`
`UTC 2029
`General Electric v. United Technologies
`IPR2016-01289
`
`
`
`SURFACE AND COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
`
`G.W. Marshall (Yorkshire, UK)
`P. Martin (Sydney, Australia)
`W.-D. Miinz (Sheffield, UK)
`A. R. Nicoll (Won/en, Switzerland)
`Y. Pauleau (Grenoble, France)
`L. Pawlowski (Villeneuve, France)
`L. Pranevicius (Kaunas, Lithuania)
`D. S. Rickerby (Derby, UK)
`8. Schiller (Dresden, Germany)
`W. D. Sproul (Santa Barbara, CA, USA)
`K. N. Strafford (London, UK)
`J.—E. Sundgren (Goteborg, Sweden)
`J. von Stebut (Nancy, France)
`D.R.F. West (London, UK)
`
`Editors
`B. D. Sartwell (Washington, DC, USA)
`A. Matthews (Hull, UK)
`
`Editorial Board
`8. Bull (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK)
`G. Dearnaley (San Antonio, TX, USA)
`H. Herman (Stony Brook, NY, USA)
`H. Hintermann (Ins, Switzerland)
`A. Inspektor (Latrobe, PA, USA)
`H. Jehn (Schwabisch Gmund, Germany)
`A. Kinbara (lshikawa, Japan)
`A. S. Korhonen (Espoo, Finland)
`
`Scope
`The increasing requirement for high technology materials
`with specific performance characteristics in various types of
`environments has dictated that these materials possess near-
`surface properties different from their bulk properties. This
`journal is a principal forum for the interchange of information
`on the science, technology and applications of thin and thick
`coatings and modified surfaces which alter the properties of
`materials. The scope includes all types of coatings and sur-
`face modification techniques (including physical vapour
`deposition, chemical vapour deposition, electroplating and
`surface modification by directed energy techniques). Of par-
`ticular emphasis are the emerging advanced processes such
`as thermal spraying, sputter deposition, activated reactive
`evaporation, ion plating, molecular beam epitaxy, ion implan-
`tation and pulsed laser surface deposition. Contributions
`range from original scientific articles concerned with applied
`research or direct applications, of coatings to reviews of cur-
`rent technology in specific areas. Papers are solicited on top-
`ics which include one or more of the following areas: (1)
`characterization of coatings and modified surfaces, which
`includes the determination of composition, structure, adhe-
`sion, and internal stresses; (2) the application of coatings and
`modified surfaces to alter the mechanical, chemical or optical
`properties of materials. Mechanical properties include fric-
`tion, wear, erosion, hardness and load bearing capacity.
`Chemical properties include corrosion and oxidation. Optical
`and electro-optical properties include reflectivity, selective
`absorption and electroluminescence. Particular emphasis is
`also placed on the emerging surface engineering technolo-
`gies and coatings with a diversity of applications such as dia—
`mond, diamond-like carbon, and cubic boron nitride. Other
`interdisciplinary areas include thermal barrier coatings and
`coatings for biomedical applications and materials conserva-
`tion.
`
`Abstracting/Indexing Services
`This journal is cited by the following services:
`Engineering Index, FIZ Karlsruhe, Metal Finishing Abstracts,
`Current Contents — Engineering, Technology and Applied
`Sciences, Physikalische Berichte, Cambridge Scientific
`Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Fluid Abstracts, Metals
`Abstracts, Physics Abstracts, PASCAL/Centre National de
`Recherche Scientifique, Solid State Abstracts.
`
`Pre-publication abstracts of articles in Surface and Coatings
`Technology and other related journals are now available
`weekly in electronic form via CoDAS, a new direct alerting
`service in condensed matter and materials science run jointly
`by Elsevier Science and Institute of Physics Publishing. For
`details on a free one-month subscription contact Paul
`Bancroft on fax +441179294318 or e-mail bancroft@ioppub-
`|ishing.co.uk
`
`Publication Information: Surface and Coatings Technology
`(ISSN 0257—8972). For 2002 volumes 148—160 are scheduled
`
`
`
`Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003.
`
`for publication. Subscription prices are available upon request
`from the Publisher or from the Regional Sales Office nearest
`you or from this journal's website
`(http://www.e|sevier.n|/|ocate/surfcoat). Further information is
`available on this journal and other Elsevier Science products
`through Elsevier's website: (http://www.elsevier.com).
`Subscriptions are accepted on a prepaid basis only and are
`entered on a calendar year basis. Issues are sent by surface
`standard mail (surface within Europe, air delivery outside
`Europe). Priority rates are available upon request. Claims for
`missing issues should be made within six months of the date
`of dispatch.
