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`10,000 NEW WORDS AND SENSES
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`
`The AMERICAN HERITAGE“ Dictionary
`of the English Language, Fifth Edition
`
`Acclaimed for presenting definitions in accurate and comprehensible language, the
`landmark Fifth Edition includes such hallmark features as
`- ‘IILDDD NEW WORDS AND SENSES. including Internet and technology terms like
`crowdsourcing, quantum computer; and vlog, science words like blazar, metabo-
`
`Iome, and probiotic, cultural terms like mango, orisha, and umma, food terms like
`
`gastropub, ms :21 honour, and rooibos, new sports terms like freed'iv:'ng, snowboard
`cross, and vuvuzela, and informal words like must-have, vacay, and wtfty
`
`- THDIISANDS DE NEW DUDTATIDNS AND EXAMPLE SENTENDES from classic authors in-
`
`cluding Iane Austen and George Eliot, modernists like }ames Joyce and Virginia
`Woolf, and contemporaries such as James Carroll, Anita Desai. Ionathan Franzen,
`and Erin McGraw
`
`- DDMPREHENSWE.
`
`IIP-TD-DATE GUIDANCE DH USAGE from the celebrated American
`
`Heritage’ Usage Panel
`
`- THDUSANDS DF UPDATED ETYMDLDEIES in its two unique appendices—the Appendix
`
`of Indo-European Roots and the Appendix of Semitic Roots
`
`You are
`your words.
`
`Make the most ofthem.
`
`

`
`
`
`

`
`Words are included in this dictionary on the basis of their usage. Words that
`are known to have current trademark registrations are shown with an initial
`capital and are also identified as trademarks. No investigation has been made
`of common-law trademark rights in any word, because such investigation is
`impracticable. The inclusion of any word in this dictionary is not. however.
`an expression of the publisher's opinion as to whether or not it is subject to
`proprietary rights. Indeed. no definition in this dictionary is to be
`regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark.
`
`American Heritage and the eagle logo are registered trademarks ofAmerican
`Heritage Inc. Their use is pursuant to a license agreement with
`American Heritage Inc.
`
`Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifilin Harcourt Publishing Company.
`All rights reserved.
`
`No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
`means. electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording. or by
`any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission
`of Houghton Mifilin Harcourt unless such copying is expressly permitted by
`federal copyright law. Address inquiries to:
`Reference Permissions. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
`222 Berkeley Street. Boston, MA 02! I6.
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`Visit our websites: ltmhcaxorn and ahdr'ctiom1ry.wrn
`
`ISBN 978-0-544-45445-3
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in—Pu blication Dam
`
`The American Heritage dictionary of the English language. -— 5th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous ed.: 2000.
`ISBN 973-U-547-04l0l-3
`
`1. English language--Dictionaries.
`PEl628.A623 201 l
`423--dc22
`
`2011004777
`
`Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica
`
`

`
`
`
`Introduction
`JOSEPH P. PiCl(ET'!'
`
`Editorial and Production Staff
`
`Special Contributors and Consultants
`
`The Usage Panel
`
`Variation and Change in Our Living Language
`JOHN R.RlCKFORD
`
`Usage in The American Heritage Dictionary
`STEVEN PINKEH
`
`Guide to the Dictionary
`
`Pronunciation Key
`
`vii
`
`viii
`
`xiii
`
`xvi
`
`
`
`lndo-European Roots
`
`Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans
`CALVERT WATKlN5
`
`Guide to Appendix I
`
`Indo-European Sound Correspondences
`
`APPENDIX I lndo—European Roots
`
`Semitic Roots
`
`P'roto—Semitic Language and Culture
`IOHN HUEHNERGARD
`
`Guide to Appendix II and Chart
`of the Semitic Family Tree
`
`APPENDIX II Semitic Roots
`
`Picture Credits
`
`2023
`
`2032
`
`2034
`
`2036
`
`2066
`
`2070
`
`2072
`
`2079
`
`Charts and Tables
`
`Table of Alphabets
`
`Development of the Alphabet
`
`Books of the Bible
`
`Three Principal Calendars
`
`Color
`
`Currency
`
`Geologic Time Scale
`
`Mathematical Symbols
`
`Measurement
`
`51
`
`52
`
`177
`
`262
`
`365
`
`447
`
`734
`
`1083
`
`H191
`
`Periodic Table of the Elements
`
`1312-1313
`
`Proofreaders Marks
`
`Planets of the Solar System
`
`Thermodynamics
`
`1411
`
`1665
`
`1807
`
`
`
`

`
`Introduction
`
`
`
`elcome to the Fifth Edition of The Anierican
`
`
`
`Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. This
`new edition contains the cumulative additions and
`
`revisions made by the dictionary's editors since the previous edition was
`released in 2000. My colleagues and I have in effect re-researched and
`rewritten the dictionary to reflect contemporary knowledge and culture.
