ELECTRONICS
`E~GINEERS'
`HANDBOOK
`
`DONALD G. FINK, Editor-in-Chief
`~i>·e Director and General Manager, lnstirule of £/ecrrical and Elecrronics E111dneers (Rer.);
`F.-...uly Vice Presidem- Researcl!, Philco Corporation,
`Proidem of the Institute of Radio Engineers,
`L:bor of the Proceedings of the IRE;
`~r, National Academy of £ngineeri11g;
`£~ of the !nsritwe of Electricaf and Elecrronics Engineers;
`£dtJ,. of the Jnsritution of Electrical Engineers (London);
`~t M ember, Eta Kappa Nu
`
`U.EXANDER A. McKENZIE, Assistant Editor
`--wiburing £diror, JEEE Spectrum.
`E...-.rul>· Smior Editor, Electronics.
`f:.=:::Jrial Manager, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
`'-beT of the Technical Staff, M.l. T. Radiation Laboratory;
`se.Mir \.[ember, h/Siitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
`
`Edition
`
`f:G R-\\\- HTLL BOOK COMPANY
`t. Louis
`San Francisco Auckland Dusseldorf
`Kuala Lumpur London Mexico Montreal
`Panama Paris
`Siio Paulo
`ydney
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`
`(cid:44)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:21) (cid:16) (cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:17) (cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:24)
`(cid:55)(cid:82)(cid:92)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:68) (cid:48)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:15) (cid:51)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)
`(cid:20)
`
`

`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`
`Fink. Donald G
`Electronics engineers' handbook.
`
`I. Title.
`I. Electronics-Handbooks. manuals. etc.
`TK7825.F56
`621.381'02'02
`74-32456
`ISBN 0-07-020980-4
`
`Copyright © 1975 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Printed in the U nited States of America. No pan of this
`publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sYStem.
`or transmitted, in any form or by any means. electronic.
`mechanical. photocopying, recordi ng, or otherwise. without
`the prior wriuen permission of the publisher.
`
`'34567890 QBQB 78432109876
`
`The editors for this book at McGraw-Hill were Harold B. Crawford. Rnherr £. Curtis.
`and Robert Braine, and the production su;Jervisor was Stephm J. Bolt/ish.
`It was set in Times Roman by Rocappil Lehigh. Inc.
`
`It was primed and bound by Quinn & Bodm Compon)'. Inc.
`
`(cid:21)
`
`

`
`CONTENT S
`
`Con1ribucors ............................................................................................................ ............................. ix
`Pre/ace ................................................................................................................................................ xiii
`
`ection l. Basic Phenomena of El~ctronics ............................................................ J-1
`Elementary particles. quanta and photons, energy levels, states of matter. chemical phe(cid:173)
`nomena: emission. transport. control and collection of charged particles: steady-state and
`time-varying phenomena; dielectric. magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena: radiant
`energy, acoustic and optical phenomena; human hearing and vision; definitions, units, and
`symbols
`
`ection 2. Mathematics:: Formulas, Definitions, and Theorems Used in
`Electronics Engineering ............................................................................................... 2-1
`Di.fferential and integral ca.Jculus: series and expansions,
`transforms. probability,
`matrixes: Boolean algebra and symbolic logic
`
`Section 3. Circuit Principles ....................................................................................... 3-1
`Circuit concepts and functions: 'lumped-constant and distributed circuits: network inter(cid:173)
`connections and switching; magnetic and dielect!'ic circuits; glossary of criteria, laws, and
`t.heorems
`
`Section 4. Information, Communication, Noise, and Interference .................... .4-l
`Concepts, sources and measures of information; codes and coding; th.e communications
`::hannel. noise and interference
`
`tion 5. Systems Engineering ................................................................................. S-1
`Definitions and concepts; exterior and interior system design; human factors; techniques
`
`~ o 6. Properties of Materials ............................................................................ 6-1
`Co:Jductive and resistive, dielectric and insulating, m~goetic materials: semiconductors:
`~on-emi tting, radiation-emitting materials: optical and photosensitive materials
`
`~n . Discrete Circuit Components .................................................................. 7-1
`J:"...p.;ors. capacitors. inductors, transformers. electron tubes. cathode-ray tubes. semicon(cid:173)
`C:acr de,ices, transistors; batteries: ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric devices;
`~ dt>\ices; mod ular asse mblies; relays. switches, insulators
`v
`
`(cid:22)
`
`

