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`APPL-1009 / Page 1 of 3
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`Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
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`Copyright © 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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` Graf, Rudolf F.
`Modern dictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf. —7th ed.,
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`revised and updated.
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`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. E1ectronics—Dictionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67
`1999
`621.381'03—dc21
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`99-17889
`CIP
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`Printed in the United States of America
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`APPL-1009 / Page 2 of 3
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`APPL-1009 / Page 2 of 3
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`

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`582
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`583
`
`) the signal power applied
`na in a given direction, 4n
`intensity to the total power
`te term is also applied to
`
`ground between units that
`rain source of power to or
`ial of the terminal or circuit
`a power supply and often
`:turned (i.e., power-supply
`
`|ity— 1. A measure of the
`eaker can absorb without
`ntion. In speaker systems
`vill vary depending on the
`1e signal is applied. 2. The
`nponent, which determines
`sed safely without adverse
`
`that
`ic integrated circuit
`signal-level digital logic
`al processing or interface,
`er devices. The power IC
`the prevalent small-signal
`wer IC is more specifically
`that operates at 2 or more
`:s.
`7 interface in which certain
`LS perform the same func-
`term and then selecting an
`
`tin a transmission system,
`easure of the steady-state
`measure of an arbitrarily
`sen as a reference.
`An ac voltmeter calibrated
`
`: wires conducting electric
`other.
`'ee PLT.
`)ower attenuation. 1. Ratio
`tput circuit of a transducer
`cified load under specified
`alled watt loss. In the cir-
`ring current or voltage, the
`‘ nominal full-scale indica-
`example, wattmeters, the
`itated value of current or
`
`
`
`r—Ratio of the maximum
`velope of an amplitude-
`rage value to its average
`en the modulating signal
`negative peaks.
`vwer in watts delivered by
`as a speaker. 2. Amplifier
`mnels operating, after a
`ad that brings amplifier
`working temperature.
`IS watts) —In an a.mpli-
`maximum harmonic dis-
`re-tone (sine—wave) input.
`:onverting power from an
`ipply into altemating- or
`suitable for supplying the
`lectronic device.
`device for controlling the
`;ically as a function of the
`
`mum power that can be
`/ice for a specified period.
`
`
`
`
`power ratio —Ratio of the power output to the power
`input of a device. Usually expressed as the number of
`decibels loss or gain.
`power relay—1. A relay that functions at a pre-
`determined value of power.
`It may be an overpower
`relay, an underpower relay, or a combination of both.
`2. General-purpose relay with high ratings, generally 10
`to 20 arnperes or greater. Some relays in this category
`may be open frame in that they are not protected with
`individual dust covers; they are covered with a common
`dust cover in the end-use equipment.
`.
`power response — The frequency-response capabil-
`ities of an amplifier running at or near its full rated power.
`power semiconductor deVice—Solid—state de-
`vice capable of handling 1 watt of power or more at
`room temperature. Included are rectifiers, transistors, and
`thyristors.
`power spectral density function—A measure
`of the power distribution of a signal with respect to
`frequency.
`power-speed product—The product of a semi-
`conductor device’s propagation delay and its power dis-
`sipation.
`power supply——1. A unit that supplies electrical
`power to another unit. Generally, a circuit that accepts
`alternating current and converts it into direct current that
`is regulated precisely enough to drive electronic circuits
`and that maintains a constant voltage output within limits.
`For most electronics, the source of power is line voltage
`(117 V to 220 V, 60 Hz). Most electronic circuits today
`require low-voltage dc, typically 12 V or less. At present
`there are three different design approaches to providing
`this regulated dc:
`the series or linear regulated supply,
`the ferroresonant supply, and the switching regulated sup-
`ply. 2. Energy source that provides power for operating
`electronic apparatus.
`power-supply rejection ratio—The ratio of the
`change in input offset voltage of an operational amplifier
`to the change in power-supply voltage that causes it.
`power switch—Often called an on-off switch. The
`switch that connects or disconnects a radio receiver,
`transmitter, or other equipment from its power line.