`For me. the Fifth Edition marks the third time around doing such
`work. I was Senior Editor on the Third Edition (1992) and EXECl1':1VE
`Editor on the Fourth (2000). Working on the same dictionary for 20
`years makes you hyperaware of the breathtaking pace of innovation that
`has become the norm for the English language. People who think "the
`dictionary" is somehow "done" are not taking notice of the tumultuous
`change in their linguistic surroundings. This edition has about 10,000
`new words and senses (new entries and new definitions) that were not in
`the Fourth Edition. and the Fourth Edition had roughly that amount of
`new material over the Third Edition.
`What is this new material? Where does it all come from? From
`
`every walk of life and every corner of the universe. For example. there
`are new words from technology (like crowdsotirciiig, quarituni computer.
`and wilcify). from medicine and physiology (like glirelin.
`iiietabalizmie.
`and MRS/i), from astronomy (like Big Rip. exoplnnet, and plutiiia).
`from biology (like rlulosis. kermode. and xoloitzciiintli). from sports
`(like fakie, kitelioarding. and many tliai), and from cooking (like lcimefe.
`sniicaclio, and zaatar). And there are loads of informal and fun words like
`crap top, gimmiiaus. kn-climg. vacay, and wifiy. New senses include the
`virtual-reality sense of avatar, the Internet sense ofclaiid. the hamburger
`sense of slider the protein sense of chaperone, the dark-energy sense of
`quintessence, and the real-estate senses offlip and stage. This tide of new
`linguistic phenomena is in many ways a measure ofour collective curiosity
`and creativity. it represents who we are and where we are going. To not
`have access to this information is to be isolated in our own culture.
`
`But it is not just the new material that makes this edition different
`from the last one. Most of the entries that were in the Fourth Edition have
`
`had changes made to them for the Fifth. We ask ourselves, Is the entry
`word spelled and styled correctly? Does its pronunciation reflect current
`practice? Are the definitions accurate. easy to understand. and ordered
`in a manner that seems logical and useful to readers? We examine the
`example sentences to see if they can't be revised to illustrate the words
`meaning more convincingly. We add new example sentences and also
`quotations from respected writers. both contemporary and historical. to
`show how they have put specific words to good effect. in this respect.
`every entry in a dictionary represents rt separate research project for the
`dictionary's editors.
`With the help of experts in many -iiif".erer-.t fields (see the list of
`consultants on pages viii—ix). thousands of existing definitions have
`
`
`been revised and updated to reflect new advances in all areas. We
`have tried to present this information in ways that are both accessiblr
`and engaging—to make it easy For you to move about the miraculou-:
`web of words and to learn about words in multiple ways. Over 4,000
`entries have attractive fuli-color photographs and illustrations. that are
`fun to look at and that make the definitions immediately understand
`able. All of these images were freshly researched and are new to this
`edition.
`
`With multiple note programs in usage. word history, Syl'l0l‘lyll'ls.
`and language variation and change. the Fifth Edition otters you the
`opportunity to gain an in-depth appreciation ofwords. to see the hidden
`connections between words, and to develop a more robust vocabulary.
`The etymologies, often linked to two appendices tracing words of indo-
`European and Semitic origin back to their roots in prehistory. are unique
`and seductive. The appendices have introductory essays by the scholars
`who compiled them so you can learn what the ancient peoples who gave
`us the ancestors of these words were like. The notes on English usage
`reflect an ongoing and dynamic research program that is explained by
`the Chair of the Usage Panel, Steven Pinker, in his essay on pages xvi—xix.
`This program. too. is unique. and it shows how peoples attitudes about
`words have changed and are changing. The program is based on surveys
`of usage sent to the members ofthe Panel, a group ofabout 200 prominent
`users of English. including linguists, scholars, scientists, novelists, poet.-.,
`humorists. and translators. There are even a couple of artists. cartoonists.
