, B. D.: “Soap-
`Oil Systems for Formation Fracturing”, Pet. Eng. (May,
`1957) B-58.
`
`Hendrickson, A. R. and Wieland, D. R.: “Personal Inter-
`view with R. C. Phillips, Union Oil Co. of California”,
`Dowell Div. of Dow Chemical Co., Tulsa, Okla. (July 5
`and 14, 1966).
`
`Hewitt, Charles H.: “Analytical Techniques for Recogniz-
`ing Water-Sensitive Reservoir Rocks”,
`J. Pet. Tech.
`(Aug., 1963) 813-818.
`
`Holzer, Fred: “Gasbuggy—Preliminary Post-Shot Sum-
`mary Report”, Report PNE 1003, Lawrence Radiation
`Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
`
`201
`
`Huitt, J. L., McGlothin, B. B., Jr., and McDonald, J. F.:
`“The Propping of Fractures in Formations in Which
`Propping Sand Crushes”, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API
`(1959) 120.
`
`Huitt, J . L., Pekarek, J . L., Swift, V. N. and Strider, H. L.:
`“Mechanical Tool for Preparing a Well Bore for Hy-
`draulic Fracturing”, Drill. and Prod. Prac.,'API (1960)
`129.
`
`Hurst, W.: “Establishment of the Skin Effect and Its Im-
`pediment to Fluid-Flow Into a Well Bore”, Pet. Eng.
`(0ct., 1953) B-6.
`
`Jacob, C. E.: Trans., AGU, Part II (1940).
`
`Jaeger, J . C.: Elasticity, Fracture and Flow, 2nd ed., John
`Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1962) 208.
`
`Jaeger, J. C.: “Shear Failure of Anisotropic Rocks”, Geo-
`logic Magazine (1960) XCVII, 65-72.
`
`Jennings, E. R. and Vincent, R. P.: “A Glass Fabric-
`Plastic Liner Casing Repair Method”, Drill. and Prod.
`Prac., API (1959) 67.
`
`Johnson, G. W. and Violet, C. E.: “Phenomenology of
`Contained Nuclear Explosions”, Report UCRL 5124
`Rev.
`1, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore,
`Calif. (Dec., 1958).
`
`Jones, Frank O.: “Influence of Chemical Composition of
`Water on Clay Blocking”, J. Pet. Tech.
`(April, 1964)
`441-446.
`
`Jones, Frank O. and Fast, C. R.: U. S. Patent No. 3,179,173
`(April 20, 1965).
`
`Horner, D. R.: “Pressure Buildup in Wells”, Proc., Third
`World Pet. Cong., E. J. Brill, Leiden (1951) II.
`
`Kastrop, J . E.: “Newest Aid to Multi-Stage Fracturing”,
`Pet. Eng. (Dec., 1956) B-40.
`
`Howard, G. C.: “Evaluation of the Hydrafrac Process”,
`unpublished report, Pan American Petroleum Corp.,
`Tulsa, Okla. (1965).
`
`Howard, G. C.: “Special Fracturing Test, Pine Island
`Field, La.”, unpublished report, Pan American Petrole-
`um Corp., Tulsa, Okla. (1954).
`
`Howard, G. C. and Fast, C. R.: “Factors Controlling
`Fracture Extension", paper presented at
`the Spring
`Meeting of
`the Petroleum and Natural Gas Div. of
`‘ CIM, Edmonton, Alta., May, 1957.
`
`Howard, G. C. and Fast, C. R.: “Optimum Fluid Charac-
`teristics for Fracture Extension”, Drill. and Prod. Prac.,
`API (1957) 261.
`
`Howard, G. C. and Fast, C. R.: “Squeeze Cementing Op-
`erations”, Trans, AIME (1950) 189, 53-64.
`
`Kaufman, M. J.: “Well Stimulation by Fracturing”, Pet.
`Eng. (Sept., 1956) B-53.
`
`Kern, L. R., Perkins, T. K. and Wyant, R, E.: “Propping
`Fractures with Aluminum Particles”,
`J. Pet. Tech.
`(June, 1961) 583-589.
