R.J. Reynolds Vapor
`IPR2016-01268
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor v. Fontem
`Exhibit 1034-00001
`
`

`

`1.
`
`I have been retained by the law firm of Brinks Gilson & Lione on
`
`behalf of R.J. Reynolds Vapor Company (“Petitioner”) in connection with
`
`1PR2016-01268.
`
`I previously provided three declarations (“Petition Declaration,”
`
`EX. 1015; “Supplemental Declaration,” EX. 1020; “Reply Declaration,” EX. 1027)
`
`concerning the technical subject matter relevant to the petition in IPR2016-01268.
`
`2.
`
`My background and qualification are contained in my Petition
`
`Declaration.
`
`3.
`
`My list of prior testimony and updated lists are attached to my Petition
`
`and Reply declarations.
`
`4.
`
`The information I considered is identified in my prior declarations and
`
`deposition testimony.
`
`5.
`
`I submit this supplemental evidence declaration in response to Patent
`
`Owner’s Objections To Petitioner’s Evidence Under 37 CPR. § 42.64(b)(1) dated
`
`July 12, 2017 (Paper 32). Specifically, Patent Owner provided the following
`
`objection to my Reply Declaration (EX. 1027):
`
`Paragraphs 33-67 offer opinions regarding airflow, aerosols, pore
`
`sizes, “standard drawing practices,” “aerodynamic forces,”
`
`compression, tensile strength, “providing the needed holes,” electrical
`
`resistance, atomization, a “slipstream,” thermal efficiency, and
`
`“heating wire in lightbulbs, heaters and other things” that are not
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00002
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00002
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`

`

`based on sufficient facts or data and are not the product of reliable
`
`principles and methods.
`
`While no explanation is provided as to why the opinions in paragraphs 33~67 “are
`
`not based on sufficient facts or data and are not the product of reliable principles
`
`and methods” and no specific examples are provided, I nonetheless have attempted
`
`to provide some additional “facts and data” for my opinions.
`
`6.
`
`Patent Owner identifies the term “standard drawing practices” in its
`
`objection. “Standard drawing practices” as used in paragraph 35 of my reply
`
`declaration refers to common techniques used in mechanical section drawings that
`
`require enough views to ensure that the internal features of the object depicted are
`
`shown. Ex. A (Engineering Design Graphics), p. 235. Typically, two or more
`
`sectional drawings are necessary to adequately show an object’s internal features.
`
`See Id. Drawings that do not make clear what is being shown would normally be
`
`rejected and not used by designers and engineers. With respect to Patent Owner’s
`
`argument that an exit hole purportedly exists in the bulge section of Hon’s porous
`
`body 27 as illustrated in Figs. 6 and 8, as I mentioned in my reply declaration, no
`
`such hole is described or illustrated in Hon 043. If an exit hole existed, the person
`
`having ordinary skill in the art (“PHOSTA”) would have expected that, consistent
`
`with standard drawing practices, the inventor would have clearly illustrated such a
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00003
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00003
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`

`

`hole using sectional views and/or perspective drawings. However, there are no
`
`such views or drawings in Hon O43 illustrating the purported exit hole.
`
`7.
`
`Patent Owner identifies the term “aerodynamic forces” in its
`
`objection.
`
`I used the term “aerodynamic forces” in paragraph 43 of my reply
`
`declaration when explaining that the PHOSITA would have understood that air—
`
`entrained atomized liquid droplets (i.e., aerosol) are pulled through the downstream
`
`portion of Hon 043’s porous body 27 via aerodynamic forces caused by the user
`
`drawing on the device but that those forces were insufficient to pull unatomized
`
`liquid out of the porous body at the downstream end of Hon 043’s porous body 27.
`
`Thus, as Hon 043 explains:
`
`After the atomization, the large diameter droplets stick to the wall
`
`under the action of eddy flow and are reabsorbed by the porous body
`
`27 via the overflow hole 29, whereas the small diameter droplets float
`
`in stream and forms aerosols, which are sucked out via the aerosol
`
`passage 12, gas vent l7 and mouthpiece 15.
`
`EX. 1003—0001 1. As the PHOSITA would have understood, the “aerodynamic
`
`forces” that influence the manner in which the “small diameter droplets” forming
`
`an aerosol travel through Hon 043’s porous body are created by pressure
`
`differences that result from the user drawing on the Hon 043 device. The aerosol
`
`will flow towards lower pressure areas in accordance with Bernoulli’s law. As the
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00004
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00004
`
`