`and film directors, along with the odd senator. judge, and ambassador. In
`the surveys the panelists rule on the acceptability of emerging usages like
`whether forebearers can be a legitimate word and whether paiiistnkirig
`can mean "painful." They also express the'.r opinions about traditional
`usage bugbears like dfirent than and most unique.
`Certainly a major benefit of seeing this dictionary through three
`editions in print and digital formats has been my appreciatioii of both
`kinds of media as effective. although different, ways of learning about
`words. We have designed the book to be both readable and attractive
`with loads of colorful art and special features so that readers can
`browse through its contents and be drawn into whole-page spreads and
`sequences of entries. and readily see the interconnections between words.
`The electronic iterations of the dictionary offer the speed. coiiveiiience.
`and precision of today's digital technology. I use both versions of this
`dictionary on a regular basis, and l rejoice in what they offer to users.
`if you want
`to become a better communicator and a more
`knowledgeable person, explore this dictionary—iri whatever form that
`suits you. It will deliver.
`
`Ioseph P. Pickett
`Executive Editor
`
`

`
`Editorial and Production Staff
`
`
`
`Senior Vice President, Publisher, General Interest Group
`Bruce Nichols
`
`Vice President
`
`Executive Editor (1997-2011)
`
`Joseph P. Pickett
`
`Executive Editor (2t)ll
`Steven R. Kleinedler
`
`)
`
`Vice President
`
`Managing Editor
`
`Christopher Leonesio
`
`Senior Lexicographer
`
`Database Production Supervisor
`
`Patrick Taylor
`
`Senior Editors
`
`Peter Chipman
`Louise E. Robbins
`
`Susan L Spitz
`
`Fditor
`
`Catherine T‘. Pratt
`
`Associate Editors
`
`Elizabeth Kassab
`
`Emily A. Neeves
`
`Consulting Editors
`
`Valerie C. Coffey
`Nicholas A. Durlacher
`
`Benjamin W. Fortson IV
`Erich M. Groat
`Uchenna C. llconné
`Katherine M. Isaacs
`
`Robert Knippen
`David R. Pritcliard
`Hanna Schonthal
`Vali Tamm
`
`Proofreaders
`
`Diane Fredrick
`Katherine M. Isaacs
`
`lulia Penelope
`David R. Pritchard
`
`Christopher J. Granniss
`
`Art and Production Supervisor
`
`Margaret Anne Miles
`
`Editorial and Production Coordinator
`
`Sarah Ian:
`
`Production Associate
`
`Darcy Conroy
`
`Administrative Coordinators
`
`Ashley Gilliam
`Mary Huot
`
`Editorial and Production Assistance
`
`Sophie Blum
`Harley Gorton
`Catherine Hawkins
`
`Mary Lempert
`Katharine Manlto
`
`Print Production Director
`
`Donna Baxter McCarthy
`
`Lead Print Production Coordinator
`
`Diane Varone
`
`Designers
`Catherine Hawkes, Cat & Mouse
`
`Deborah I-iodgdon
`Stoltze Design
`
`Pre—Press Development
`PreMediaGlobal
`
`

`
`flying fib lfocus
`
`focaccia
`
`n na
`
`i
`
`boy
`out
`took
`lure
`boot
`cut
`urge
`thin
`this'
`vision
`about,
`itenr
`
`pat oi.
`par oj:
`cafa oo.,
`faiher 'o-or
`pet . db
`i,
`be
`pit
`irr
`bite th
`pier.t..!h.
`.Pe!
`ih
`'to6
`a
`paw ,
`core.
`r
`Stress marks: r (PrinarY);
`' (secondary), as in
`dictionary (dikrsha- nErre)
`
`ir
`
`9o66
`
`:i
`
`679
`llon on a moving magnetic surface, as on a disk or drum, while being
`aupported above the surface by a thin cushion of air
`:. llying ilb n. A light sail that extends beyond the jib and is 3ttached to
`{n extension of thejib boom.
`,r flying lemur n. Any of various mammals of the order Dermoptera of
`t $uuiheast Asia that are sustained in gliding leaps by a wide, fur-covered
`t' membraae extending from each side of the body. They are not closely
`telated to true lemurs. Also called colago.
