LTE (telecommunication)
`
`"Long-term evolution" redirects here. For the biological
`concept, see Evolution and E. coil long-term evolution
`experiment.
`Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high-
`
`Adoption of L7E technology as of December 7, 2014
`Countries and regions with commercial LTE service
`Countries and regions with commercial LTE network deployment
`on-going or planned
`Countries and regions with LTE trial systems (pre-commitment)
`
`LTA
`
`LTE signal indicator in Android
`
`speed wireless communication for mobile phones and
`data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and
`UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the ca-
`pacity and speed using a different radio interface to-
`gether with core network improvements.E 11121 The stan-
`dard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partner-
`ship Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document
`series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9.
`LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both
`GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The
`
`different LTE frequencies and bands used in different
`countries will mean that only multi-band phones will be
`able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported.
`LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not
`satisfy the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as
`specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document se-
`ries, for LTE Advanced. The requirements were origi-
`nally set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Ad-
`vanced specification. However, due to marketing pres-
`sures and the significant advancements that WiMAX,
`Evolved High Speed Packet Access and LTE bring to
`the original 3G technologies, ITU later decided that LTE
`together with the aforementioned technologies can be
`called 4G technologies.r33 The LTE Advanced standard
`formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be consid-
`ered IMT-Advanced.E41 To differentiate LTE Advanced
`and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies,
`ITU has defined them as "True 4G". [51[61
`
`1 Overview
`
`See also: LTE timeline and List of LTE networks
`LTE stands for Long Term Evolution 73 and is a reg-
`istered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecom-
`munications Standards Institute) for the wireless data
`communications technology and a development of the
`GSM/UMTS standards. However, other nations and
`companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The
`goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of
`wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal pro-
`cessing) techniques and modulations that were developed
`around the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the
`redesign and simplification of the network architecture
`to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer
`latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wire-
`less interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks,
`so that it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum.
`UTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in
`2004, and studies on the new standard officially com-
`menced in 2005.E 83 In May 2007, the LTE/SAE Trial
`Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global col-
`laboration between vendors and operators with the goal
`of verifying and promoting the new standard in order
`to ensure the global introduction of the technology as
`quickly as possible. [911101 The LTE standard was final-
`ized in December 2008, and the first publicly available
`LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and
`Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection
`
`
`Evolved Wireless, LLC Exhibit 2002-001
`Samsung Electronics v. Evolved Wireless IPR2016-01345
`
`

`
`2
`
`2 HISTORY
`
`Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem
`
`with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by
`major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung
`SCH-r900 being the world’s first LTE Mobile phone start-
`ing on September 21, 2010[11][12] and Samsung Galaxy
`Indulge being the world’s first LTE smartphone starting
`on February 10, 2011[13][14] both offered by MetroPCS
`and HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon starting on
`March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold
`commercially.[15][16] In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the
`first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011 offering
`the Sierra Wireless AirCard® 313U USB mobile broad-
`band modem, known as the “LTE Rocket™ stick” then
`followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and
`Samsung.[17] Initially, CDMA operators planned to up-
`grade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, but all
`the major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and
`MetroPCS in the United States, Bell and Telus in Canada,
`au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and
`China Telecom/China Unicom in China) have announced
`that they intend to migrate to LTE after all. The evolu-
`tion of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized
`in March 2011.[18] Services are expected to commence
`in 2013.[19]
`The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of
`300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS
`
`HTC ThunderBolt,
`smartphone
`
`the second commercially available LTE
`
`provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than 5
`ms in the radio access network. LTE has the ability
`to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast
`and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier
`bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both
`frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time-division
`duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture,
`called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) designed to replace
`the GPRS Core Network, supports seamless handovers
`for both voice and data to cell towers with older network
`technology such as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000.[20]
`The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs
`(for example, each E-UTRA cell will support up to four
`times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA[21]).