`

`PHOSITA would have understood, the aerosol pulled through the pores of Hon
`
`043’s porous body when the user draws upon the device will have a velocity
`
`distribution profile where the airflow through the center of the pores is faster than
`
`at the edges of the pores. EX. B (DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Thermwynamics,
`
`Heat Transfer, And Fluid Flow, Volume 3 of 3), p. 18 (“The velocity of the fluid in
`
`contact with the pipe wall is essentially zero and increases the further away from
`
`the wall”). Although the DOE Handbook refers to fluid flow through a pipe, the
`
`PHOSITA would have expected that the same general principles apply to fluid
`
`flow through the pores of a porous body. The DOE Handbook identifies that the
`
`term “fluid” includes both liquids and gases. EX. B, p. 2. As can be seen in Fig. 5
`
`from the DOE Handbook (copied below), similar velocity profiles exist both for
`
`laminar flow and for turbulent flow. Id.
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00005
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00005
`
`

`

`
`
`,,
`
`,4
`
`,
`
`‘
`
`,.
`
`ia
`
`V/Turbulent Flow
`7
`~ Mam“
`,/
`NR <2,ooo
`
`
` Velocity Profiles»
`f-“ Laminar Flow
`/
`~<ia>
`
`
`a—I"”//
`“aflx—I’M
`f m friction factor
`
`Reynolds Number
`
`
`Increasing Veiocity ----------------a.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Pipe
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Turbulent Flow
`Laminar Féow
`
`
`Figure :3 Laminar and Impaler}? Flow Velocity Profiles.
`
`8.
`
`Thus, the PHOSITA would have understood that the velocity of the
`
`aerosol pulled through Hon 043’s porous body when the user draws on the device
`
`is higher in the center of Hon 043’s pores than at the edges, and that the small
`
`liquid droplets entrained in Hon 043’s aerosol stream, particularly those located in
`
`the center of the air stream, would pass through the pores of Hon 043‘s porous
`
`body without being “picked off" or otherwise reabsorbed by the porous body. In
`
`other words, as the PHOSITA would have understood, because Hon 043’s porous
`
`body is permeable to airflow, then it is also permeable to aerosol flow.
`
`9.
`
`However, although the aerodynamic forces of the user drawing on
`
`Hon 043’s device are sufficient to pull aerosol from Hon 043’s porous body, the
`
`5
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00006
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00006
`
`

`

`PHOSITA wouldhave understood that these forces would not be sufficient to pull
`
`unatomized liquid out of Hon 043’s porous body at the downstream end. As the
`
`PHOSITA would have understood, as liquid is spent at the upstream end of Hon
`
`043’s porous body, unatomized liquid would move by capillary action from the
`
`downstream end towards the upstream end of the porous body. The PHOSITA
`
`would have expected that the aerodynamic forces associated with the user drawing
`
`on the Hon 043 device would not be sufficient to overcome the capillary action
`
`that moves the unatomized liquid from the downstream end to the upstream end of
`
`Hon 043’s porous body.
`
`10. Also, the PHOSITA would have understood that the pressure in Hon
`
`043’s ejection holes 24 is much lower than that in the porous body in the
`
`immediate vicinity of the ejection holes, because the air stream moves faster in the
`
`ejection holes than in the bulk porous body. Under Bernoulli’s law, an increase in
`
`flow velocity will result in a decrease in pressure. EX. B, p. 23. As a result, the
`
`PHOSTA would have also understood that Hon 043 is designed such that there is a
`
`significant pressure differential between the porous body in the area of ejection
`
`holes 24 and the inside of ejection holes 24, which causes unatomized liquid
`
`droplets to enter the ejection holes 24 as described in Hon 043. In contrast, the
`
`pressure differential between the downstream end and the area immediately outside
`
`of the downstream end of the porous body is not as great. The PHOSITA would
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00007
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00007
`
`