`flying lizard n. Any ofvarious small tropical Asian lizards of the
`gSnus Draca having winglike membranes on each side that are used for
`gliding through the air. AIso called Jlying dragon.
`llying machln€ n. A machine designed for flight, especially an early
`rxperimental type of aircraft.
`llying marc n. A wrestling throw in which one grabs one's opponent's
`firist, turns onei back to the opponent, and flips the opponent over one's
`shoulder onto the ground.
`flying phalanger ,. Any of seveml omnivorous arboreal marsupials
`nf the family Petauridae, especially one of the genus Peraurtls, native to
`r. Australia and New Cuinea and having the ability to glide through the
`' air by extending large fol<ls of skin on ihe sides oi the Sody betwe-en the
`, forelegs and hind legs.
`l. ftying $augEr fl. An unidenti{ied flying object of presumed extrater-
`r niltrial origin, typically described as a luminous moving disk.
`llying squad n. Chiefly British A small mobile unit, especially of
`;notorized police, capable of moving quickly into actioil, as during an
`0mergency.
`flying squlrrel n. Any of yarious nocluural squirrels of the tribe
`i' ptaromyini, having membranes along each side bfthe body between the
`. forelegs and hind legs that are used for gliding between trees.
`flying start n. 1. Sporls A racing start in which the contestants are
`nlready in full motion when they cross the starting [ine. 2. A quick or
`' atrspicious beginning. in both senses also called ruflning stLrrt.
`{lying wedge r. A compact, wedge-shaped formation, as of police or
`guards, moving as a body and used especially for penetrating crowds.
`flylng wlng ,. An aircraft that lacks a ftrselage and tilil rnd consists of
`I a single airfoil containing the cockpit, engines, nnd f,ompartments.
`.' fly.leaf (Rirlef') fl. A blank or specially printed leaf at the beginning
`or end of a book.
`fly net a. A net col€ring used for protection tiom llying insects.
`Flynn (flin), Errol I909- 1959. Atstralian-born American actor known
`for his swashbuckling roles in films such as Captatu Blootl (l%5).
`fly.o'ver (fliro,var) n. L A flight over a specific location, usually at
`low altitude, as by a formation ofrnilitary aircraft. 2. ChicJly British An
`overpass, as on a highway.
`fly.pa.per (flirpa'par) n. Paper coated with a sticky, somctimes poi-
`aonous substance, used to catch flies.
`fly.past (flirplst') n. ChieJly British A flyover, as by militriry aircraft.
`fly-pol.son (flirpoi'zan) n. A poisonous lilylike plant (Amiinthium
`tnuscaeloxicum) o{ the eastern Urrited States, having narrow basal leaves
`and a ierminal raceme of small white or greenish {lowers.
`Fly River (fli) A river, about 1,045 km a650 mi) long, rising in western
`Papua Nelv Guinea and flowing ger:erally southeastward to the Gulfof
`Papua.
`tly rod ri. A long flexible fishing rod usecl in fly-fishing.
`fly.sheet (flirshct') n. 1. A printed sheet or pamphlet; a handbill. 2. A
`Ene net or screen used to keep flies fronr entering an afea.
`fly,lpeck ({llrsp€k') n. L A snrall dark speck or stain made by the
`excrement ofa fly. 2, A minute or insigilificanl spot. * ,r.u -spe(ked,
`-speck.ing, -specks '1. To mark or foul with flyspecks. 2. Slang To
`gaamine closely or in minute detail; scrutiniT,e.
`fly swat n. ChieJty Southern US A fly smtter.
`fly swat{er r. en implernent used to kill llies or other insects, usually
`consistilg ofa pirce ofplastic or wire mesh attached to a long handle.
`f.ty.trap (flirhap') n. 1. A tmp for catching flies.2. An insectivorous
`plant, such as the Venus flytrap.
`fly-ty.ing (flirti'ing) ,,. 'lle art or hobby of making artilicial fishing
`Ilies. -flyr-ti'er (-ti'ar) r.
`fly.way (flitwit) n. A seasonal route followed by birds migrating to
`md from their breeding areas.
`fly.welght (flirwatr) n. 1a. A weight division ir professional boxing
`having an upper lirnit of 112 pounds (50.4 kilograms), between junior
`Ilyweight and junior bantamweigbt. b, A boxer competing in this weight
`division. c. A similar weight division. in other sports, such as weightlift-
`ing. d, A contestant in this weight division. 2, Something that is particu-
`luly small, Iight, or inconsequential. -flyrwgighl' ,4;.