`
`2 History
`
`2.1 3GPP standard development timeline
`(cid:15) In 2004, NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE as
`the international standard.[22]
`(cid:15) In September 2006, Siemens Networks (today
`Nokia Networks) showed in collaboration with
`Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE
`network to the media and investors. As live appli-
`cations two users streaming an HDTV video in the
`downlink and playing an interactive game in the up-
`link have been demonstrated.[23]
`
`Exhibit 2002-002
`
`

`
`2.1
`
`3GPP standard development timeline
`
`3
`
`(cid:15) In February 2007, Ericsson demonstrated for the
`first time in the world LTE with bit rates up to 144
`Mbit/s[24]
`(cid:15) In September 2007, NTT docomo demonstrated
`LTE data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power level below
`100 mW during the test.[25]
`(cid:15) In November 2007, Infineon presented the world’s
`first RF transceiver named SMARTi LTE support-
`ing LTE functionality in a single-chip RF silicon
`processed in CMOS [26][27]
`(cid:15) In early 2008, LTE test equipment began shipping
`from several vendors and, at the Mobile World
`Congress 2008 in Barcelona, Ericsson demonstrated
`the world’s first end-to-end mobile call enabled
`by LTE on a small handheld device.[28] Motorola
`demonstrated an LTE RAN standard compliant
`eNodeB and LTE chipset at the same event.
`(cid:15) At the February 2008 Mobile World Congress:
`(cid:15) Motorola demonstrated how LTE can acceler-
`ate the delivery of personal media experience
`with HD video demo streaming, HD video
`blogging, Online gaming and VoIP over LTE
`running a RAN standard compliant LTE net-
`work & LTE chipset.[29]
`(cid:15) Ericsson EMP (now ST-Ericsson) demon-
`strated the world’s first end-to-end LTE call on
`handheld[28] Ericsson demonstrated LTE FDD
`and TDD mode on the same base station plat-
`form.
`(cid:15) Freescale
`demonstrated
`Semiconductor
`streaming HD video with peak data rates of
`96 Mbit/s downlink and 86 Mbit/s uplink.[30]
`(cid:15) NXP Semiconductors (now a part of ST-
`Ericsson) demonstrated a multi-mode LTE
`modem as the basis for a software-defined ra-
`dio system for use in cellphones.[31]
`(cid:15) picoChip and Mimoon demonstrated a base
`station reference design.
`This runs on a
`common hardware platform (multi-mode /
`software defined radio) with their WiMAX
`architecture.[32]
`(cid:15) In April 2008, Motorola demonstrated the first EV-
`DO to LTE hand-off – handing over a streaming
`video from LTE to a commercial EV-DO network
`and back to LTE.[33]
`(cid:15) In April 2008, LG Electronics and Nortel demon-
`strated LTE data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling
`at 110 km/h.[34]
`(cid:15) In November 2008, Motorola demonstrated in-
`dustry first over-the-air LTE session in 700 MHz
`spectrum.[35]
`
`(cid:15) Researchers at Nokia Siemens Networks and
`Heinrich Hertz Institut have demonstrated LTE with
`100 Mbit/s Uplink transfer speeds.[36]
`(cid:15) At the February 2009 Mobile World Congress:
`(cid:15) Infineon demonstrated a single-chip 65 nm
`CMOS RF transceiver providing 2G/3G/LTE
`functionality[37]
`(cid:15) Launch of ng Connect program, a multi-
`industry consortium founded by Alcatel-
`Lucent to identify and develop wireless broad-
`band applications.[38]
`(cid:15) Motorola provided LTE drive tour on the
`streets of Barcelona to demonstrate LTE sys-
`tem performance in a real-life metropolitan
`RF environment [39]
`(cid:15) In July 2009, Nujira demonstrated efficiencies of
`more than 60% for an 880 MHz LTE Power
`Amplifier[40]
`(cid:15) In August 2009, Nortel and LG Electronics demon-
`strated the first successful handoff between CDMA
`and LTE networks in a standards-compliant manner
`[41]
`(cid:15) In August 2009, Alcatel-Lucent receives FCC certi-
`fication for LTE base stations for the 700 MHz spec-
`trum band.[42]
`(cid:15) In September 2009, Nokia Siemens Networks
`demonstrated world’s first LTE call on standards-
`compliant commercial software.[43]
`(cid:15) In October 2009, Ericsson and Samsung demon-
`strated interoperability between the first ever com-
`mercial LTE device and the live network in Stock-
`holm, Sweden.[44]
`(cid:15) In October 2009, Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs,
`Deutsche Telekom Laboratories,
`the Fraunhofer
`Heinrich-Hertz
`Institut
`and antenna
`supplier
`Kathrein conducted live field tests of a technol-
`ogy called Coordinated Multipoint Transmission
`(CoMP) aimed at increasing the data transmission
`speeds of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 3G
`networks.[45]
`(cid:15) In November 2009, Alcatel-Lucent completed first
`live LTE call using 800 MHz spectrum band set
`aside as part of the European Digital Dividend
`(EDD).[46]
`(cid:15) In November 2009, Nokia Siemens Networks and
`LG completed first end-to-end interoperability test-
`ing of LTE.[47]
`(cid:15) On December 14, 2009,
`the first commercial
`LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capi-