`
`Kern, L. R., Perkins, T. K. and Wyant, R. E.: “The
`Mechanics of Sand Movement
`in Fracturing”, Trans.,
`AIME (1959) 216, 403-405.
`
`Kirsch, G.: “Die Theorie der Elastizitat und die Bedurf-
`nisse der Festigkeitslehre”, Zeitschr. des Vereines Deut-
`scher Ingenieure (1898) XLII, N0. 29, 797.
`
`Knox, John A., Lasater, R. M. and Dill, W. R.: “A New
`Concept
`in Acidizing Utilizing Chemical Retardation”,
`paper SPE 975 presented at SPE 39th Annual Fall
`Meeting, Houston, Tex., Oct. 11-14, 1964.
`
`Howard, G. C., Flickinger, D. H., Fast, C. R. and Evans,
`R. B.: “Deriving Maximum Profit from Hydraulic Frac-
`turing”, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1958) 91.
`
`Lagrone, K. W. and Rasmussen, J. W.: “A New Develop-
`ment
`in Completion Methods — The Limited Entry
`Technique”, .7. Pet. Tech. (July, 1963) 695-702.
`
`Howard, G. C. and Scott, P. P., Jr.: “An Analysis and the
`Control of Lost Circulation”, Trans., AIME (1951)
`192, 171-182.
`
`Hubbert, M. K. and Willis, D. G.: “Mechanics of Hy-
`draulic Fracturing”, Trans., AIME (1957) 210, 153-166.
`
`Lamb, Horace: Hydrodynamics, 6th ed., Dover Publica-
`tions, New York (1945).
`
`Lamé and Clapeyron: “Memoire sur l’equilibre interieur
`des corps solides homogenes: Memoirs presents par
`divers savans" (1833) 4.
`
`Huitt, J. L. and McGlothin, B. B., Jr.: “The Propping of
`Fractures, in Formations Susceptible to Propping-Sand
`Embedment”, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1958) 115.
`
`.
`
`Landrum, B. L. and Crawford, P. B.: “Horizontal Frac-
`tures Do Affect Ultimate Recovery”, Per. Eng.
`(June,
`1961) B-80.
`,
`
`Page 8 of 10
`Page 8 of 10
`
`
`
`-..»...............m.............,..._,......u....<m.........,........-.......I...Z.......,‘,,...,,,;,..‘________MMN¢_
`
`1
`
`l
`
`Muskat, M.: Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Through
`Porous Media, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York
`(1937) 145.
`
`Muskat, M.: Physical Principles of Oil Production, Mc-
`Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1949) 242.
`
`Nadai, A.: Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids, 2nd
`ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1950) I,
`208, 340-343.
`
`Nathans, M. W. and Holzer, A.: “Shock-Induced Transi-
`tions—Sample History and Sample Recovery”, Report
`PNE-112F Part 1, AEC-UCRL (June, 1963).
`
`Neill, G. H., Brown, R. W. and Simmons, C. M.: “An
`Inexpensive Method of Multiple Fracturing”, Drill. and
`Prod. Prac., API (1957) 27.
`
`Neil], G. H., Dobbs, J. B., Pruitt, G. T. and Crawford,
`H. R.: “Field and Laboratory Results of Carbon Di-
`oxide and Nitrogen in Well Stimulation”, J. Pet. Tech.
`(March’, 1964) 243-248.
`
`1202
`
`1 %
`
`Lefkovits, H. C. and Matthews, C. S.: “Application of
`Decline Curves to Gravity-Drainage Reservoirs in the
`Stripper Stage”, Trans., AIME (1958) 213, 275-280.
`Lowe, D. K. and Huitt, J. L.: “Propping Agent Transport
`in Horizontal Fractures”, J. Pet. Tech.
`(June, 1966)
`753-764.
`
`Lowe, D. K., McGlothlin, B. B., Jr., and Huitt, J. L.: “A
`Computer Study of Horizontal Fracture Treatment De-
`sign”, J. Pet. Tech. (April, 1967) 559-569.