`fly.trheel (flirwel', -hwEl/) n. 1. A heavy-rimmed rotating wheel used
`to minimize variations in angular velociry and revolutiors per minute, as
`in a machine subject to fluctuatiol in drive and load. 2, An analogous
`device, especially one used to regulate the speed ofclockwork.
`fly.whlsk (flirwisk/, -hwisk,) r. A whisk, as of hair, used for brush-
`ing away flies.
`Fm The symbol for fermium.
`lM abbr. 1, field manual 2. field marshal 3. frequency modulation
`ftrt, abl,r. fathom
`FMN abbr, flavin mononucleotide
`fMRI ablr, functional maguetic resonance inraging
`FlllS abbr.1. fa.lse-memory syndrome 2, fibromyalgia syndrome
`FN ablr. foreign natiorral
`fn, abbr. footnote
`FNNIA abbr. Federal National Mortgage Association
`FNU abbr. flrst name unknown
`
`f-num"bgr (dfrnimrbar) r. The ratio of the focal length of a lens or
`lens system to the effective diameter of its aperhrre. Also calledfsfop.
`[r(ocel r,eNern) + luurrn.]
`Fo (fo), Dario Born 1926. Italian playwright noted for his satirical
`worls, including laidental Death ol an Anarchist (1970) and Trumpets
`and Raspberries (1981). He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1997.
`FO abb.1. field-grade o{tcer 2. field order 3. fimce oflflcer 4' flight
`officer 5, foreign office
`FOAF abb. friend of a friend
`foal 1foll fl. The young offspring of a horse or other equine animal"
`especially one undir " year old. { intr.v. foaled, foal.ing, foals To
`gft Uirti, to a foal. [Middle Englishple < Old English/ola; see pau-r
`in App. I.l
`foam (Om) r. L A colloidal dispersion of a gas in a liquid or solid
`medium, such as shaving cream, foam rubber, or a substance used to
`fight fires. A foam may be produced, especially on the surface ofa liquid,
`by agitation or by a chemical reaction, such as fermentation. |. Any 9f
`various light, porous, senririgid or spongy materials, usually the solidi-
`fied forrn-of i tiquid full of gas bubbles, used as a building material or
`for thermal insulation or shock absorption, as in packaging. 3a. Frothy
`saliva produced especially as a result of physical exertion or a pathologi
`cal condition. b. The frothy sweat ofa horse or other equine aninral.4.
`Tlre sea. * u foamed. foam.ing, foams -inlr 1. To produce or issue
`as foam; froth. 2a. To produce foam from the mouth, as frri?n exertiorr
`or fl pathological condition. b. To be extremely angryi rage: was Joaming
`oter the disaslrous budget cills.3. To teenu seethe: a Pldlgroilnd foam-
`ing with third graders. -rr. L To cause to produce foanr. 2. To .ause to
`become foani. [Middle English/onr < Old Englishlim.]
`foam board also foam.board (fomrb6rd/) n. L Any of various
`tightweight slabs or boards made ofthermoplastic foam in varying_thick-
`nisses md used especially for insulation or in mounting art. 2' Such slabs
`or boards considered as a group. In both senses also calledloam core.
`foam core also foam.core (fomrk6r/) n. 1. See foam.boand. 2. A
`core, as in a boat hull, made out of solidified chemical foam or a similar
`lighhveight maierial.
`foam.flow.er (fomrflourrr) n. Any of several woodland pltnts of the
`genus ?irrallc of North Arnerica and Asia, having pahnate basal leaves
`and a natrow cluster of small delicate white or piuk flowers and often
`grown as ornomentals. Also called tiat'ella.
`foam rubber n. A light firm spongy rubber made by beating air into
`latex and then curing it. Foam rubber has a wide range of uses irlcluding
`upholstery and insulation.
`foam.y (f6rme) adl. -i.er, -i.est 1. Of, consisting of, or resembling
`foam. 2, Covered with foam. -foam ri.ly odv. -foamli.n€ss
`r.