`tals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish
`
`Exhibit 2002-003
`
`

`
`4
`
`network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian
`brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera incor-
`rectly branded the network “4G”. The modem
`devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung
`(dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure
`with SingleRAN technology created by Huawei (in
`Oslo)[48] and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSon-
`era plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden,
`Norway and Finland.[49] TeliaSonera used spectral
`bandwidth of 10 MHz (out of the maximum 20
`MHz), and Single-Input and Single-Output trans-
`mission. The deployment should have provided a
`physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s down-
`link and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests
`showed a TCP goodput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and
`5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[50]
`(cid:15) In December 2009, ST-Ericsson and Ericsson first
`to achieve LTE and HSPA mobility with a multi-
`mode device.[51]
`(cid:15) In January 2010, Alcatel-Lucent and LG complete a
`live handoff of an end-to-end data call between Long
`Term Evolution (LTE) and CDMA networks.[52]
`(cid:15) In February 2010, Nokia Siemens Networks and
`Movistar test the LTE in Mobile World Congress
`2010 in Barcelona, Spain, with both indoor and out-
`door demonstrations.[53]
`(cid:15) In May 2010, Mobile TeleSystems (MTS) and
`Huawei showed an indoor LTE network at “Sviaz-
`Expocomm 2010” in Moscow, Russia.[54] MTS ex-
`pects to start a trial LTE service in Moscow by the
`beginning of 2011. Earlier, MTS has received a li-
`cense to build an LTE network in Uzbekistan, and
`intends to commence a test LTE network in Ukraine
`in partnership with Alcatel-Lucent.
`(cid:15) At the Shanghai Expo 2010 in May 2010, Motorola
`demonstrated a live LTE in conjunction with China
`Mobile. This included video streams and a drive test
`system using TD-LTE.[55]
`(cid:15) As of 12/10/2010, DirecTV has teamed up with
`Verizon Wireless for a test of high-speed Long Term
`Evolution (LTE) wireless technology in a few homes
`in Pennsylvania, designed to deliver an integrated
`Internet and TV bundle. Verizon Wireless said it
`launched LTE wireless services (for data, no voice)
`in 38 markets where more than 110 million Ameri-
`cans live on Sunday, Dec. 5.[56]
`(cid:15) On May 6, 2011, Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel suc-
`cessfully demonstrated 4G LTE for the first time in
`South Asia, achieving a data rate of 96 Mbit/s in Sri
`Lanka.[57]
`
`2 HISTORY
`
`2.2 Carrier adoption timeline
`Main article: List of LTE networks
`
`Most carriers supporting GSM or HSUPA networks can
`be expected to upgrade their networks to LTE at some
`stage. A complete list of commercial contracts can be
`found at:[58]
`(cid:15) August 2009: Telefónica selected six countries to
`field-test LTE in the succeeding months: Spain, the
`United Kingdom, Germany and the Czech Repub-
`lic in Europe, and Brazil and Argentina in Latin
`America.[59]
`(cid:15) On November 24, 2009: Telecom Italia announced
`the first outdoor pre-commercial experimentation in
`the world, deployed in Torino and totally integrated
`into the 2G/3G network currently in service.[60]
`(cid:15) On December 14, 2009, the world’s first publicly
`available LTE service was opened by TeliaSonera in
`the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo.
`(cid:15) On May 28, 2010, Russian operator Scartel an-
`nounced the launch of an LTE network in Kazan by
`the end of the 2010.[61]
`(cid:15) On October 6, 2010, Canadian provider Rogers
`Communications
`Inc announced that Ottawa,
`Canada’s national capital, will be the site of LTE
`trials. Rogers said it will expand on this testing and
`move to a comprehensive technical trial of LTE
`on both low- and high-band frequencies across the
`Ottawa area.[62]
`(cid:15) On May 6, 2011, Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel suc-
`cessfully demonstrated 4G LTE for the first time in
`South Asia, achieving a data rate of 96 Mbit/s in Sri
`Lanka.[63]
`(cid:15) On May 7, 2011, Sri Lankan Mobile Operator
`Dialog Axiata PLC switched on the first pilot 4G
`LTE Network in South Asia with vendor partner
`Huawei and demonstrated a download data speed up
`to 127 Mbit/s.[64]
`(cid:15) On February 9, 2012, Telus Mobility launched their
`LTE service initial in metropolitan areas include
`Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and the
`Greater Toronto Area, Kitchener, Waterloo, Hamil-
`ton, Guelph, Belleville, Ottawa, Montreal, Québec
`City, Halifax and Yellowknife.[65]
`(cid:15) Telus Mobility has announced that it will adopt LTE
`as its 4G wireless standard.[66]
`(cid:15) Cox Communications has its first tower for wireless
`LTE network build-out.[67] Wireless services should
`launch late 2009.