`Mallinger, M. A., Rixe, F. Hfiand Howard, G. C.: “De-
`velopment and Use of Propping Agent Spacers to In-
`crease Well Productivity”, Drill. and Prod. Prac., API
`(1964) 88.
`Maly, Joe W. and Morton, Tom E.: “Selection and Evalua-
`tion of Wells for Hydrafrac Treatment", Oil and Gas J.
`(May 3, 1951) No. 52, 126.
`Matthews, C. S.: “Analysis of Pressure Build-up and Flow
`Test Data”, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept., 1961) 862-870.
`
`Matthews, C. S., Brons, F. and Hazebroek, P.: “A Method
`for Determination of Average Pressure in a Bounded
`Reservoir", Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 182-191.
`
`Nikuradse, J.: Forsch, Gebiete Ingenieurw Forschungshef!
`(Sept.-Oct., 1932); reprinted in Pet. Eng.
`(1940) XI,
`Nos. 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12.
`
`McGlothlin, B. B., Jr.. and Huitt, J. L.: “Relation of For-
`mation Rock Strength to Propping Agent in Hydraulic
`Fracturing", J. Per. Tet-ii. (March, 1966) 377-384.
`
`Nordyke, M. D.: “Cratering Experience with Chemical
`and Nuclear Explosives”, Engineering with Nuclear Ex-
`plosives, USAEC TID 7695 (1964) 51-73.
`
`McGuire, W. J., Harrison, E. and Kieschnick, W. F.:
`“The Mechanics of Fracture Induction and Extension”,
`Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 252-263.
`
`McGuire, W. J. and Sikora, V. J .: “The Effect of Vertical
`Fractures on Well Productivity”, Trans., AIME (1960)
`219, 401-403.
`
`McLmno1'e, R. and Gray. K. B.: “The Mechanical Be-
`h:-woir of Anisotropic Sedimentary Rock", paper 66-
`Pet-?. presented at the l’ezroleun1 Mechanical Engineer-
`ing Conference, ASME, New Orleans, La., Sept. 18-21,
`1966.
`
`McLeod, H. O. and Coulter, A. W.: “The Use of Alcohol
`in Gas Well Stimulation”, paper SPE 1633 presented
`at SPE Third Annual Eastern Regional Meeting, Colum-
`bus, Ohio, Nov. 10-11, 1966.
`
`Mead, H.: “Another Concept for Final Buildup Pressure”,
`paper 1111-G presented at SPE 33rd Annual Fall Meet-
`ing, Houston, Tex., Oct. 5-8, 1958.
`
`Miles, A. J. and Topping, A. D.: “Stresses Around a Deep
`Well”, Trans., AIME (1949) 179, 186-191.
`
`Miller, C. C., Dyes, A. B. and Hutchinson, C. A., Jr.:
`“Estimation of Permeability and Reservoir Pressure from
`Bottom Hole Pressure Build-Up Characteristics”, Trans.,
`AIME (1950) 189, 91-104.
`
`Monaghan, P. H., Salathiel, R. A., Morgan, B. E. and
`Kaiser, A. P., Jr.: “Laboratory Studies of Formation
`Damage in Sands Containing Clays”, Trans., AIME
`(1959) 216, 209-215.
`
`Morrisson, T. E. and Henderson, J. H.: “Gravity Drain-
`age of Oil Into Large Horizontal Fractures”, Trans.,
`AIME (1960) 219, 7-15.
`
`in A-Bomb Grows, But. . .”, Pet. Week
`“Oil’s Interest
`(Sept. 26, 1958) 13.
`
`Orowan, E.: “Fatigue and Fracturing of Metals”, paper
`presented at M.I.T. Symposium, Boston, Mass., June,
`1950.
`
`Ousterhout, R. S. and Hall, C. D., Jr.: “Reduction of
`Friction Loss in Fracturing Operations”, J. Pet. Tech.
`(March, 1961) 217-222.
`
`Perkins, T. K. and Kern, L. R.: “Widths of Hydraulic
`Fractures”, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept., 1961) 937-949.
`
`Perry, J. H.: Chemical Engineers Handbook, McGraw-
`Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1950) 1238-1240.