`,ob1 (frb) r. L A small pocket at the front waistline of a man'.s trousers
`or in the f:ont ofa vest, used especially to hold a watch. 2a' A short chain
`or ribbon attached to a pockeiwatch and worn hanging in front ofthe
`vest or waist. b. An ornament or seal attached to such a chain or ribbon.
`lProbably akin to Low German Fobke, small pocket.l
`fob2 (fbb) trr: fobbed, fob.bing, fohs Arthaic "Io cheat or deceive
`(another). -phrasa, verb.'fob off 1. To dispose of (goods) by tmud
`or deceptioni palnt otr:Jobbed oS the zircon as a diamonL 2. To plt ofor
`appeasd by dei:eitful or evasive means: naedcd help but wasfobbed off with
`promises. fMiddle English/o bben, probably < JoD, trickster.]
`FOB abbr. 1, father of the bride 2. free on board
`fo.tac.cia (fa-kiircha, 6-) fl. A flat ltalian bread traditionally flavored
`with o'live oil and salt and often topped with herbs, oniortli, or other items.
`fitalian, hearth-cake < Vulgar G[in *focacia < Late Latin, feminine of
`Jocicitrs, of the hearth < Latin /otr{, hearth.]
`fo.cal lforkall adj, L Ofor relating to a focus. 2. Placed at or measured
`fronr a focus. -fotcal.ly adv.
`focal distance n. See focal length.
`focal lnfection n. A bacterial infection localized in a sPecific Part
`of the body, such as the tonsils, that may spread to another part of the
`body.
`fo'cal.l:e (f6rka-lizr) tr. & iiltr.v. -ized, -iz.ing, -iz.es 1. To adjust
`or come to a focus. 2. To bring or be brought to a focus; sharpen. 3.
`To concentrate or be concentrited; tocalizel -fo'cal'i'zartion (-ka-
`li-zirshan) n.
`local length n. Abbr. t The distance of a lens or mirror to its focal
`point. Also called/ocal distanu, Jocus.
`focal point n. See focug (sense 2a).
`focal geizure n. A seizr:re that originates fronr a localized area ofthe
`cerebral cortex, involves neurologic ilmptoms specific to the afected
`area of the brain, and may progreis to a ginemlizld seizure. Also called
`partial seizure.
`Foch (f6sh, f5sh), Ferdinand 1851-1929. Frelch marshal and com-
`mander in chief of AlUed forces on the westem ftont in World War L
`fo.ci 1fohi,, -ki') n. A plural offocus.
`io'c3'le (f6krsal) n. Variant offorecastle.
`fo.cus lforkas; n., p/. -cus.es or -ci (-sir, -ki') 1a. The distinctness or
`clarity of an image rindered by an optical system. b' The state of maxi-
`mum distinctnesi or clarity of such an lmage: in focus; ottt oJ Jorus. c. An
`apparatus used to adjust the focal length ofan optical system, in order to
`mike an image distinct or clear: a cimera with autofiatic focas. 2a. A
`point at whicli rays oflight or other radiation converge or from which they
`appear to diverge, as aftir refraction or reflection in an optical system: tlle
`foirs of a lers. Also calledfocal point. b, See focal length' 3a' A.center
`if intir.st or activity: "rrickelj how diet afects E. coli in livestock is the
`foars of current rescarch" (Cindy Engel). b. Close or narrow attention;
`concentration; "He was forever taken aback by [New York's] pervasive af-
`mosPhere of PurposeJulness-the tight focus of its driters, the brisk intensity
`
`

`
`ddle English fruicioun <Old French fruition <Late Latin fruitio,
`tidn-, enjoyment < Latin fruitus, past participle offrui to enjoy.]
`it-less (frcTht’lts) adj. 1. Producing no fruit: a withered, fruitless
`,n tree. 2. Not leading to success, unproductive afruitless search. See
`nyms at futile. -fruit’Iess.Iy adv. -fruit’Iess.ness n.
`it-let (frcibt’lit) a. 1. A small fruit. 2. Botany A single member of
`iltiple fruit.
`it sugar n. See fructose.
`it-wood (frcibt’wttod’) a. The wood ofanyof several fruit-bearing
`such as the apple, cherry, or pear, used especially in cabinetmaking.
`t.y (frcR’t) a4j. -i.er, -i.est 1. Of, containing, or relating to fruit.