`
`Orders, claims and product enquiries: please contact the
`Customer Support Department at the Regional Sales Office
`nearest you:
`
`New York: Elsevier Science, PO Box 945, New York, NY
`10159-0945, USA;
`phone: (+1) (212) 633 3730 [toll free number for North
`American customers: 1-888-4ES—INFO (437-4636)];
`fax: (+1) (212) 633 3680; e-mail: usinfo-f@elsevier.com
`
`Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, PO Box 211, 1000 AE
`Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
`phone: (+31) 20 4853757; fax: (+31) 20 4853432;
`e-mail: nIinfo-f@elsevier.com
`
`Tokyo: Elsevier Science, 9—15 Higashi—Azabu 1—chome,
`Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0044, Japan;
`phone: (+81) (3) 5561 5033; fax: (+81) (3) 5561 5047;
`e-mail: info@e|sevier.com
`
`Singapore: Elsevier Science, No. 1 Temasek Avenue, no.17-
`01 Millenia Tower, Singapore 039192;
`phone: (+65) 434 3727; fax: (+65) 337 2230;
`e-mail: asiainfo@elsevier.com.sg
`
`Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Science, Rua Sete de Setembro
`111/16 Andar, 20050-002 Centro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil;
`phone: (+55) (21) 509 5340; fax: (+55) (21) 507 1991;
`e-mail: elsevier@campus.com.br [Note (Latin America): for
`orders, claims and help desk information, please contact the
`Regional Sales Office in New York as listed above]
`
`US mailing notice: Surface and Coatings Technology (ISSN
`0257-8972) is published semimonthly by Elsevier Science B.V~
`(PO Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Annual
`subscription price in the USA US$5,648.00 (valid in North,
`Central and South America), including air speed delivery.
`Periodical postage rate paid at Jamaica, NY 11431.
`USA POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Surface and
`Coatings Technology, Publications Expediting, Inc., 200
`Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003.
`AIRFREIGHT AND MAILING in the USA by Publications
`
`2
`
`
`
`Volume 149/2—3 (2001)
`
`57mm:
`damn/11:3
`Mlfllfllfl’
`
`SER. REC. LIBRARY
`
`U.C. DAVIS
`
`JAN 2 9 2002
`
`3
`
`
`
`Abstracting Services
`This journal is cited by the following Abstracting/Indexing Services: Automatic Subject Citation Alert,
`Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents—Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences,
`Engineering Index, FIZ Karlsruhe, Metals Abstracts, PASCAL/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
`Physics Abstracts, Physikalische Berichte, Science Citation Index.
`
`
`
`
`
`International Standard Serial Number 0257—8972
`
`
`© 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All Rights Reserved
`
`This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected by the copyright of Elsevier Science B.V., and the following
`terms and conditions apply to their use:
`
`Photocopying
`
`Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher
`and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or
`promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make
`photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use.
`
`Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 1DX, UK; phone: (+44)
`1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also contact Global Rights directly through
`Elsevier's home page (http://www.elsevier.c0m), selecting first ‘Customer Support’, then ‘General Information’, then ‘Permissions Query
`Form’.
`
`In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payment through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosew00d Drive,
`Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (978) 7508400; fax: (978) 7504744, and in the UK, through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid
`Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP OLP. UK; phone: (+44) 171 436 5931; fax: (+44) 171 436 3986.
`Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments.
`Derivative Works
`
`Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their
`institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution.
`
`Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations.
`
`Electronic Storage or Usage
`
`Permission of the Publisher is required to store electronically any material contained in this journal, including any article or part of an
`article. Contact the Publisher at the address indicated.
`
`Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
`means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher
`
`Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above.
`
`Notice
`
`No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
`negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
`Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made-
`
`Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute
`a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer.
`
`Advertising information. Advertising orders and enquiries may be sent to: USA, Canada and South America: Mr Tino de Carlo, The
`Advertising Department, Elsevier Science lnc.. 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY IUOIWS 107. USA: phone: (H) (212) 033
`3815; fax: (+1) (212) 633 3820; email: LrIccarlo@elseviemom. Japan: The Advertising Department. Elsevier Science K..K.. "-15
`Higashi-Azabu l-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0044.an311: phone (+81) (3) 5561 5033; fax: (+8 I) (3) 5561 5047. Europe and ROW?
`Rachel Leveson-Gower, The Advertising Department. Elseivcr Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langl‘ord Lane. Kidlington. Oxford 0X5
`lGB, UK; phone: (+44) (1865) 843565; fax: (+44) (1865) 843976; e—mail: r.leveson-gower@elsevier.co.uk
`
`Printed in The Netherlands
`
`The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48—1992 (Permanence of Paper).