`

`have understood that this pressure difference is not sufficient to overcome the
`
`forces associated with the general movement of unatomized liquid from the
`
`downstream end to the upstream end via capillary action, which explains why the
`
`PHOSITA would have understood that unatomized liquid droplets exit the porous
`
`body into ejection holes 24 but would not exit the porous body at the downstream
`
`end of the porous body.
`
`11.
`
`Patent Owner refers to the words “compression” and “tensile
`
`strength” in its objection but does not identify where those words are used. Both
`
`those terms are used in paragraph 44 of my reply declaration, where I explain why
`
`the stress-strain curves and the purported tensile strengths of certain materials 'on
`
`which Mr. Meyst relies is not relevant to the extent to which Hon 043’s porous
`
`body would bend or sag but for the presence of cavity wall 27. The term
`
`compression is used in conjunction with my description of Fig. 6a of Ex. 2019 and
`
`Fig. 5 from Ex. 2018, which are both compressive strain curves. Ex. 2019 at 4 (p.
`
`187), Ex. 2018 at 6 (p. 821). As I mentioned in my reply declaration, a
`
`compression strain curve measures a material’s ability to withstand compression.
`
`Compression tests are conducted by applying a load at both ends of a specimen as
`
`shown in Fig. 2.1(b) of Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials. Ex. C
`
`(Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials), p. 27. Tensile strength is the
`
`opposite of compression. It measures a material’s ability to withstand stretching.
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00008
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00008
`
`

`

`Tensile strength tests are conducted by applying a “pulling” force on both ends of
`
`the sample as shown in Fig. 2.1(a), which is copied below. Ex. C, p. 27.
`
`is}
`
`FIGURE 2.1 Types of strain. (a) Tensile. (b) Compresswe. (a) Shear. All deformation
`processes in manufacturing involve strains of these types. Tensile strains are involved
`in stretching sheet metal to make car bodies, compresswe strains in forging metals to
`make turbine disks. and shear strains in making holes by punching.
`
`Ex. C, p. 27
`
`Neither compression nor tensile strength are a measurement of a material’s ability
`
`to withstand bending or sagging.
`
`I note that Mr. Meyst agrees. Ex. D, 61 :4~63:l.
`
`Bending or sagging is the type of deformation that the porous body in Hon 043
`
`would exhibit when a user coughs or intentionally blows into the device (or when
`
`the porous body is loaded with liquid) but for the support provided by the cavity
`
`wall. Below I have shown arrows representing the forces used for material
`
`compression testing (“compressive stress strain curves”), material tensile strength
`
`testing and material bending testing.
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00009
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00009
`
`

`

`
`
`{QEWDH-ff;
`
`12.
`
`Patent Owner refers to “electrical resistance” in its objection. In
`
`paragraph 56 of my reply declaration, I discuss that resistance of a wire is directly
`
`proportional to the length of the wire and inversely proportional to the cross-
`
`sectional area of the wire.
`
`I further explain that a PHOSITA would have known
`
`that if the diameter of a wire is doubled, the cross sectional area grows by four
`
`times and the resistance drops by four times. This relationship between wire
`
`diameter and resistance is well—known. Ex. E (Mark-s” Standard Handbook for
`
`Mechanical Engineers), p. 15-4 (R = pl/a); see
`
`http://www.rapidtables.com/calc/wire/wire-gauge—charthtm. For example, as can
`
`be calculated on the website, 20 gauge wire has a diameter of 0.032 inches and a
`
`resistance of 10.182 kfl/ 1000 ft. By comparison, 14 gauge wires has a diameter of
`
`0.0641 inches (twice the diameter of 20 gauge) and a resistance of 2.5 194 kg
`
`9
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00010
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00010
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`

`

`/ 1000 ft (about four times less than 20 gauge). Marks Handbook provides nearly
`
`identical data. EX. E, 13. 15—6. A PHOSITA also would have understood that if the
`
`voltage and current are the same for two wires, these two wires will have the same
`
`resistance according to Ohm’s law (resistance equals voltage divided by current, R
`
`= E/l, where R is resistance, E is voltage, and l is current). EX. E, p. 15—7. For two
`
`wires with the same length — e. g, two wires having the length of the wire
`
`illustrated in Fig. 6 of Hon 043’s device w a thicker wire (i.e., a wire with a larger
`
`diameter) will have lower resistance than the thinner or smaller diameter wire.
`
`Under the same voltage, the currents in the two wires will not be the same — the
`
`current in the thicker wire will be greater than in the thinner wire to obtain the
`
`same voltage (i.e., E = IR, where E is voltage, I is current and R is resistance).
`
`Thus, to generate the same amount of energy per puff (i.e., J : IET, where J is
`
`energy, I is current, E is voltage, and T=time)(Ex. E, p. 15—3, Table 15.1.1), the
`
`thicker wire (i.e., having the higher current, I) would be on (229., conducting
`
`current) for a shorter amount of time (T) than the thinner wire (having lower
`
`current, I). This means that the thicker wire uses more current per unit time than
`
`the thinner wire. This higher use of current per unit time means that the discharge
`
`rate of the battery will be higher for a thick wire than a thin wire. In other words,
`
`the higher discharge rate in the thicker wire means that the battery will be draining
`
`faster than if a thin wire were used. A PHOSITA would have known that higher
`
`10
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00011
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00011
`
`