`sating or smelling richly of or as if of fruit: "My nose filled with the
`a of leather, polish, wax-the fat, fruity smell of rich car (Anthony
`;). 3. Excessively sentimental or sweet. 4. Slang Crazy; eccentric. 5.
`tsive Slang Gay or effeminate. -fruit’i.ness n.
`men.ty (frdoPmntº) also fur.mi.ty (fflr’mi.t) n. p1. -ties
`A wheat boiled in milk and flavored with sugar and spices. (Middle
`:sh frumenle < Old French froumentee <frounsent, grain < Latin
`entzsm.j
`tsp (frump) n. l.A gui or woman regarded as dull, plain, or unfash-
`tIe. 2. A person regarded as colorless and primly sedate. [Possibly
`for Middle Englishfrurnple, wrinkle < Middle Dutch verrornpelen,
`inkle: ver-, completely; see per’ in App. I + rompelen, to wrinkle.]
`irnp’i.ly ads. -frump’i.ness n. ’-frump’y ad].
`rip.ish (frUm’pish) ad). 1. Dull or plain. 2. Prim and sedate.
`implish.ly adv. -frumplish.ness n.
`.ze (frciisn’ca) See Bishkek.
`ta (frUs’ta) a. A plural of frustum.
`.trate (frfls’trtt’) Iris -trat.ed, -trat.ing, -trates la. To pre-
`someone) from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire;
`I: A persistent wind frustrated me as I tried to rake the leaves. b. To
`feelings of discouragement, annoyance, or lack of fulfillment in;
`ssfrust rated by his inability to remember her birthday. 2. To prevent
`:oming to fruition or fulfillment; render ineffectual: frustrated his
`on; _frustrated their sdtemefeir reform. (Middle English frustratca
`sfrist rari,frfst rdt. <friistrn, in vain.] -frus’trat’er a. -frus’-
`’ig.ly adis
`tra.tion (friistrtiFshan) n. la. The act of preventing the accom-
`tent or fulfillment of something: the defense’s frustration of their
`nt’s attempts to score. b. The feeling or State of being frustrated;
`the phone in
`lnt get a real person to talk to and slammed down
`Hon. 2. Something that causes such a feeling or state: a job with
`ruslrfltions.
`Me (friis’ch(ol, .ryobi) n. The hard, siliceous bivalve shell of a
`- (French < Latin frusrulusn, diminutive of frs’i.csum, piece broken
`
`urn (ft-ta’ tn1) n., p1. -turns or -ta (-ta) Mathematics The part of
`such as a cone or pyramid, between two parallel planes cutting
`d, especially the section between the base and a plane parallel to
`[Latinfriistsm, piece broken off.]
`s-cent (fr(T-ttis’ant) ad!. Relating to, resembling, or assuming
`TI of a shrub; shrubby. (Latin fritter, shrub, bush + - ESCRNT,]
`esefle n.
`cose (frcio’ti.kOs’) adj. Of or relating to a lichen whose thallus
`bed and shrubby. I Latin fraticosus < frutex,fratic-, shrub, bush.]
`-i) it fried (frid), fry-ing, fries (friz) -Ic 1. To cook over direct
`sot oil or fat. 2. Slang To destroy (electronic circuitry) with exces-
`or current: "a power surge to the computer that fried a number
`ive electronic components" (Erik Sandberg-Diment). -inn’. 1. To
`:d in span over direct heat in hot oil or fat. 2. Slang To undergo
`Is in an electric chair. ’I’ n., p1. fries (friz) 1. A french fry: or-
`es ass side dish. 2. A dish of a fried food. 3. A social gathering
`food is fried and eaten: afislt fly. [Middle English frien < Old
`rire < Latinfrigere.]
`I) n. 1. p1. fry a. A recently hatched fish. b. A young salmon
`fresh water that is older than an alevin and younger than a parr
`C. A young animal of certain other groups, such as frogs. 2. p1.
`ies An individual, especially a young or insignificant person;
`ssnpered public school boys... had managed to evade the long
`stences that lesser fry were serving" (Noel Annan). (Middle Eng-
`robably <Anglo-Norman frie <Old French frier, frctyer, to rub,
`Latin frjctire, to rub.]
`Christopher 1907-2005. British playwright who revitalized
`’erse drama with his comic and religious works, such as A P/toe-
`requent (1946) and Curtmantle (1961).
