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`1. Videomaker Magazine
`2. » Back Issues
`3. » June 1998
`
`file:///C:/Users/volkfortier/Documents/DISH%20IPRs/268%20IPR/Evidence/Streaming%...
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`7/20/2016
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`Dish
`Exhibit 1051, Page 1
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`

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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Page 2 of 9
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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the
`Masses
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`Use the technology of streaming video to transmit your videos over the Internet to a global audience. We'll
`explain step-by-step how to get started on this road to the future of video.
`
`During the dark ages of the early 1990's, people waited many minutes to download video clips from the Internet.
`Finally, someone thought, "Why don't we watch one part of the video while the rest of it downloads?" Thus
`streaming video, a system of special compression and buffering techniques was born. It allows you to transmit
`real-time video over the Internet to an exponentially expanding worldwide audience.
`
`You may ask yourself "What does this have to do with me? I'm not a computer person." But if you're a
`videographer, you might be interested in a way to present your work to a potential audience of millions. After
`reading this article, you'll understand:
`
`• what streaming video is,
`• how to shoot video for streaming,
`• how to digitize and compress the video onto your hard drive, and
`• why you need a streaming server.
`
`So keep reading and step into the future of video.
`
`The Basics
`
`To view a streamed video file from the Internet, you need to install a plug-in (special helper software that works
`in conjunction with your Web browser to handle the downloading and decompression of the video). To perform
`the miracle of transmitting and receiving video and sound through a phone or high-speed data line, streamed
`video uses a nearly magical formula of compression and buffering.
`
`To compress video, a complex mathematical formula breaks the video into individual frames. Each frame is
`broken into moving and static components. Compression software takes each moving object and guesses where
`it will be in the next frame. By refreshing only the moving components of a frame, and recycling the static,
`compression reduces the size and transmission time of the video file. Similarly, in The Flintstones, the animators
`saved countless hours by drawing only the moving parts of each frame. Fred's mouth was often times the only
`thing moving in a scene, thus that was the only part actually redrawn for a frame, the rest was recycled from the
`previous frame. There is a downside to compression. If the camera is panning, zooming, or moving in any way,
`the whole image is in motion, leaving nothing to recycle. This leads to poor compression, and slower
`transmission.
`
`file:///C:/Users/volkfortier/Documents/DISH%20IPRs/268%20IPR/Evidence/Streaming%...
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`7/20/2016
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`Dish
`Exhibit 1051, Page 2
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`

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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Page 3 of 9
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`Compared with the voodoo magic of compression, buffering seems fairly bland. By giving the file a few
`seconds to load before starting to play, a reserve of video is available in the memory of the viewing computer in
`case the transmission slows for a moment. When the transmission slows, the viewing computer uses part of the
`reserve of video. If the transmission becomes too slow, the buffer completely exhausts itself, and the video plays
`at a lower frame rate and becomes choppy. Better streaming packages will adapt the buffer size to the speed of
`the connection, even as it fluctuates with the normal ebb and flow of Internet traffic.
`
`Learn the 8 Secrets to Making a Stellar First Video
`
`These simple hints can make even your first video look like a
`
`professional production. Read more..
`
`email..
`
`Get my Free Report
`
`<a target="_blank" href="http://ads.videomaker.com/delivery/ck.php?n=4a6a8c69"><img border="0" alt=""
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`
`Shooting for Streaming
`
`Streamed video is heavily compressed, so your goal is to maximize the quality of the video, while minimizing
`the amount of digital artifacts and choppiness that will inevitably occur in a streamed video.
`
`Remember that if the camera is moving, everything in the shot is moving too. To keep your streamed video from
`slowing down, shoot images with very little motion and use a tripod. Avoid high-motion shooting techniques,
`such as panning and zooming. This is not to say that you must eliminate all motion in your shots, but try to make
`sure that the only thing moving is the main subject.
`
`The colors you choose can also affect how well your video will compress. Bright solid colors are best. Dark
`colors can confuse the compression software by blending together with subtle shadows. The contrast of colors is
`crucial too. Choose subjects that contrast distinctly from their backgrounds. Patterns, either in the foreground or
`background, must be constantly refreshed when there is the slightest movement.
`
`Digitizing and Compressing
`
`If you use an analog camcorder, you'll need a capture card to digitize the video. A video capture card is an
`expansion card that works in conjunction with, or replaces, the existing graphics adapter inside your computer.
`If you used a DV (Digital Video) camcorder with a FireWire jack, you'll be able to transfer the video directly
`onto your hard drive with a FireWire capture card.
`
`With analog video, the first step is compressing the video into an AVI, MOV, or MPEG format to store on your
`hard drive. Compress the video at the lowest available ratio that allows the clip to fit on your hard drive. Don't
`worry about the file size at this point, because you will have to compress the video again into a streamable
`format.
`
`Once your video is captured, edited and rendered into a file onto your hard drive, you need to select one of the
`streaming software packages to further compress the file into a streamable format. The software you choose
`needs to be supported by the streaming server you select. Find out which software packages your prospective
`server supports before purchasing software or hosting services (See sidebars of streaming software and
`streaming servers).
`
`file:///C:/Users/volkfortier/Documents/DISH%20IPRs/268%20IPR/Evidence/Streaming%...
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`7/20/2016
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`Dish
`Exhibit 1051, Page 3
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`