`

`discharge rates may result in a significant reduction of available battery capacity,
`
`thus decreased efficiency and shortened life ofa battery. EX. E, p. 15-16 (“The
`
`ampere—hour capacity of batteries falls off rapidly with increase in discharge
`
`rate”). Therefore, as I explained in paragraphs 56 and 57 of my reply declaration,
`
`a PHOSITA would have understood that increasing the diameter of Hon’s heating
`
`wire 26 would lower the resistance of the wire, resulting in faster discharge of the
`
`current in a shorter time in order to obtain the same heating power, and thus would
`
`likely decrease, not increase the heating efficiency of the Hon device. In other
`
`words, a user will not get as many puffs out of a Hon device with a thicker wire
`
`compared to a Hon device with a thinner wire.
`
`13.
`
`Ex. A is a compilation of pages from the book James H. Earle,
`
`Engineering Design Graphics, AutoCAD® Release 12, 8th Ed., 1994 (“Earle”) from
`
`my personal library. EX. A includes the cover page, title page, copyright page and
`
`pages 235-254 of the Earle book.
`
`14.
`
`I have examined EX. A and it is a true and correct copy of the pages
`
`from the Earle book. The Earle book is available for inspection and copying at the
`
`offices of Brinks Gilson & Lione, Suite 3600 NBC Tower, 455 Cityfront Plaza
`
`Drive, Chicago IL 60611-5599.
`
`15. On July 17, 2017, I downloaded a copy of the book DOE
`
`Fundamentals Handbook, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, And Fluid F low,
`
`11
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00012
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00012
`
`

`

`Volume 3 of 3, 1992 from the Department of Energy website:
`
`https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/ZO13/06/f2/h1012v3g0pdf. I have used this
`
`website in the past to access information.
`
`16.
`
`EX. B is a true and correct copy of the book DOE Fundamentals
`
`Handbook, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, And Fluid Flow, Volume 3 of 3, 1992
`
`that I obtained from the Department of Energy website.
`
`17.
`
`EX. C is a compilation of pages from Serope Kalpakjian,
`
`Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials, 1984 (“Kalpakjian”) from my
`
`personal library. Ex. C includes the cover page, title page, copyright page and
`
`pages 25—96 of the Kalpakjian book.
`
`18.
`
`I have examined EX. C and it is a true and correct copy of the pages
`
`from the Kalpakjian book. The Kalpakjian book is available for inspection and
`
`copying at the offices of Brinks Gilson & Lione, Suite 3600 NBC Tower, 455
`
`Cityfront Plaza Drive, Chicago IL 60611-5599.
`
`19.
`
`EX. E is a compilation of pages from Eugene A. Avallone and
`
`Theodore Baumeister III, Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers,
`
`9th Ed., 1978, (“Marks’ Handbook”) from my personal library. Ex. E includes the
`
`cover page, title page, copyright page and pages 15-1 to 15-100 of the Marks’
`
`Handbook.
`
`12
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00013
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00013
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`

`

`20.
`
`I have examined Ex. E and it is a true and correct copy of the pages
`
`from the Marks’ Handbook. The Marks’ Handbook is available for inspection and
`
`copying at the offices of Brinks Gilson & Lione, Suite 3600 NBC Tower, 455
`
`Cityfront Plaza Drive, Chicago IL 60611-5599.
`
`21.
`
`I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States
`
`f
`
`that the foregoing is true and correct.
`
`July 26, 2017
`
`‘ D
`
`
`
`r. Robert H. Sturges
`
`l3
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00014
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00014
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`

`

`Exhibit A
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00015
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`

`

`ui‘oCAD® Release 12 0 Eighth Edition
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00016
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00016
`
`