`
`CO.\'TE.VTS
`
`Section 8. Integrated Circuits .................................................................................... 8-1
`Fabrication; microelectronic circuits; integrated circuit design; packages; testing
`
`Section 9. Ultra-High-Frequency and Microwave Devices .................................. 9-1
`Transmission lines, coaxial cables. waveguides, resonators and cavities: planar tubes:
`Klystrons: twts; cross-field devices: microwave semiconductor devices
`
`Section 10. Transducers ........................................................................................... 10-1
`Mechanical. thermal. physical, chemical. nuclear. electromagnetic. electrical transd ucers
`and actuators; digital. visual, and aural indicators
`
`Section 11. Sources and Sensors oflnfrared. Visible, and Ultraviolet Energy. ti-l
`Lamps, lasers, luminous screens, phototubes, photoconductive devices, infrared semicon(cid:173)
`ductor devices: solar cells
`
`Section 12. Filters, Coupling Networks, and Attenuators ................................. 12-1
`Filter design using poles and zeroes; attenuators
`
`Section 13. Amplifiers and Oscillators ................................................................... l3-1
`Audio-frequency, radio-frequency, broadband, high-power. direct-coupled, operational,
`servo, nonlinear, microwave, maser and laser amplifiers and oscillators
`
`Section 14. Modulators. Demodulators, and Frequency Converters ............... l4-l
`'
`Amplitude, angle, pulse, and composite devices: microwave and optical modulators and
`demodulators; frequency converters and detectors
`
`Section 15. Power Electronics ................................................................................. 1S-t
`Single-phase and multi phase rectifiers; inverter circuits; controlled, special-purpose recti(cid:173)
`fier and control circuit~; power filters
`
`Section 16. Pulsed Circuits and Waveform Generators ...................................... t6-t
`Pulse and other waveform circuits; differentia tors. integrators; clippers and clamps; pulse(cid:173)
`timing and delay circuits; arithmetic. logic. and switching circuits
`
`Section 17. Measurement and Control Circuits .................................................... t?-1
`Substitution and analog measurements; transducer-input systems; bridge circuits: detec(cid:173)
`tors and amplifiers; control circuit principles: automatic control
`
`Section 18. Antennas and Wave Propagation ....................................................... lS-1
`Principles and classifications, linear arrays. aperture radiators. lens and hom radiators
`and receptors. reflectors; scanning and tracking mechanisms: propagation over earth and
`via the ionosphere
`
`Section 19. Sound Reproduction and Recording Systems .................................. l9-l
`Speech and sound; room acoustics; microphones. loudspeakers, headphones; disk record(cid:173)
`ing and reproduction: magnetic-tape systems
`
`vi
`
`(cid:23)
`
`

`
`CONTENTS
`
`Section 20. T elevision and F acsim ile Syste ms ...................................................... 20- 1
`Television scanning. synchronization and composite-signal generation: cameras. sync
`generators. control equipment. line .amplifiers: image-reproducing equipment: video re(cid:173)
`corders; facsimile methods and equipment
`
`Section 21. Broadcasting Systems ........................................................................... 21-1
`Standards: amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, television transmitters and re(cid:173)
`ceivers
`
`Section 22. Point-to-P oint and Mobil e Communication Systems ..................... 22-1
`System classifications: wire telegraphy and data systems: wire telephone: wideband com(cid:173)
`mon carrier: switching and routing: mobile systems
`
`Sect ion 23. Electronic Data P rocessing ................................................................. 23- 1
`Principles: number systems. codes and conversions: Boolean operations; storage methods:
`central processing, input and output equipment: programming
`
`Section 24. E lectronics in Processing Industries .................................................. 24- 1
`Process signal systems: analog and digi tal interfaces: safety and reliability
`
`Section 25. R ad ar. Navigation. a n d Underwater Sound Systems ..................... 25-J
`
`Principles and applications: transmitters and radiators. receivers and indicatOrs; elec(cid:173)
`tronic navigation; underwater sound
`
`Section 26. Electronics in Medicine and Biology ................................................. 26- 1
`Biomedical engineering: safety: electrocardiography: radiology; prosthetic devices: artifi(cid:173)
`cial organs: computer applications: monitoring and remote observation; implant instru(cid:173)
`mentation
`
`Section 27. Electronic Ene rb'Y Conversion Methods ........................................... 27- 1
`Thermoelectric and thermionic systems and materials: magnetohydrodynamics: elec(cid:173)
`trohydrodynamics: heat pipes
`
`vii
`
`(cid:24)
`
`