`lao fri-er (fri’ar) a. 1. One that fries, as a deep utensil usually
`with a basket and used for frying foods, 2. A small young
`.iitable for frying.
`pan (fri’ing) n. A shallow, long-handled pan used for frying
`called skillet; also called regionallyfry pan, .spider.
`
`INC LANGUAGE The termafrying pan and skillet are now
`sterchangeable, but there was a time when they were so region.
`distinct dialect markers. Frying pan and the shortened version
`re once New England terms; frying pan is now in general use,
`ss commonfry pan, now heard in the Atlantic states, the South,
`sat, as well as New England. Skillet seems to have been confined
`Hand section of the cousstry, including the Upper South. Its
`concentrated there, but it is no longer used in that area alone,
`ecause of the national marketing of skillet dinner mixes. The
`r, originally denoting a type of frying pan that had long legs
`ip over the coals, spread from New England westward to the
`
`fruitless I fucoid
`
`frustum
`frustum of a pyramid
`
`Upper Northern states and down she coast to the South Atlantic states.
`It is still well known in both these regions, although it is now considered
`old-fashioned. See Note at andiron.
`
`fry pan n. Chiefly Eastern, Southern, & Western US See frying pan.
`FS abbr. 1. Foreign Service 2. Forest Service 3. free safety
`FSH abbr. follicle-stimulating hormone
`FSLIC abbr. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
`f-stop (tf’stbp’) a. 1. Abbr. f/ A camera lens aperture setting that cor-
`responds to an f-number. 2. See f-number. [r(ocAL ’.5150TH) + amp.]
`FT abbe. 1. Sports free throw 2. full-time
`ft. abbrt 1. or ft foot 2. Ft. fort
`FTC abbr. Federal Trade Commission
`ft-c abbr. foot-candle
`FTE abbr. full-time equivalent
`ft-lb abbr. foot-pound
`FTP (ef’te-p&) a. A communications protocol governing the transfer of
`files from one computer to another over a network. +
`v. FiPed. FTP.
`ing, FTPs -tr. To transfer (a file) using FTP -intr. To transfer a tile
`using FTP. fF(ILE) T(ttANstER) P(nomocot.).]
`FTSE (fdbt’st) A trademark for a UK stock-market index composed of
`too actively traded, large cap stocks on the London Stock Exchange. This
`index is often referred to as the FTSE 100.
`fu-bar (fs5iYbtr’) ad]. Slang Utterly botched or confused. [fi’ucked) u(p)
`b(eyond) a(l)) r(ecognition).]
`fub.sy (ftih’zti) adj. -si.er, -si.est chiefly British Slang Somewhat fat
`and squat. ]< obsoletefubs, chubby person.]
`Fu.chou (fOb’)O’, -chou’) See Fuzhou.
`fuch-sia (fycits’sha) a. 1. Any of various tropical shrubs or trees of
`the genus Fuchsia, widely cultivated for their showy, drooping, purplish,
`reddish, or white flowers. 2. A strong, vivid purplish red. [New Latin
`Fuchsia, genus name, after Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566), German bota-
`nist.] -fuch’sia adj.
`fuch.sin (tyook’stn) also fuch.sine (-sin, -atm’) n. A dark green syn-
`thetic dyestulf, C, 5 t-l 19N 5 HCl, used to make a purple-red dye employed
`in coloring textiles and leather and as a bacterial stain. Also called ma-
`genta. ]FOcHs(IA) + -IN.]
`
`U
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`fuchsia
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`oi boy
`ou Out
`fib took
`abe lure
`fits boot
`6 cut
`Or urge
`tb thin
`this
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`zh vision
`about,
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`item
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`I pat (cid:9)
`pay (cid:9)
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`be care (cid:9)
`father
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`I pet (cid:9)
`E be (cid:9)
`pit (cid:9)
`I bite (cid:9)
`ir pier (cid:9)
`o pot (cid:9)
`toe (cid:9)
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`6 paw (cid:9)
`fir core
`Stress marks:’ (primary);
`(secondary), as in
`dictionary (dik’sh-ntr’t)
`
`fu.coid (fy5b’koid’) adj. Of or belonging to the order Fucales, which
`includes brown algae such as gulfweed and rockweed.4’ a. 1. A member
`of the order Focalea. 2. A fossilized castor impression of such an organ-
`ism. [Fuc(ua) + -ow,]
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