By the Editors of the
`A M E RI CAN H E RI TAG E® Dictionaries
`I
`GE i n t_
`mit
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`w moo
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` E m . AN A TO Z GUIDE
`M
`TO HARDWARE,
`1111111111ww, SOFTWARE,
`AND CYBERSPACE
`
`dictionary
`and computer
`internetwords
`
`.111M-1111
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`MEW_ All
`-
`
`Ex. 2005
`Page 1 of 4
`
`

`

`Words are included in this Dictionary on the basis of their usage. No investi-
`gation has been made of common-law trademark rights in any word, be-
`cause such investigation is impracticable. The inclusion of any word in this
`Dictionary is not, however, an expression of the Publisher's opinion as to
`whether or not it is subject to any proprietary rights. Indeed, no definition in
`this Dictionary is to be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark.
`
`Copyright O 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
`All rights reserved.
`
`No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
`any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and record-
`ing, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior
`written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is
`expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to Reference
`Permissions, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116.
`
`Visit our website: www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Dictionary of computer and internet words : an A to Z guide to hardware,
`software, and cyberspace.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-618-10137-3
`1. Computers—Dictionaries. 2. Internet—Dictionaries.
`QA76.15 .D5255 2001
`004'.03—dc21
`
`2001016890
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`DOH 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`editorial and
`production staff
`
`Editor
`Steven Kleinedler, Project Director
`
`Managing Editor
`Chris Leonesio
`
`Production Supervisor
`Chris Granniss
`
`Senior Art St Production Coordinator
`Margaret Anne Miles
`
`Contributing Editor
`Julie A. Kent
`
`Consulting Editor
`Stephen Gilliard, Jr.
`
`Associate Editor
`Jacquelyn Pope
`
`Editorial Assistant
`Uchenna lkonne
`
`Design
`Melodie Wertelet
`
`Ex. 2005
`Page 2 of 4
`
`

`

`Similarly,
`will ?one sends a message to that list.
`ribing to a particular list server, a user
`laintains mail distribution lists related to
`latforms.
`NET, and versions are available for Unix
`nail among the list's members. It was odg-
`manager owned by L-Soft International,
`
`ram in source code.
`leleted in any order.
`a with an organizational structure that al-
`hin a LISP program.
`other lists, there is no distinction between
`list yields a
`performs :hose relationships. Since each
`computer
`and
`the
`values,
`mbolic
`tions to the computer. These lists establish
`at MIT, LISP is made up of expressions that
`1 intelligence research. Developed in the
`Kessor. A programming language that is
`tter printer.
`ittern on the drum. See table at printer. Also
`ct as tiny shutters, blocking or transmitting
`!am through a liquid-crystal panel. Individ-
`using a laser to create images on the print
`iter A high-quality printer that resembles f
`produce washed-out color.
`a technologies are cheaper but are difficult
`ceptionally sharp color images but is very
`vays to produce color LCDs. Active-matrix
`pixels, each cell act-Hy controlled shutter.
`filters. Cells of 3ed in an array to form
`molecules smission of light through the
`Elec-1 to control the alignment of the
`crystalline order in their arrangement.
`rystals are rod-shaped molecules that flow
`tuid crystals sandwiched between two layers
`enhance image contrast.
`rk gray images on a light gray background,
`watches. Most LCDs in laptops are mono-
`
`nter
`
`161
`
`tween nodes, and a network operating system (NOS), software that
`Every LAN has a protocol that governs the exchange of data be-
`tween all nodes.
`computer, the server, provides data and controls communication be-
`rectly with one another, or client/server networks, in which a central
`in which all computers are similarly equipped and communicate di-
`Additionally, LANs are organized as either peer-to-peer networks,
`as the hub.
`topology, all nodes are connected to one central computer, known
`through each node until it reaches its proper destination. In a star
`computers are joined in a loop, so that a message from one passes
`devices are connected to a central cable. In a ring topology, the
`are bus, ring, and star. In a bus topology, all computers and other
`The three principal LAN organizing structures, called topologies,
`each other and to share such resources as laser printers.
`processing units), but they are able to exchange data and files with
`a node. The computers in a LAN have independent CPUs (central
`or group of buildings. Each computer or device in LAN is known as
`computers and peripherals within a limited area, such as a building
`local area network Abbreviated LAN A network that links together
`into internal storage.
`loader A computer program that transfers data from offline memory
`n. An amount of work that a computer undertakes at one time.
`drive. 4. To import a large amount of data into a database.
`an external storage device, such as a tape, floppy disk, or CD into its
`transfer data into a computer's memory for processing. 3. To mount
`be loaded into the computer's RAM (random-access memory). 2. To
`puter's memory. Before a program on a disk can be executed, it must
`load v. 1. To transfer a program from a storage device
`into a com-
`such as lead and mercury.
`greater storage capacity, is lighter, and is free of poisonous metals
`Although more expensive than NiCad and NiMH batteries, it has
`lithium-ion battery A rechargeable battery for portable computers.
`as a literal, it is a dollar sign.
`For example, $ can be a symbol that refers to the end of a line, but
`function, or entity associated with it in a programming language.
`literal A letter or symbol that stands for itself as opposed to a feature,
`that particular list.
`anyone can send email to the whole group by sending a message to
`
`local area network
`
`Ex. 2005
`Page 3 of 4
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`