`

`
`
`ENGINEERING
`DESIGN
`GRAPHICS
`
`AUIOCAD® Release 1 2
`Eighth Edition
`
`JAMES H. EARLE
`
`Texas A & Ni University
`
`A
`VV
`
`Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
`Reading, Massachusetts 0 Menlo Park, California 0 New York
`Don Mills, Ontario 0 Wokingham, England 0 Amsterdam ° Bonn
`Sydney ' Singapore ' Tokyo ' Madrid 0 San Juan 0 Milan 0 Paris
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00017
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00017
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`

`

`|
`
`Executive Editor: Michael Payne
`Sponsoring Editor: Denise Descoteaux
`Senior Production Supervisor: David Dwyer
`Senior Production Coordinator: Genevra A. Hanke
`
`Cover Design Supervisor: Peter M. Blaiwas
`Senior Manufacturing Manager: Roy Logan
`Manufacturing Coordinator: Judy Sullivan
`Text Designer: Jean Hammond
`Copyeditor: Jerrold C. Moore
`Proofreader: Phyllis Coyne
`Layout Artist: Julia M. Fair
`
`Cover credits: Courtesy of Trilby Wallace, McDonnell Douglas Space Systems, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and
`lntergraph Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama.
`
`Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks.
`Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison—Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations
`have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
`
`The programs and applications presented in this book have been included for their instructional value. They have been
`tested with care, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties or repre—
`sentations, nor does it accept any liabilities with respect to the programs or applications.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Earle, James H.
`Engineering design graphics : AutoCAD release 12 /James H. Earle.
`8th ed.
`
`--
`
`cm.
`p.
`includes index.
`
`lSBN 0-201-51982—8 (alk. paper)
`1. Engineering design. 2. Engineering graphics.
`TA’l 74.E23 1994
`
`I. Title.
`
`620'.OO42’028566869——dc20
`
`93-15665
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1994, 1992, 1990, 1987, 1983, 1977, 1973, 1969 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inca"
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
`form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission
`from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
`
`’l2345678910—DOC—9796959493
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00018
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00018
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`

`

`
`
`Sections
`
`16.1 Introduction
`
`SECTIONS VS. VIEWS
`
`Inside features
`are hidden in
`standard
`view
`
`
` . ,7- STANDARD VIEW
`
` Edge view of
`
`Correctly drawn orthographic Views that show all
`hidden lines may not clearly describe an object’s
`internal details. This shortcoming can be over-
`come by imagining that part of the object has
`been cut away and shown in a cross-sectional
`View, called a section.
`
`16.2 Basics of Sectioning
`
`Figure 16.1 shows pictorially a section created by
`passing an imaginary cutting plane through the
`object to reveal its internal features. Think of the cut-
`
`ting plane as a knife—edge cutting through the object.
`Figure 16.1A shows the standard top and front
`Views, and Fig. 16.1B shows the method of drawing
`a section. The front View is full section, with the por-
`tion cut by the imaginary plane cross—hatched.
`Hidden lines usually are omitted because they are
`not needed.
`
`Figure 16.2 shows two types of cutting planes.
`Either is acceptable although the one with pairs of
`
`A.
`
`|
`|
`|
`I
`i
`LT“TJ
`
`..
`
`Sectional
`
`cutting plane
`
`FULL—SECTION VIEW
`
`Figure 16.1 This drawing compares a standard ortho-
`graphic view with a full-section view that shows the inter-
`nal features of the same object.
`
`235
`
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00019
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`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00019
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`