`
`
`
`4
`
`
`
`mar
`emu/[ES
`gamma
`
`Volume 149 Numbers 2—3, 15 January 2002 —_
`www.clseviercom/locate/surfcoat
`
`Contents
`
`
`Intensified plasma—assisted processing: science and engineering .
`BI. Meletis
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`95
`
`114
`
`119
`
`129
`
`135
`
`'
`
` ,
`
`|
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`143
`
`151
`
`Improve retained dose and impact energy of inner surface plasma immersion ion implantation using long pulse duration with
`deflecting electric field .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`,
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`A. Liu, X. Wang and B. Tang
`plasma-induced graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films for
`reduction in protein adsorption .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`KP. Zou, E.T. Kang and K.G. Neoh
`Atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition of polycarbosilane films via UV laser-induced polymerization of .
`ethynyltrimethylsilane .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`J. Pola, z. Bastl, A. Ouchi, J. Subrt and H. Morita
`A molecular dynamics study of deposition rate dependence of film morphology in the sputtering process .
`S.—P. Ju, C.-I. Weng, J.-G. Chang and C.-C. Hwang
`l Co-deposition of titanium/polytetrafluoroethylene films by unbalanced magnetron sputtering .
`C. Liu, R.G. Fairhurst, L. Ren, S.M. Green, J. Tong and RD. Arnell
`' Tribology of tool—chip interface and tool wear mechanisms .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`HO. Gekonde and S.V. Subramanian
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`161
`
`171
`
`179
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`‘
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`185
`192
`
`198
`
`
`
`'
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Abrasive wear/corrosion properties and TEM analysis of A1203 coatings fabricated using plasma electrolysis .
`X. Nie. 13.1. Melelis. J.C. .liang. A. Leyland. A.L. Yerokhin and A. Matthews
`Functionally graded EB PVD coatings .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`B.A. Movchan
`The effect of heat treatment on the structure and abrasive wear resistance of autocatalytic NiP and NiP—SiC coatings .
`I. Apachitei, F.D. Tichelaar, J. Duszczyk and L. Katgerman
`Cr7C3-based cermet coating deposited on stainless steel by electrospark process: structural characteristics and corrosion
`behavior .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`S. Frangini, A. Masci and A. Di Bartolomeo
`. ..
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`; Allihor index .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`,
`Subject index ................................................................................................ .
`.
`
`
`
`
`
`252
`
`263
`
`279
`
`287
`288
`
`. High velocity oxy-fuel spraying of a NiCoCrAlY and an intermetallic NiAl—TaCr alloy .
`L. Zhao and E. Lugscheider
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Smart overlay coatings — concept and practice .
`JR. Nicholls. NJ. Sinims. W.Y. Chan and HE. Evans
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`236
`
`245
`
`Enhancement of aluminum oxide physical vapor deposition with a secondary plasma .
`N. Li. J.P. Allain and D.N. Ruzic
`Thermal cracking behavior of multi—lnyer LAFAD coatings on nitrided die steels in liquid aluminum processing .
`K. Kulkarni. A. Srivaslava. R. Shivpuri, R. Bhattacharya. S. Dixit and D. Bhat
`On the delamination of thermal barrier coatings in a thermal gradient
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`J.W. Hutchinson and AG. Evans
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`l Two-dimensional modeling and optimization of a neutral loop discharge etcher in an argon plasma .
`Y. Okraku-Yirenkyi, Y.—M. Sung, M. Otsubo, C. Honda and T. Sakoda
`l
`Influence of the treatment atmosphere on the characteristics of glow-discharge treated sintered stainless steels .
`F. Borgioli, E. Galvanetto, T. Bacci and G. Pradelli
`Computed depth profile method of X-ray diffraction and its application to Ni/Pd films .
`H. Wu, B. Li, W. Miao, X. Liu and K. Tao
`The energy influx during plasma deposition of amorphous hydrogenated carbon films .
`D. Rohde, P. Pecher. H. Kcrsten. W. Jacob and R. Hippler
`Characterisation and performance of partially filtered arc TiAlN coatings .
`AC. Vlasveld, S.G. Harris, ED. Doyle, D.B. Lewis and W.D. Munz
`Increased adhesion of diamond-like carbon—Si coatings and its tribological properties .
`H. Mori and H. Tachikawa
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`225
`
`231
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`l
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`,
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`206
`
`217
`
`5
`
`