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`Personal Jukebox (PJB)Personal Jukebox (PJB)
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`Systems Research Center and PAADSystems Research Center and PAAD
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`Last updated October 13, 2000Last updated October 13, 2000
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`What Is This?What Is This?
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` Cool consumer device, exploring convergence of:
`– cheap, low power, fast, imbedded computers
`– powerful, common, home PC’s with Internet access
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` Portable audio system: 100 CD’s in your pocket
`– Take all your music everywhere
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` Research project that became a product
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`The TechnologyThe Technology
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` CD-quality audio compression: 11-to-1 (1 MB/min)
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` 2.5” disk is 6.5 GBytes, 4 ounces, 3/8” thick
`– 110 hours of CD-quality music (340 hrs on 20 GB)
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` Lithium-Ion cell: 5 Watt-hour, 2 ounces
`– We achieve 11-hour playing time between charges
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` PC for acquisition, management, content labeling
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`Using the PJBUsing the PJB
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` Everywhere:
`– On that 11-hour flight
`– In your car
`– In your office
`– At home
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` Choose your music after you leave home
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`PJB WorkflowPJB Workflow
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`OnlineOnline
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`MusicMusic
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`ResellersResellers
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`CDDBCDDB
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`Internet
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`CD-ROMCD-ROM
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`drivedrive
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`JukeboxJukebox
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`ManagerManager
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`onon
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`Home PCHome PC
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`MP3 on PCMP3 on PC
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`AudioAudio
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`CDCD
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`PJBPJB
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`Hardware OverviewHardware Overview
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`USBUSB
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`(12 Mb/s)(12 Mb/s)
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`Flash ROMFlash ROM
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`(1 MB)(1 MB)
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`DRAMDRAM
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`(12 MB)(12 MB)
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`2.5” disk2.5” disk
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`(many GB)(many GB)
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`Memory bus
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`DSP (Motorola 56309-80)DSP (Motorola 56309-80)
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`Running at 35 MHz; about 72 KB on-chip RAMRunning at 35 MHz; about 72 KB on-chip RAM
`Serial
`Serial
`GPIO
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`LCDLCD
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`DACDAC
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`Buttons &Buttons &
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`(128x64x1)(128x64x1)
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`(44.1x2x16)(44.1x2x16)
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`Power MgmtPower Mgmt
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`Amp
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`Audio
`output
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`Hardware RealityHardware Reality
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`Hardware Close-up (Prototype)Hardware Close-up (Prototype)
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`Hardware Anatomy (Prototype)Hardware Anatomy (Prototype)
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`Buttons
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`Ethernet
`(product uses USB)
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`DRAM
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`Flash
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`Power
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`Audio
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`IDE
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`CPU
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`LCD
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`ONCE™
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`Battery
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`Physical RobustnessPhysical Robustness
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` Disk withstands 150G for 2ms while operating
`– roughly a drop from a desk onto carpet
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` Reality: some temporary non-recoverable errors
`– (while running)
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` Firmware can continue with small audio loss
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` LCD is most liable to permanent damage
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`Player Unit UI OverviewPlayer Unit UI Overview
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` Human-sensible names (from CDDB initially)
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` 3-level hierarchy: “set”, “disk” (playlists), “track”
`– multiple copies of a track or disk are (almost) free
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` 6 buttons: start/stop, up/down, left/right (+volume)
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` Bitmapped display allows redesigns (& games!)
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`UI Physical layout (prototype)UI Physical layout (prototype)
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`User Interface DetailsUser Interface Details
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`Current Set, Disk, TrackCurrent Set, Disk, Track
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`This TrackThis Track
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`This DiskThis Disk
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`This SetThis Set
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`SequentialSequential
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`ShuffleShuffle
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`RepeatRepeat
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`Normal,Normal,
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`Extra Bass,Extra Bass,
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`Super BassSuper Bass
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`Track, Track LeftTrack, Track Left
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`Disc, Disc LeftDisc, Disc Left
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`Time IndicatorTime Indicator
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`Volume LevelVolume Level
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`Ethernet/USBEthernet/USB
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`Link StatusLink Status
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`Firmware OverviewFirmware Overview
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` No operating system! (manual event loop)
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` Compression format neutral (select per-track)
`– MP3, AAC, MSAudio, SDMI, ...
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` About 40,000 lines of C (“char” is 24-bits!)
`– but … assembler is factor of 10 faster
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` Decoder, CRC, and disk read loop in assembler
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`Firmware - main loopFirmware - main loop
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` Poll the devices
`– simpler than interrupts
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` Main loop calls each
`component in turn to
`give it processor time.
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` Need to call player process
`frequently enough!
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`User InterfaceUser Interface
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`Player ProcessPlayer Process
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`USBUSB
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`DiskDisk
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`Firmware - logical flowFirmware - logical flow
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`ButtonsButtons
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`LCDLCD
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`UserUser
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`InterfaceInterface
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`Player Process
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`10MB Buffer
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`RPCRPC
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`File SystemFile System
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`DecoderDecoder
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`Ethernet orEthernet or
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`USB driverUSB driver
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`IDE DriverIDE Driver
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`DACDAC
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`Disk DriveDisk Drive
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`ampamp
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`File System OverviewFile System Overview
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` Single meta-data object “Table of Contents” (TOC)
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` Managed by PC software
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` Single stream of plain text:
`– Identifies PJB, set, disk, track (each by text name)
`– “track” has location (first allocation block number)
`– Includes map of blocks-in-use
`– Includes CDDB keys
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`File System On-disk StructureFile System On-disk Structure
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`TOC (static 4 MB area)TOC (static 4 MB area)
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`Music (128 KB blocks)Music (128 KB blocks)
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`currentcurrent
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`previousprevious
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`AA
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`BB
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`CC
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`DD
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`Content blocks in detailContent blocks in detail
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` Doubly linked lists (w/ redundant forward links)
` Header identifies content and origin (for scavenging)
` Supports continuously encoded music (extents)
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`FWD/BACK
`PTR
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`1st
`track
`start
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`2nd
`track
`start
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`FWD PTR
`CRC
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`3rd
`track
`start
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`Disk Error HandlingDisk Error Handling
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` Bad TOC - use replica
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` Bad TOC replica - use old version
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` Bad forward pointer in block - use replica
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` Bad replica forward pointer - abandon track
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` Bad payload in block - skip and resync music
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`File System MaintenanceFile System Maintenance
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` No fragmentation worries
`– worst case is seek every 128KB (8 seconds)
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` No fsck or scandisk (no inconsistent states)
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` Relies on:
`– large files
`– no file modification
`– single writer
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`Power ManagementPower Management
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` 2.5” disk in sleep mode consumes about 100 mW
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` Disk spin-up takes 5W-secs (2x AA’s don’t work)
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` Power-up disk, read 10 MB into DRAM, power off
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` Use on-chip memory for inner loop, not DRAM
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` Total average PJB power consumption 450 mW
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`Market AreaMarket Area
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` PJB was the first product in its category
`– Less than $10/hour of music (Rio is $200/hour)
`– Only prerequisite is owning a PC
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` Lots of other possibilities in this area, e.g.:
`– Internet music purchase: store in PJB, cache on PC
`– Caching CD player in your car
`– Home network with custom audio in each room
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`StatusStatus
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` Research project ended up with 100 prototypes
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` Licensed to third party (HanGo)
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` Now shipping (http://www.pjbox.com)
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` Project details:
`– http://research.compaq.com/SRC/pjb/
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