`

`
`
`CUTTING-PLANE LINES
`
`CUTTING-PLANE POSITIONS
`
`l__°_‘_l”:l_T_l:J/m
`
`A SECTION A- A
`JOptionol: Letters indicate
`Jsection is labeled A— AV
`
`l
`’l4l_'
`
`i
`#H'IS
`
`Drdw as
`thick as
`visible
`lines
`
`direction of
`
`Arrows show
`
`4’ Viewer \ '3
`£1
`looks
`\'.._;_
`_
`perpendicular to
`W cutting plane
`
`-
`.
`"_ ._
`\lfl
`'
`
`Figure 16.2 Use cutting—plane lines to represent sections
`(the cutting edge). The cutting plane marked A—A pro—
`duces a section labeled A—A.
`
`short dashes is most often used. The spacing and
`proportions of the clashes depend on the size of
`the drawing. The line thickness of the cutting
`plane is the same as the visible object line. Letters
`placed at each end of the cutting plane are used to
`label the sectional View, such as section A—A.
`
`The sight arrows at the ends of the cutting
`plane are always perpendicular to the cutting
`plane. In the sectional View, the observer is look-
`ing in the direction of the sight arrows, perpendic-
`ular to the surface of the cutting plane.
`
`_ Figure 16.3 shows the three basic positions of
`sections and their respective cutting planes. In
`each case perpendicular arrows point in the direc—
`tion of the line of sight. For example, the cutting
`plane in Fig. 16.3A passes through and removes
`the front of the top View and the line of sight is
`perpendicular to the remainder of the top view.
`
`236 0 CHAPTER 16 SECTIONS
`
`
`
`
`side View
`
`l"
`
`Thru front
`
`Figure 16.3 The three standard positions of cutting planes
`through orthographic (A) top, (B) front, and (C) side sec-
`tional views as sections. The arrows point in the direction
`of your line of sight for each section.
`
`The top view appears as a section when the
`cutting plane passes through the front view and
`the line of sight is downward (Fig. 16.38). When
`the cutting plane passes vertically through the
`side View (Fig. 16.30), the front View becomes a
`section.
`
`16.3 Sectioning Symbols
`
`Figure 16.4 shows the hatching symbols used to
`distinguish between ‘ different materials in sec—
`tions. Although these symbols may be used to
`indicate the materials in a section, you should
`
`provide supplementary notes specifying the mate—
`rials to ensure clarity.
`The cast-iron symbol (evenly spaced section
`lines) may be used to represent any material and
`is the symbol used most often. Draw cast—iron
`symbols with a 2H pencil, slant the lines upward
`at 30°, 45°, or 60° angles, and space the lines about
`1/ 16 inch apart (close together in small areas and
`farther apart in larger areas).
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00020
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00020
`
`

`

`STANDARD HATCHING SYMBOLS
`
`AUTOCAD HATCHING SYMBOLS
`
`Iron
`Cost
`(ANSISI)
`
`m
`
`'
`
`Steel
`
`.
`
`7
`
`Bronze, Brass,
`Copper, & Comp.
`
`l,
`
`Star pattern '
`
`V
`
`A
`
`V
`
`A
`
`m (ANSISZ)
`(Stars)
`(ANSI33)
`P
`M
`-
`,
`,v vvv"
`'O'O'O'O'O'O‘ Wh’t
`t
`b’o’o’o‘o’o‘ zin': [123$
`Alumi‘flnnff'il‘zs. ff’ll’fi
`AAAAA
`-
`5.9.0.0..” (ANSI37)
`(ANsiss) I’ ¢
`"Now
`.0136
`
`»
`
`Dot pattern
`(Dots) -
`
`'jj
`
`..
`
`I.
`
`-:3
`
`CAST IRON, 7
`MALLEABLE
`IRON
`
`STEEL
`
`BRONZE, '
`
`' A GENERAL SYMBOL THAT
`- CAN BE USE To REPRE—
`SENT ALL MATERIALS.
`
`
`-_.L_ ELECTRICAL
`
`
`
`
`
`WINDINGs,
`
`
`
`
`MAGNETS
`
`
`
`
`A
`
`
`
`BABBITT
`//////// PORCELAIN
`
`COPPER
`
`WHITE METAL,
`ZINC, LEAD,
`
`
`
`
`
`, c_g.-1.
`.,.,.,,,,,.,.,.,,
`
`
`3333:5553:
`august”;
`
`
`
`
`MAGNESIUM,
`ALUMINUM,
`AND ALLOYS .
`
`PLASTIC, ELEC—
`TRICAL INSUL.
`
`-I
`
`CONCRETE
`
`BRICK AND
`STONE
`MASONRY
`
`//////// MARBLE,
`//////// SLATE, GLASS
`////////
`
`
`
`
`
`EARTH
`
`Figure 16.5 These are a few of the hatching symbols pro-
`vided by AutOCAD. Use the pattern scale factor to vary the
`spacing between lines and dashes.
`
`CORK, FELT, ~1:~_~L
`FABRIC, FIBER, L La a
`LEATHER ~ ~
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`I ROCK
`
`SOUND
`
`INSULATION /
`
`__
`
`SAND
`
`SECTION-LINE SPACING
`
`THERMAL
`INSULATION
`
`
`
`FIREBRICK AND 57/; / x
`REFRACTORY
`/// ///
`MATERIAL
`/
`/
`/
`
`. WATER AND
`_. LIQUIDS
`WOOD
`
`|
`ACROSS GRAIN
`I
`,— ; WITH GRAIN
`
`Figure 16.4 Use these symbols for hatching parts in sec—
`tion. The cast—iron symbol may be used for any material.
`
`Computer Method Figure 16.5 shows a
`few of the many cross-sectional symbols available
`with AutoCAD. You may vary the spacing
`between the lines and the dash lengths by
`
`changing the pattern scale factor.
`
`Figure 16.6A shows properly drawn section
`lines: thin and evenly spaced. Figure 16.6B—F
`show common errors of section lining.
`
`Section thin parts such as sheet metal, wash-
`ers, and gaskets by completely blacking in the
`
`
`
`Too. heavy
`
`Figure 16.6 Techniques:
`A Section lines are thin lines drawn 1/16 to “/8 in. apart.
`
`B—F Avoid these typical section lining errors.
`
`areas (Fig. 16.7), because space does not permit
`the drawing of section lines. Show large parts with
`an outline section to save time and effort.
`
`You should hatch sectioned areas with sym-
`
`bols that are neither parallel nor perpendicular to
`the outlines of the parts lest they be confused with
`serrations or other machining treatments of the
`
`surface. (Fig. 16.8).
`
`16.3 SECTIONING SYMBOLS ' 237
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00021
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00021
`
`