`
`Exhibit 2002-004
`
`

`
`3.1 History
`
`5
`
`Below is a list of countries by 4G LTE penetration as mea-
`sured by OpenSignal.com in 2015. [68][69]
`
`3 LTE-TDD
`
`Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE-
`TDD), also referred to as TDD LTE, is a 4G telecommu-
`nications technology and standard co-developed by an in-
`ternational coalition of companies, including China Mo-
`bile, Datang Telecom, Huawei, ZTE, Nokia Solutions
`and Networks, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ST-Ericsson.
`It is one of the two mobile data transmission technologies
`of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology standard,
`the other being Frequency-Division Long-Term Evolu-
`tion (LTE-FDD). While some companies refer to LTE
`TDD as “TD-LTE”, there is no reference to that acronym
`anywhere in the 3GPP specifications.[70][71][72]
`There are two major differences between LTE-TDD
`and LTE-FDD: how data is uploaded and downloaded,
`and what frequency spectra the networks are deployed
`in. While LTE-FDD uses paired frequencies to up-
`load and download data,[73] LTE-TDD uses a single fre-
`quency, alternating between uploading and downloading
`data through time.[74][75] The ratio between uploads and
`downloads on a LTE-TDD network can be changed dy-
`namically, depending on whether more data needs to be
`sent or received.[76] LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD also op-
`erate on different frequency bands,[77] with LTE-TDD
`working better at higher frequencies, and LTE-FDD
`working better at lower frequencies.[78] Frequencies used
`for LTE-TDD range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with
`several different bands being used.[79] The LTE-TDD
`spectrum is generally cheaper to access, and has less
`traffic.[77] Further, the bands for LTE-TDD overlap with
`those used for WiMAX, which can easily be upgraded to
`support LTE-TDD.[77]
`Despite the differences in how the two types of LTE han-
`dle data transmission, LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD share
`90 percent of their core technology, making it possi-
`ble for the same chipsets and networks to use both ver-
`sions of LTE.[77][80] A number of companies produce
`dual-mode chips or mobile devices, including Samsung
`and Qualcomm,[81][82] while operators China Mobile
`Hong Kong Company Limited and Hi3G Access have
`developed dual-mode networks in China and Sweden,
`respectively.[83]
`
`3.1 History
`
`The creation of LTE-TDD involved a coalition of in-
`ternational companies that worked to develop and test
`the technology.[84] China Mobile was an early propo-
`nent of LTE-TDD,[77][85] along with other companies
`like Datang Telecom[84] and Huawei, which worked to
`deploy LTE-TDD networks, and later developed tech-
`
`to operate in
`nology allowing LTE-TDD equipment
`white spaces—frequency spectra between broadcast TV
`stations.[71][86] Intel also participated in the development,
`setting up a LTE-TDD interoperability lab with Huawei
`in China,[87] as well as ST-Ericsson,[77] Nokia,[77] and
`Nokia Siemens (now Nokia Solutions and Networks),[71]
`which developed LTE-TDD base stations that increased
`capacity by 80 percent and coverage by 40 percent.[88]
`Qualcomm also participated, developing the world’s first
`multi-mode chip, combining both LTE-TDD and LTE-
`FDD, along with HSPA and EV-DO.[82] Accelleran, a
`Belgian company, has also worked to build small cells for
`LTE-TDD networks.[89]
`Trials of LTE-TDD technology began as early as 2010,
`with Reliance Industries and Ericsson India conducting
`field tests of LTE-TDD in India, achieving 80 megabit-
`per second download speeds and 20 megabit-per-second
`upload speeds.[90] By 2011, China Mobile began trials of
`the technology in six cities.[71]
`Although initially seen as a technology utilized by only
`a few countries, including China and India,[91] by 2011
`international interest in LTE-TDD had expanded, espe-
`cially in Asia, in part due to LTE-TDD 's lower cost of
`deployment compared to LTE-FDD.[71] By the middle of
`that year, 26 networks around the world were conduct-
`ing trials of the technology.[72] The Global LTE-TDD
`Initiative (GTI) was also started in 2011, with founding
`partners China Mobile, Bharti Airtel, SoftBank Mobile,
`Vodafone, Clearwire, Aero2 and E-Plus.[92] In Septem-
`ber 2011, Huawei announced it would partner with Polish