`

`259
`
`drive speed. Each file written into a striped array is spread, or
`striping On an array of disk drives, a technique for improving disk
`words as strings. Also called character string.
`single unit. Computers can perform operations on text by treating
`string A set of consecutive characters treated by a computer as a
`it has been downloaded.
`over the Internet, instead of first sending a file and displaying after
`streaming video The sending and displaying of video in real time
`been downloaded.
`the Internet, instead of first sending a file and playing after it has
`streaming audio The sending and playing of audio in real time over
`or into memory from the CPU (central processing unit).
`store To copy data onto a mass storage device, such as a floppy disk,
`tape.
`Among storage devices are hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROMS, and
`storage device Any device used to record and store computer data.
`where large amounts of information can be permanently stored.
`mass storage, refers to the places, such as hard disks or floppy disks,
`a computer's RAM (random-access memory); secondary storage, or
`or retrieval. There are two types of storage: primary storage consists of
`storage The places that hold computer information for subsequent use
`of a byte of data. See also start bit.
`stop bit In asynchronous communication, the bit that signals the end
`static random-access memory See static RAM.
`used data or instructions for fast access. See table at access time.
`cache memory, a reserved area of memory that stores frequently
`RAM, static RAM chips are also more expensive and are used for
`unit) as often as dynamic RAM. Substantially faster than dynamic
`that does not need to be refreshed by the CPU (central processing
`static RAM Abbreviated SRAM A type of random-access memory
`static Unchanging or fixed. See also dynamic.
`values stated in symbolic form.
`grams are made up of statements and expressions, operations, and
`statement An elementary instruction in a high-level language. Pro-
`the computer is turned on. Also called boot disk, system disk.
`startup disk must be inserted into one of the disk drives every time
`disk; if a computer does not have a hard startup disk, a floppy
`
`striping
`
`iing. The startup disk is usually a hard
`ains the operating system files that a
`' also stop bit.
`munication, the bit that signals the be-
`
`hub. See also bus, ring. See illustration
`n as the hub. All communication be-
`ices, known as nodes, are connected to
`topologies for a local area network, in
`p Language See SGML.
`:ommunications protocol.
`d standards include the ASCII standard
`with the more popular computers and
`are developers attempt to create prod-
`guages. Other standards evolve natu-
`rds Institute), which establishes stan-
`an official organization, such as ANSI
`
`1 in one computer usable by other corn-
`ard communications methods, called
`) plug into a variety of different com-
`:andard physical structures that enable
`:edure or structure for a specific type of
`
`1 a self-contained, independently oper-
`t to be retrieved.
`tly stored is the first to be retrieved, and
`d for temporary storage of information
`Is, including FTP.
`el, allowing for the encryption of data
`ically to the World Wide Web, but SSL
`he Internet. Another encryption stan-
`transmitting data, especially business
`'kets Layer. An encryption standard
`
`of static random-access memory.
`
`in be issued interactively or can be em-
`
`Ex. 2005
`Page 4 of 4
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