`
`DATA AND TELEGRAPH COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
`
`Sec. 22-45
`
`receiver, and line amplifiers transmitting over the shielded-cable pair described in Par. 22-29.
`Long-haul transmission oc..curs over microwave or coaxial-cable facilities capable of handling
`at least a master group on analog facilities. In PCM systems it is contemplated that 9<-b
`encoding will be required resulting in two 46.3 Mb/ s streams to an M-23 multiplex, as shown
`in Fig. 22-48.
`43. VisuaJ-Telephone Transmission. Trials are now being held of a video acijunct to
`voice service for telephone subscribers. under the registered trade name Picturephone in the
`Bell System. While primarily for face-to-face communication. it also permits limited(cid:173)
`resolution graphic transmission. The switching network associated with this service also
`permits computer access and wide-band data services. The picture is 5¥2 by 5 in. and is
`formed in a 2: I interlaced raster. at a rate of 30 frames per second at 250 lines per frame. The
`bandwidth is essentially flat from 0 to I MHz. permitting an adequate head and shoulders
`view.
`The plan for the picturephone transmission network is shown in Fig. 22-5 1. The
`baseband video signal is transmitted on a cable pair in analog form in the local area. Two
`video pairs and one voice pair are required for each subscriber. The video pairs are unloaded
`19 -.22-.24-, or 26-gauge cable pairs equipped with special equalizers at about 1-mi interva[s.
`ln the long-haul plant PCM trunks will be used, and the audio will be multiplexed with the
`video at 6.3 Mb/ s, as shown in Fig. 22-48. Dialing. signaling. and supervision will be over
`the voice pair in the local area. Eventually the system is expected to result in a new
`transmission plan providing fixed loss from local switching center to local switching center
`oo all connections.
`
`Analog
`loc al
`sw otch
`
`Analog
`t oll
`switch
`
`Digital channel
`toll
`switch
`
`Anolog
`one voice p01r
`second vodeo pairs
`
`Digotol 2- 6.3 Mb/s bit
`streams multiplexed
`aud •o and video
`
`Subscriber
`Fig. 22-SI. Picturephone transmission network.
`reprinted by permlsswn.)
`
`(Copyright, 197(), Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.;
`
`DATA AND TELEGRAP H COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
`44. Digital Communications.
`In this subsection. communications systems using digital
`signals as a representation ofletters, numbers, and other symbols used in business or technical
`language are discussed. Digital signals were first used i.n telegraph communications and now
`form the basic language for computer data communications. The transmission of digital
`signals occurs. for the most part. over the telephone communications systems originally
`designed for analog signal transmission, since it is the avai !able source of communication
`circuits and facilities.
`45. Baseband Digital Signals. A digital signal is quantized in both amplitude and time.
`\Vben quantized in two amplitude levels, it is called a binary signal, three levels a ternary
`signal, four levels a quaternary signal, etc. Binary signals are preferred since detection
`berween two states, particularly in a noisy transmission system. is much simpler than
`discriminating among many levels. Binary devices are correspondingly simpler, more
`reliable, and less expensive.
`The signal must also be quantized in time. The shortest (unit) signal element that
`represents a discrete piece of information is designated as a digit In a binary signal it is called
`22- 39
`
`(cid:25)
`
`

`
`Sec. 22-46 POINT-TO-POINT AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
`
`a bit. a contraction of binary digit, and abbreviated 'b. In data systems the speed is usually
`designated in bits per second (b/s). The baud (Bd), a unit of the number of signal elements
`generated per second. originated in telegraph parlance. The signaling rate in bil~ per second
`is equal to the speed in bauds.
`Three basic methods of generating baseband binary signals are shown in Fig. 22-52. The
`amplitude levels are designated 0 and I in data parlance and space and mark in telegraph
`parlance. In the neutral or unipolar scheme no current indicates 0 and POSitive battery a I.
`In the polar scheme negative battery indicates a 0 and pasitive battery a I. In the bipolar
`scheme no current indicates a 0 and each I bit has OPPOSite polarity from its predecessor I
`bit. The latter scheme reduces the de component to be transmitted. These signals may be
`generated electromechanically by mechanical contacts on a switch or electronically by
`transistor flip-flop circuits.
`
`Coding State
`0 1 0 1 1 0 1
`Neutralorunipolor 8" •------ ,..., ,.--, ,...,
`ff 0-- - - - - ' .......
`.......
`..
`Polar ~ ~~~~~::~
`Ia
`Off o- - - -:=n_ n_ -
`B.
`1~ r ~ - ----~-~ ~
`
`Fig. 22·52. Forms of baseband binary signals.
`
`46. Codes. To give universal meaning to groupings of pulses that can be recognized
`wherever received. it is necessary to devise codes assigning to each letter. number. symbol.
`or function a specific and discrete grouping of pulses called a character.
`The Morse codes shown in Table 22-5 were used in the earliest telegraph systems and are
`still in limited use today. Long and short pulses, called dots and dashes, make up the codes.
`The space is equal to a dot. A dash has the length of three dots. The characters in this code
`are of unequal. transmission length. These codes are employed primarily on circuits with
`band-operated sending keys and an audible sounder for reception. The International version
`is most frequently used.
`The Baudot code, shown in Table 22·6, is designed so that each character has a 5-b length.
`The code has been the standard code for telegraph communication in printing-telegraph
`systems for many years. The version shown bas been designated by CCIT as International
`Alphabet 2. The 5-b code bas a capability of 25 = 32 discrete characters or combinations.
`Since this is not sufficient for all "plain language" characters (26 alphabetic, 10 numeric.
`punctuation marks. plus special characters). it is necessary to use two special characters
`(figures shift and letters shift) to indicate that all that follows has one of the two passible
`meaningS for each code combination until a new shift symbol appears. Allowing for the two
`
`Table 22-S.
`
`International and American Morse Codes
`
`International
`
`American
`
`International
`
`American
`
`A
`B
`c
`D
`E
`F
`G
`H
`I
`J
`K
`L
`M
`N
`0
`p
`0
`Period
`Comma
`Interrogation
`
`R
`s
`T
`u
`v
`w
`X
`y
`z
`I
`2
`3
`4
`5
`6
`7
`8
`9
`0
`
`22-40
`
`-----
`
`(cid:26)