`mobile provider Aero2 to develop a combined LTE TDD
`and FDD network in Poland,[93] and by April 2012, ZTE
`Corporation had worked to deploy trial or commercial
`LTE-TDD networks for 33 operators in 19 countries.[83]
`In late 2012, Qualcomm worked extensively to deploy a
`commercial LTE-TDD network in India, and partnered
`with Bharti Airtel and Huawei to develop the first multi-
`mode LTE-TDD smartphone for India.[82]
`In Japan, SoftBank Mobile launched LTE-TDD services
`in February 2012 under the name Advanced eXtended
`Global Platform (AXGP), and marketed as SoftBank
`4G (ja). The AXGP band was previously used for
`Willcom's PHS service, and after PHS was discontin-
`ued in 2010 the PHS band was re-purposed for AXGP
`service.[94][95]
`In the U.S., Clearwire planned to implement LTE-TDD,
`with chip-maker Qualcomm agreeing to support Clear-
`wire’s frequencies on its multi-mode LTE chipsets.[96]
`With Sprint’s acquisition of Clearwire in 2013,[73][97]
`the carrier began using these frequencies for LTE ser-
`vice on networks built by Samsung, Alcatel-Lucent, and
`Nokia.[98][99]
`As of March 2013, 156 commercial 4G LTE networks
`existed, including 142 LTE-FDD networks and 14 LTE-
`TDD networks.[84] As of November 2013, the South Ko-
`rean government planned to allow a fourth wireless car-
`
`Exhibit 2002-005
`
`

`
`6
`
`5 FEATURES
`
`rier in 2014, which would provide LTE-TDD services,[75]
`and in December 2013, LTE-TDD licenses were granted
`to China’s three mobile operators, allowing commercial
`deployment of 4G LTE services.[100]
`In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indi-
`cated that it had completed a series of tests of voice
`over LTE (VoLTE) calls on China Mobile’s TD-LTE
`network.[101] The next month, Nokia Solutions and Net-
`works and Sprint announced that they had demonstrated
`throughput speeds of 2.6 gigabits per second through-
`put using a LTE-TDD network, surpassing the previous
`record of 1.6 gigbits per second.[102]
`
`4 LTE Direct
`
`A new LTE protocol named LTE Direct works as an inno-
`vative device-to-device technology enabling the discov-
`ery of thousands of devices in the proximity of approx-
`imately 500 meters.[103] Pioneered by Qualcomm, the
`company has been leading the standardization of this new
`technology along with other 3GPP participants. LTE Di-
`rect offers several advantages over existing proximity so-
`lutions including but not limited to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
`One of the most popular use cases for this technology
`was developed by a New York City based company called
`Compass.to. The core feature of proximal discovery
`among devices included a targeted discount voucher to a
`nearby device which matched specific interests.[104] The
`Compass.to use case was featured at global conferences
`and events such as CES 2015, MWC 2015, and said to
`be extended to many other scenarios including film fes-
`tivals, theme parks and sporting events. “You can think
`of LTE Direct as a sixth sense that is always aware of
`the environment around you,” said Mahesh Makhijani,
`technical marketing director at Qualcomm, at a session
`on the technology. Additionally, the protocol offers less
`battery drainage and extended range when compared to
`other proximity solutions.
`
`5 Features
`
`See also: E-UTRA
`
`Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G
`UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communi-
`cations technology. A large amount of the work is aimed
`at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transi-
`tions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching
`combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system.
`E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are:
`(cid:15) Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload
`rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on the user equip-
`ment category (with 4×4 antennas using 20 MHz of
`
`spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been
`defined from a voice centric class up to a high end
`terminal that supports the peak data rates. All ter-
`minals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
`(cid:15) Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms latency for
`small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower la-
`tencies for handover and connection setup time than
`with previous radio access technologies.