`
`Petroleum Production Handbook, Thomas C. Frick and R.
`William Taylor, Eds., McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
`Inc.,
`New York (1962) 2, 47.
`
`Phansalkar, A. K., Roebuck, A. H. and Scott, J. B.: U. S.
`Patent No. 3,046,222 (July 24, 1962).
`
`Pinson, J. M., Simmons, J., Landrum, B. L. and Crawford,
`P. B.: “Effect of Large Elliptical Fractures on Sweep
`Efiiciencies in Water Flooding or Fluid Injection Pro-
`grams”, Prod. Monthly (Nov., 1963) 20.
`
`Platt, George: “A Study of Transient Pressure Behavior
`in Porous Media”, unpublished MS thesis, U. of Tulsa,
`Tulsa, Okla. (1952).
`
`Powell, J . P. and Johnston, K. H.: “Waterflood Fracturing
`Pays Off”, IPAA Monthly (Oct., 1960) 22.
`
`Prats, M.: “Effect of Vertical Fractures on Reservoir Be-
`havoir—Incompressible Fluid Case”, Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
`(June, 1961) 105-118.
`
`W. B. and Juch, A. H.: “Pin-Point Sandfractur-
`Murphy,
`ing —— A Method of Simultaneous Injection Into Selected
`Sands”, J. Pet. Tech. (Nov., 1960) 21-24.
`
`“Project Gasbuggy—Feasibility Study”, El Paso Natural
`Gas Co., USAEC and USBM (May 14, 1965).
`Page 9 of 10
`Page 9 of 10
`
`
`
`
`“Project Rulison—New Try at Nuclear Stimulation”,
`World Oil (Sept., 1969) 67-71.
`
`Rabb, D. D.: “Large Borehole Drilling Cost”, Lawrence
`Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
`(to be pub-
`lished).
`
`Rawson, D. E.: “Review and Summary of Some Project
`Gnome Results”, Report UCRL 7166, Lawrence Radi-
`ation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. (Dec., 1962).
`
`Rawson, D. E.: “Review and Summary of Some Project
`Gnome Results”, Trans., AGU (March, 1963).
`
`Rawson, D. E., Boardman, C. R. and Jafl°e, N.: “The En-
`vironment Created by a Nuclear Detonation in Salt”,
`Report PNE-l07F ABC (to be published).
`
`Reistle, C. E.: U. S. Patent No. 2,368,424 (Jan. 30, 1945).
`
`Reynolds, J. J., Popham, J. L., Scott, J. B. and Coffer,
`H. F.: “Hydraulic Fracture—Fie1d Test to Determine
`Areal Extent and Orientation”, J. Per. Tech.
`(April,
`1961) 371-376.
`
`Rixe, F. H.: “Review of Oil Well Fracturing Theories”,
`unpublished report, Pan American Petroleum Corp.
`(March 16, 1967).
`
`Rixe, F. H., Fast, C. R. and Howard, G. C.: “Selection of
`Propping Agents for Hydraulic Fracturing”, Drill. and
`Prod. Prac., API (1963) 138.
`
`Roberts, George, Jr.: “A Review of Hydraulic Fracturing
`and Its Effect on Exploration”, paper presented at
`AAPG Meeting, Wichita, Kans., Oct. 2, 1953.
`
`Root, R. L.: U. S. Patent No. 3,254,719 (June 7, 1966).
`
`“Rulis0n Goes off Without Hitch after Needless Delay”,
`Oil and Gas J. (Sept. 15, 1969) 40.
`
`“Rulison Nuclear Device Is Finally Detonated”, World
`Oil (Oct., 1969).
`
`Sallee, W. L. and Rugg, F. E.: “Artificial Formation Frac-
`turing in Southern Oklahoma and North Central Texas”,
`Pet. Eng. (Feb., 1954) B-75; and Bnll., AAPG (Nov.,
`_1953) 37, No. 1], 2539-2550.
`
`Scott, P. P., Jr., Bearden, W. G. and Howard, G. C.:
`“Rock Rupture as Affected by Fluid Properties”, 7‘rans..
`AIME (1953) 198, 111-124.
`