BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2006 - 1
`Newton's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`•s
`
`23 r:dition
`
`Harry Newton
`
`LIBRARY
`
`UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
`CLERMONT COLLEGE
`4200 CLERMONT COLLEGE DRIVE
`
`BATAVIA, OHIO 45103-1785
`
`New York
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2006 - 2
`Newton's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`SEP -6 2007
`
`TELECOM DICTIONARY
`HEWTON's
`
`�
`Tl;
`SJD�
`. )) (
`,q
`;Lb-Ofe
`
`Newton
`(c) 2007 Harry
`copyright
`Horry@HarryNewton.com
`email:
`ionary.
`com
`www.NewtonsTelecomDict
`book site:
`www.HarryNewton.com
`personal web
`site:
`in any form whatsoever.
`thereof
`this book or portions
`to reproduce
`ons, including the right
`International
`All rights reserved
`under
`and Pan·American Copyright conventi
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`Morch 2007
`Edition
`Third
`Twenty
`Schoen, Contributing
`Editor
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`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2006 - 3
`Newton's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`area subdomain
`• routing
`firewall
`router•based
`The main provider
`to Universities.
`Bridges,
`Hubs,
`from corporations
`and Switches.
`lnternetworking
`(ISPs).
`Providers
`Service
`Internet
`local
`routing code l. Another no
`routers
`-from router•based
`is o pocket-filtering
`A router-based firewall
`router.
`Not
`on selling
`business
`its gigantic
`It hos built
`is Cisco.
`in the world
`of routers
`2. _Th_e
`com�inotion of choract
`firewall
`enterprise
`insist
`that
`Many people
`is o firewall.
`a pocket-filtering
`router alone
`wide everyone agrees !hot
`to corporate
`lAN to the Internet,
`corporate
`connecting
`a simple
`small ones,
`tronsm�sr
`on to its desired destinoti
`of the largest backbone service
`providers.
`people
`However,
`other
`is a ftrewall.
`gateway
`a dual-homed
`that includes
`A only o system
`the largest
`to huge ones connecting
`networks,
`firewall
`important
`meets
`the router
`that a packet-filtering
`because
`is o firewall
`router
`two networks. argue
`on interface between
`is, in the strictest
`terms,
`router
`routing computation
`o topolog
`y dotoba
`se to compute r
`lANs (loco! Area
`devices which connect
`must poss
`pockets
`and outgoing
`is o computer through
`incoming
`which
`The router
`criteria:
`like and unlike
`intelligent
`Routers
`ore highly
`that moy_ be used.
`The Djikstro olg
`to MANs (Metropolitan Area
`Area through
`and WANs (Wide
`Networks)
`con poss.
`ooly authorized
`pockets
`which
`They connect
`Networks).
`computation.
`ore protocol-sensitive,
`typically
`when a server or
`messages
`and ATM. Routers
`to e-mail
`router droppings The inclusions
`added
`Relay
`Frame
`such as X.25,
`Networks),
`en
`3 layers
`of the recipient
`at the bottom
`operate
`most commonly
`impossible
`� usually
`to
`and foul·looking,
`meaning
`their
`Cryptic
`be found.
`connot
`protocols.
`Routers
`supporting
`multiple
`routing constraint A 9
`a poth constraint.
`and switch-
`addressing
`to provide
`droppings."
`"daemon
`fathom. Also
`called
`layers
`link and Ne1Work
`the Physical,
`using
`OSI model,
`routing data base Dist
`end-to-end
`to ensure
`in order
`4, the Transport
`Layer,
`when a malfunctioning
`going
`keeps
`router
`occurs
`flapping
`Router
`at Layer
`also may operate
`ing. Routers
`routing domain Group 0f°
`router flapping
`rules e
`to keep updating their
`tables,
`until
`routing
`neighboring
`routers
`forcing
`in and out of serlice,
`of data transfer.
`reliabirity
`the same set of administrative
`primarily
`resulting
`forwarded,
`operate
`is being
`off and no trnffic
`at all of the processing
`siphoned
`is being
`power
`than ore bridges,
`which
`devices
`ore much more copoble
`Routers
`unrque�
`identified
`by on oreo oddr�
`ot Loyer 2. Routers
`which operate primari�
`traffic
`based in on Internet
`send their
`of the architec·
`regardless
`of backbones,
`on oll lypes
`This con occur
`brownout.
`1, and switches,
`layer
`.d .
`The b·
`o r
`them to consider
`This intelligence
`ore particularly
`the most routers,
`allows
`themselves.
`deploy
`IP networks,
`which
`but routed
`of intelligence
`ture,
`inside
`vulneroble
`on a high level
`.