`(cid:15) Improved support for mobility, exemplified by sup-
`port for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h (220
`mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the fre-
`quency band.[105]
`(cid:15) Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access for
`the downlink, Single-carrier FDMA for the uplink
`to conserve power.
`(cid:15) Support for both FDD and TDD communication
`systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same
`radio access technology.
`(cid:15) Support for all frequency bands currently used by
`IMT systems by ITU-R.
`(cid:15) Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5
`MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide cells are
`standardized. (W-CDMA has no option for other
`than 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems rolling-
`out in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allo-
`cated width of spectrum so would frequently already
`be in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and
`cdmaOne.)
`(cid:15) Support for cell sizes from tens of metres radius
`(femto and picocells) up to 100 km (62 miles) ra-
`dius macrocells.
`In the lower frequency bands to
`be used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the op-
`timal cell size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable
`performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported
`with acceptable performance. In city and urban ar-
`eas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in EU)
`are used to support high speed mobile broadband. In
`this case, cell sizes may be 1 km (0.62 miles) or even
`less.
`(cid:15) Supports at least 200 active data clients in every 5
`MHz cell.[106]
`(cid:15) Simplified architecture: The network side of E-
`UTRAN is composed only of eNode Bs.
`(cid:15) Support for inter-operation and co-existence with
`legacy standards (e.g., GSM/EDGE, UMTS and
`CDMA2000). Users can start a call or transfer of
`data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should
`coverage be unavailable, continue the operation
`without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS
`or W-CDMA-based UMTS or even 3GPP2 net-
`works such as cdmaOne or CDMA2000.
`
`Exhibit 2002-006
`
`

`
`6.1 Enhanced voice quality
`
`7
`
`(cid:15) Packet switched radio interface.
`(cid:15) Support for MBSFN (Multicast-broadcast single-
`frequency network). This feature can deliver ser-
`vices such as Mobile TV using the LTE infras-
`tructure, and is a competitor for DVB-H-based TV
`broadcast.
`
`6 Voice calls
`
`cs domLTE CSFB to GSM/UMTS network interconnects
`
`The LTE standard supports only packet switching with
`its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and
`CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption
`of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call
`network.[107] Three different approaches sprang up:
`
`Voice over LTE (VoLTE) Main article: Voice over
`LTE
`
`Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) In this approach,
`LTE just provides data services, and when a voice
`call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to
`the circuit-switched domain. When using this so-
`lution, operators just need to upgrade the MSC in-
`stead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can pro-
`vide services quickly. However, the disadvantage is
`longer call setup delay.
`
`ap-
`Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE) In this
`proach, the handset works simultaneously in the
`LTE and circuit switched modes, with the LTE
`mode providing data services and the circuit
`switched mode providing the voice service. This is
`a solution solely based on the handset, which does
`not have special requirements on the network and
`does not require the deployment of IMS either. The
`disadvantage of this solution is that the phone can
`become expensive with high power consumption.
`
`One additional approach which is not initiated by opera-
`tors is the usage of over-the-top content (OTT) services,
`using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide
`LTE voice service.[108]
`Most major backers of LTE preferred and promoted
`VoLTE from the beginning. The lack of software sup-
`port in initial LTE devices as well as core network de-
`vices however led to a number of carriers promoting
`
`VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as an interim
`solution.[109] The idea was to use the same principles as
`GAN (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA
`or Unlicensed Mobile Access), which defines the proto-
`cols through which a mobile handset can perform voice
`calls over a customer’s private Internet connection, usu-
`ally over wireless LAN. VoLGA however never gained
`much support, because VoLTE (IMS) promises much
`more flexible services, albeit at the cost of having to up-
`grade the entire voice call infrastructure. VoLTE will also
`require Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in
`order to be able to smoothly perform a handover to a 3G
`network in case of poor LTE signal quality.[110]
`While the industry has seemingly standardized on VoLTE
`for the future, the demand for voice calls today has led
`LTE carriers to introduce CSFB as a stopgap measure.
`When placing or receiving a voice call, LTE handsets will
`fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the
`call.