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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Page 4 of 9
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`When you compress the MPEG, MOV, or AVI into the streamable format you have to choose exactly how you
`want it compressed. The first decision to make is how much of the video quality you want to sacrifice to make
`the video play better over the Internet to phone-modem-connected users. The three factors that make up the
`quality of a video are frame rate, color depth and resolution.
`
`Frame rate is the number of still images that make up one second of a moving video image. At 30 frames per
`second (fps), images seem to move fluidly and naturally. Video digitized at a frame rate of less than 15fps
`becomes noticeably jumpy. Since current phone and modem technology limits the frame rate to 10fps, you
`might as well set 10fps as the target in your compression scheme. If a video clip contains a lot of action, then
`limit it to 7fps.
`
`An alternative to using 7fps streamed video is the Web slideshow, which limits the frame rate to one frame
`every five seconds. This allows for one higher resolution image to be displayed with an audio track, instead of
`35 low resolution frames. (See the May 1998 issue for more about Web slideshows.)
`
`The second quality variable is color depth, the number of bits of data the computer assigns to each pixel of the
`frame. When there are more bits of data assigned to color each pixel, there are more colors that can be emulated
`on the screen. Most video is either 8-bit 256 color, 16-bit 64,000 color, or 24-bit 16.8 million color. 256-color
`video is very grainy and unsuitable for viewing. 24-bit color is optimal, but because it greatly increases the size
`of the streaming file, you'll want to settle for 16-bit color.
`
`The third factor in determining the visual quality of the picture is resolution, measured in number of pixels. The
`more pixels there are in your picture, the higher the resolution of the video. For example, if your video is
`640x480, you have 640 pixels across each of the 480 vertical lines of pixels. Streamed video ranges in resolution
`from postage-stamp size (49x49 pixels) to 160x120 pixels, the highest resolution you can stream to users
`connected through a telephone line, all the way up to 640x480 and beyond, which is considered full-screen
`video.
`
`Serving Up Your Video
`
`To provide streamed video on your Web site, you either have to serve it from your own Web server, or have it
`served from a remote video streaming service provider. Since few of us have own Web server we'll avoid the
`techno mumbo-jumbo and just cover what to look for in a streaming server.
`
`The first consideration is how many "streams" a remote streaming provider will allot to you. A single stream, for
`example, would allow one viewer to watch one video clip at a time. If you had 20 minutes of streamed video, 10
`streams would allow up to 720 people to watch that video in a 24-hour period. Some servers charge you by the
`number of streams you want available to potential viewers, while others charge you by the number of streams
`actually served to viewers.
`
`Some servers do not sell their service by the number of available streams. Instead, they charge by the Megabyte
`for the total amount of your data that they have served, regardless of the number of concurrent streams that your
`viewers are using.
`
`Another thing to keep in mind when choosing a streaming server, is that not every company will serve every
`format of streamed video. When you've chosen a streaming software package that you want to use, make sure
`the serving company you are considering can accommodate it (see sidebar).
`
`The Possibilities
`
`Streaming video is just in its infant stage, yet is has a potential limited only by the amount of data that can be
`transmitted at one time, or bandwidth. However, bandwidth is expanding exponentially. For the Web surfer, this
`could eventually mean 200 million channels of TVesque video. For makers of video, this could be an
`
`file:///C:/Users/volkfortier/Documents/DISH%20IPRs/268%20IPR/Evidence/Streaming%...
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`7/20/2016
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`Dish
`Exhibit 1051, Page 4
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`

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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Page 5 of 9
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`unprecedented broadcasting opportunity. For more information about streaming video, visit Videomaker's video
`streaming FAQ at www.streamingvideos.com.
`
`Larry Lemm is Videomaker's editorial assistant.
`
`[Sidebar: The Streaming Contenders]
`
`Even though streaming video is fairly new, there are already a few major players in the streaming software
`market.
`
`RealVideo: RealVideo software by RealNetworks (www.real.com) is the current leader of the video streaming
`industry. Its browser plug-in and encoding software are free, but you have to pay for the server software.
`Because of its large installed base, RealVideo is a solid choice for any potential video streamer.
`
`Netshow: Netshow (www.microsoft.com/netshow/) is an up and coming video streaming package from industry
`giant Microsoft. The plug-in and encoder are free, while the serving software is compatible with RealVideo,
`Vivo and VDO to allow a video server to serve a variety of streaming formats.
`
`VDONet: VDO by VDOCorp (www.vdo.net) was one of the earliest streaming packages, but is now losing
`ground in popularity to the other formats. The plug-in is free, but you'll have to pay for the encoding and serving
`software.
`- LL
`
`[Sidebar: Streaming Servers]
`
`Here is a list of companies that will host your streamed video.
`
`Video 2 Net
`www.video2net.com/
`
`911 Media Arts Center
`www.911media.org
`
`NET Limited
`www.netlimited.net
`
`WCD Enterprises
`www.wcd.net
`
`Issue:
`
`• June 1998
`
`Larry
`Lemm
`Mon, 06/01/1998 - 12:00am
`Log in or register to post comments
`
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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Streaming Video: Internet Broadcasting for the Masses | Videomaker.com
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`Page 9 of 9
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