`power switchboard—Part of a switch gear con-
`sisting of a panel or panels on which the switching-
`control, measuring, protective, and regulatory equipment
`is mounted. The panel or panel supports also may carry
`the main switching and interrupting devices and their con-
`nections.
`power transformer—A transformer used for rais-
`ing or lowering the supply voltage to the various values
`required by vacuum-tube plate, heater, and bias circuits.
`power transistor— 1. A transistor designed to han-
`dle large currents and safely dissipate large amounts
`of power. 2. A transistor that can dissipate more than
`
`FLAT METAL LEADS
`SOLDER CLAD
`
`PLASTIC
`ENCAPSULATION
`SOLDER
`CONTACTS
`
`COLLECTOR
`LEAD
`
`COPPER TAB
`HEAT SINK
`
`TRANSISTOR CHIP
`GLASS PASSIVATED
`
`Power transistor.
`
`
`
`power ratio — preamplifier
`
`1 watt of power. General-purpose types are used for low-
`frequency service (below 3 MHz) as amplifiers, switches,
`or current regulators. Rf types are used to amplify high-
`frequency signals (above 3 MHz) that reach up to VHF,
`UHF, and microwave regions. 3. A transistor that handles
`power levels of about 0.25 watt and above. Units handling
`about 0.25 to 10 watts are called medium-power transis-
`tors, whereas high-power transistors are those handling
`above 10 watts.
`power tube—An electron tube designed to handle
`more current and power than a voltage-amplifier tube.
`power winding—A saturable-reactor winding to
`which the power to be controlled is supplied. Commonly,
`the output and power are furnished by the same winding,
`then termed the output winding.
`Poynting’s |aw—The transfer of energy can be
`expressed as the product of the values of the magnetic
`field and of the components of the electric field that are
`perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the flow of energy
`at any point is perpendicular to both fields.
`Poynting’s theorem—The rate of flow of electro-
`magnetic energy into or out of a closed region is at any
`instant proportional to the surface integral of the vector
`product of the electric and magnetic intensities.
`Poynting’s vector—1. The vector product of the
`electric and magnetic intensities at one point and at a
`given instant in a wave. 2. In remote sensing technology,
`represents the intensity of energy flow in the direction of
`wave propagation.
`PPI —Abbreviation for plan-position indicator.
`PPI
`repeater—A1so called remote plan-position
`indicator. A unit that repeats a plan-position indicator at
`a place remote from the radar console.
`PPI scope—A cathode-ray oscilloscope arranged to
`present a PPI display.
`pp junction—A region of transition between two
`regions having different properties in a p-type semicon-
`ducting material.
`p+ region—The region created by diffusing into
`a silicon crystal a group IH element, which creates a
`deficiency of electrons or an excess of holes.
`p+ semiconductor—A p-type semiconductor with
`an extremely large excess mobile hole concentration.
`p+-type materia|—Heavily doped p-type material,
`formed by introducing acceptor impurities into a‘ silicon
`substrate. Conduction takes place by the movement of the
`holes.
`PPM —Abbreviation for pulse-position modulation.
`ppm—Abbreviation for parts per million.
`PPM/AM —Amplitude modulation of a carrier by
`pulses that are position modulated by data.
`pps—Abbreviation for pulses per second.
`practical system of electrical units—A system
`in which the units are multiples or submultiples of
`the units of the centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic
`» system.
`»
`praetersonic—The higher region of the sonic spec-
`trum.
`
`praetersonics—The propagation and signal pro-
`cessing of acoustic waves in solids at frequencies that
`extend into the microwave region. \
`preamplifier—1. An amplifier that primarily raises
`the output of a low-level source so that
`the signal
`may be further processed without appreciable degradation
`in the signal-to-noise ratio. A preamplifier may also
`include provision for equalizing and/or mixing. 2. Also
`known as control amplifier or control center. A switching,
`amplification, and equalization component designed to
`select input signals, amplify them by amounts from 0 to
`60 dB, and deliver an output voltage compatible with the
`input requirements of a power amplifier.
`
`APPL-1009 / Page 3 of 3
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`APPL-1009 / Page 3 of 3