`
`6.1 Enhanced voice quality
`
`To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-
`NB codec (narrow band), but the recommended speech
`codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband, also
`known as HD Voice. This codec is mandated in 3GPP
`networks that support 16 kHz sampling.[111]
`Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated “Full-HD
`Voice”, an implementation of the AAC-ELD (Advanced
`Audio Coding – Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE
`handsets.[112] Where previous cell phone voice codecs
`only supported frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and upcom-
`ing wideband audio services branded as HD Voice up
`to 7 kHz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth
`range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. For end-to-end Full-HD
`Voice calls to succeed however, both the caller and re-
`cipient’s handsets as well as networks have to support the
`feature.[113]
`
`7 Frequency bands
`
`See also: LTE frequency bands
`
`The LTE standard covers a range of many different
`bands, each of which is designated by both a frequency
`and a band number. In North America, 700, 750, 800,
`850, 1900, 1700/2100 (AWS), 2300 (WCS) 2500 and
`2600 MHz (Rogers Communications, Bell Canada) are
`used (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, 25, 26, 30, 41); 2500
`MHz in South America; 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz
`in Europe (bands 3, 7, 20);[114][115] 800, 1800 and 2600
`MHz in Asia (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 40)[116][117] and
`1800 MHz and 2300 MHz in Australia[118][119] and New
`Zealand (bands 3, 40).[120] As a result, phones from one
`
`Exhibit 2002-007
`
`

`
`8
`
`10 REFERENCES
`
`country may not work in other countries. Users will need
`a multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally.
`
`8 Patents
`
`According to the European Telecommunications Stan-
`dards Institute's (ETSI) intellectual property rights (IPR)
`database, about 50 companies have declared, as of
`March 2012, holding essential patents covering the LTE
`standard.[121] The ETSI has made no investigation on the
`correctness of the declarations however,[121] so that “any
`analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account
`more than ETSI declarations.”[122]
`The table below shows the available LTE royalty:
`
`9 See also
`(cid:15) 4G-LTE filter
`(cid:15) Comparison of wireless data standards
`(cid:15) E-UTRA – the radio access network used in LTE
`(cid:15) Simulation of LTE Networks
`(cid:15) Flat IP – flat IP architectures in mobile networks
`(cid:15) HSPA+ – an enhancement of the 3GPP HSPA stan-
`dard
`(cid:15) LTE-A
`(cid:15) LTE-U
`(cid:15) QoS Class Identifier (QCI) - the mechanism used in
`LTE networks to allocate proper Quality of Service
`to bearer traffic
`(cid:15) System architecture
`–
`evolution
`architecturing of core networks in LTE
`(cid:15) WiMAX – a competitor to LTE
`
`the
`
`re-
`
`10 References
`
`[1] “An Introduction to LTE”. 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia. Re-
`trieved December 3, 2010.
`
`[2] “Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview”
`(PDF). Motorola. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
`
`[3] “Newsroom • Press Release”. Itu.int. Retrieved 2012-10-
`28.
`
`[4] “ITU-R Confers IMT-Advanced (4G) Status to 3GPP
`LTE” (Press release). 3GPP. 20 October 2010. Retrieved
`18 May 2012.
`
`[5] pressinfo (2009-10-21). “Press Release: IMT-Advanced
`(4G) Mobile wireless broadband on the anvil”.
`Itu.int.
`Retrieved 2012-10-28.
`[6] “Newsroom • Press Release”. Itu.int. Retrieved 2012-10-
`28.
`[7] ETSI Long Term Evolution page
`[8] “Work Plan 3GPP (Release 8)". 16 January 2012. Re-
`trieved 1 March 2012.
`[9] “LSTI job complete”. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
`[10] “LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) Delivers Initial Re-
`sults”. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
`[11] Temple, Stephen. “Vintage Mobiles: Samsung SCH-r900
`– The world’s first LTE Mobile (2010)". History of GMS:
`Birth of the mobile revolution.
`[12] “Samsung Craft, the world’s first 4G LTE phone, now
`available at MetroPCS”. Unwired View. September 21,
`2010.
`[13] “MetroPCS debuts first 4G LTE Android phone, Samsung
`Galaxy Indulge”. Android and Me. 2011-02-09. Re-
`trieved 2012-03-15.
`[14] “MetroPCS snags first LTE Android phone”. Network-
`world.com. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
`[15] “Verizon launches its first LTE handset”. Telegeogra-
`phy.com. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
`[16] “HTC ThunderBolt is officially Verizon’s first LTE hand-
`set, come March 17th”. Phonearena.com. Retrieved
`2012-03-15.
`[17] “Rogers lights up Canada’s first LTE network today”.
`CNW Group Ltd. 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
`[18] LTE – An End-to-End Description of Network Architecture
`and Elements. 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia. 2009.
`[19] “AT&T commits to