`

`
`
`LARGE AND THIN PARTS IN SECTION
`
`Outline section
`for
`large ports-
`
`—Blcrck~in ihll’i
`/ parts
`
`Figure 16.7 Black—in thin parts and hatch large areas around
`their outlines (outline sectioning) to save time and effort.
`
`HATCH-LINE ANGLES
`
`
`
`A. PREFERRED
`
`Perpen—
`diculor
`
`
`
`B. POOR
`
`Parallel
`
`C. POOR
`
`Figure 16.8 Draw section lines at angles that are neither
`parallel nor perpendicular to the outline of a part, so that
`they are not misunderstood as machining features.
`
`E! Computer Method Figure 16.9 shows the
`method of applying section symbols to an area
`with AutoCAD. After assigning the proper hatch
`symbol with the HATCH command, select the
`area to be sectioned with a window, and the sec-
`
`tion lines are drawn. To vary the spacing of the
`section lines, change the scale factor of
`the
`‘ HATCH command. BHATCH, another hatching
`
`command, is covered in Chapter 36.
`The lines used to depict sectioned areas must
`intersect perfectly at each corner point; no T-joints
`are permitted (Fig. 16.10). Poor intersections may
`cause hatching symbols to fill
`the desired area
`improperly.
`
`238 0 CHAPTER 16 SECTIONS
`
`HATCH with a
`
`ANS|31
`Iron —
`c ast
`if
`
` STEP 2
`
`K] Figure 16.9 Sectioning by computer:
`
`Step1 Command: HATCH (CR)
`
`Pattern ('9 or name/U, Style):ANSIBl
`
`(CR)
`
`Scale for pattern <default>z ._5_O(CR)
`Angle for pattern <defaulc>z 9 (CR)
`
`Select objeccs: '_N (window option)
`
`Step 2 Press (CR) and the hatch is completed. Press
`Ctrl C to terminate hatching if desired.
`
`
`
`/
`
`,7
`
`l
`
`T—ioints
`Separate
`cause
`lines ioining
`/’l.
`hatching
`at nodes
`roblems i'
`-
`p
`l \
`K
`’7 UA
`
`T~JO|NTS
`
`NODE JOINTS
`
`Figure 16.10 For the HATCH command to work
`properly,
`the outlines of areas to be section lined
`must be drawn with perfect outlines, that is, with-
`out T—joints, gaps, or overlaps.
`
`16.4 Sectioning Assemblies of Parts
`
`When sectioning an assembly of several parts,
`draw section lines at varying angles to distinguish
`the parts from each other (Fig. 16.11A). Using dif—
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00022
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00022
`
`

`

`ASSEMBLIES IN SECTION
`
`FULL SECTION
`
`Some port,
`same angle
`
`Secfion Hnes
`of varying
`angles for
`
`different party‘lwo__l_
`
`
`
`W7\ J
`s\\\\\s
`l”///////////
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`A. THREE PARTS
`
`B. TWO PARTS
`
`Figure 16.11 Hatching assemblies;
`A Draw section lines of different parts in an assembly at
`varying angles to distinguish the parts.
`
`B Draw section lines on separated portions of the same
`part (both sides of a hole here) in the same direction.
`
`ferent material symbols in an assembly also helps
`distinguish between the parts and their materials.
`Cross-hatch the same part at the same angle and
`with the same symbol even though portions of the
`part may be separated (Fig. 16.1113).
`
`16.5 Full Sections
`
`A cutting plane passed fully through an object
`and removing half of it forms a full section View.
`Figure 16.12 shows two orthographic views of an
`object with all its hidden lines. We can describe
`the part better by passing a cutting plane through
`the top view to remove half of it. The arrows on
`the cutting plane indicate the direction of sight.
`The front view becomes a full section, showing
`
`the surfaces cut by the cutting plane.
`Figure 16.13 shows a full section through a
`cylindrical part, with half the object removed.
`Figure 16.13A shows the correctly drawn section—
`al View. A common mistake in constructing sec-
`
`tions is omitting the visible lines behind the
`cutting plane (Fig. 16.13B).
`
`CUTTING PLANE
`_
`.
`
`PASSES FULLY THRU
`PORTION
`
`REMOVED TO
`PART
`SHOW FULL SECTION
`
`Figure 16.12 A full section is found by passing a cutting
`plane fully through the top View of this part, removing half
`of it. The arrows at each end of the cutting plane indicate
`the direction of your sight. The sectional view shows the
`part’s internal features clearly.
`
`Omit hidden lines in sectional views unless you
`
`consider them necessary for a clear understanding
`of the View. Also, omit cutting planes if you consid-
`er them unnecessary. Figure 16.14 shows a full
`section of a part from which the cutting plane was
`omitted because its path is obvious.
`
`Parts Not Requiring Section Lining
`Many standard parts, such as nuts and bolts, riv-
`ets, shafts, and set screws, do not require section
`lining even though the cutting plane passes
`through them (Fig. 16.15). These parts have no
`internal features, so sections through them would
`
`be of no value. Other parts not requiring section
`lining are roller bearings, ball bearings, gear teeth,
`dowels, pins, and washers.
`
`16.5 FULL SECTIONS a 239
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00023
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00023
`
`

`

`
`
`FULL SECTION: CYLINDRICAL PART
`
`FULL SECTION: PULLEY ARM
`
`
`FULL SECTION:
`
`When viewing a
`
`full section, you
`will see lines
`
`behind the cutting
`
`plane. Do not
`omit
`them.
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 16.13
`A When a cutting plane is passed through a cylinder to
`obtain a full section, you will see lines behind the plane,
`not just the cut surface.
`
`8 Showing only the lines at the cutting plane's surface
`yields an incomplete view.
`
`Ribs
`
`Ribs are not section lined when the cutting plane
`passes
`flatwise through them (Fig. 16.16A),
`because to do so would give a misleading impres-
`sion of the rib. But ribs do require section lining
`when the cutting plane passes perpendicularly
`through them and shows their true thickness (Fig.
`16.16B).
`
`Figure 16.17 shows an alternative method of
`
`section lining webs and ribs. The outside ribs in
`Fig. 16.17A do not require section lining because
`the cutting plane passes flatwise through them
`
`240 ' CHAPTER 16 SECTIONS
`
`4’
`
`TOP VIEW
`
`Cutting plone
`optional here,
`but
`it could
`be shown
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FULL SECTlON
`
`Figure 16.14 The cutting plane of a section can be omit-
`ted if its location is obvious.
`
`PARTS NOT HATCHED
`
`
`
`roller &
`(Also,
`ball bearings)
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 16.15 By conventional practice these parts are not
`section lined even though cutting planes pass through them.
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00024
`
`R.J. Reynolds Vapor Exhibit 1034-00024
`
`

`

`RIBS IN SECTION
`
`RIBS IN SECTION
`
`
`
`A.
`
`Figure 16.16
`A Do not hatch a rib cut in a flatwise direction.
`
`B Hatch ribs when cutting planes pass through them,
`showing their true thickness.
`
`RIBS AND WEBS IN SECTION
`
`4 equally
`space
`ribsfl
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ribs
`lden‘ll‘iled- f
`
`.
`A.RlB HATCHlNG
`UNNECESSARY
`
`Not
`identified
`-'
`'
`3
`7
`\\\\\\\\
`\‘\\
`glen I
`Willi/é
`Ill/IA
`B.WEBS NOT
`HATCHED
`NOT CLEAR
`
`Webs
`identifi