`routing
`flexibility
`avor Cf nges�on and use portions of
`considerations)
`include
`might
`used by routers
`how A formula
`to de-
`protocols
`figure
`Router
`routing
`coiled
`(also
`How they route
`os a whole.
`the network
`router protocols
`r�uhns,_ indicator The odd
`protocol
`The routing
`be forwarded.
`data should
`the appropriate
`path onto which
`termine
`minimum
`delay,
`route
`minimum
`least-cost
`route,
`priority
`level,
`pocket
`destination
`address,
`whrch
`specrf1
`es to the network the fin
`ore unique in
`Routers
`of interest.
`and community
`also specifies how routers report changes
`routers
`information
`in
`with the other
`and shore
`congestion
`level,
`route d�tonce,
`route
`to dvnomically
`the network
`allows
`protocol
`A routing
`that they con reach.
`the network
`and logical
`physical
`multiple
`os comprising
`on enterprise
`network
`to consider
`ability
`their
`Routing Information Pr
`!hot measur
`e _the shorte
`st path betwe
`within
`data traffic
`of confining
`they ore quite capable
`a adjust
`hove to be predetermined
`decisions
`all routing
`otherwise
`conditions,
`to changing
`(subnetworks).
`Thereby,
`subnets
`21 the Jr1grnoti
`ng and destination devi
`static.
`and remain
`In a troditionol
`in o policy-hosed
`table.
`routing
`as defined
`of privilege
`on the basis
`subnet,
`hops between those points. foch 10
`protocol
`that determines
`A routing
`(OSPF).
`path first
`Open shortest
`is o broadcast
`and each subnet
`the best path fD!
`subnet,
`o physicol
`port defines
`each router
`topology,
`router
`kn_own a�dress
`es and routes; each rou
`outside routing
`devices
`traffic;
`broadcast
`protocol
`(IGP) !hot �
`gateway
`OSPF is on interior
`over o TCP /IP network.
`IP traffic
`shore
`devices
`all connected
`that domain,
`domain.
`Within
`nerghbo
`nng routers in order !hot the e
`that provides
`protocol
`It is also o link state
`system.
`on autonomous
`to work within
`designed
`of that domain
`to it. Contemporary
`routers
`nor con they respond
`see that traffic,
`con neither
`See also Distan
`ce vector Protocol
`(distance vector
`protocol)
`toot t
`traffic !hon the
`REP protocol
`MAC less router to router
`update
`(e.g.,
`oddress
`on logical
`hosed
`on o logical
`basis,
`subnets
`to define
`hove the ability
`routing label The pmt of� sig
`to replace.
`wos designed
`upon through
`and acted
`header,
`the pocket
`contained
`within
`information
`or IP address)
`.routing metric The method by
`TCP/''
`that is part of the
`protocol
`routing
`A simple
`(RI!').
`protocol
`information
`Routing
`developed
`to standalone
`routers
`In addition
`table.
`routing
`with o programmed
`consultation
`rs better than another. This information
`between source
`hop count
`on the smallest
`It determines
`based
`a route
`suite.
`ore P protocol
`Such routers
`con be implemented.
`server-hosed
`routers
`for that purpose,
`specifically
`ability,
`,delay bandwidth,
`/ood,
`MTUs, c
`informohc
`broadcasts
`routing
`, kl
`that routinely
`RIP is o distonrn vector
`protocol
`less destination.
`PCs with routing sohwore.
`will perform
`As sohwore
`in the form of high-performance
`rout!n� number pseudo Auto
`bandwidth.
`to waste
`and is known
`to be less its neighboring
`routers
`ore considered
`generally
`such devices
`than firmware,
`and efficiently
`effectively
`ploy_e
`d m wrreless
`f-9 J J coU setup that
`that is used to span ol/lOno
`protocol
`A routing
`(BGP).
`protocol
`gateway
`well in support Border
`they do serve
`although
`application,
`enterprise-wide
`than desirable
`for Jorge
`seivr
`ce �nswering point (PSAP). The p
`!hot was developed bv
`protocol
`ond scoloble
`It is o robust
`on the Internet.
`os systems
`also ore self-learning,
`applications.
`ond less-intensive
`Routeis
`offices
`remote
`of smaller
`coU oriqmotes,
`�ereas on AN/ comes
`scheme
`the CEOR odd res.sing
`�
`BGP4 supports
`(IFTF).
`Engineering
`Task Force
`nodes Internet
`of new routers,
`of the existence
`and con learn
`ex�tence
`they con communicate
`their
`g po1n� A location that
`It is estimated
`on the Internet.
`that
`IP addresses
`of ovoiloble
`the number
`in hos increased
`rout
`os a whole,
`of the network,
`the condition
`monitor
`constantly
`Routers
`and LAN segments.
`networ as Ifie _homing (rooting) point
`on the Internet.
`currently
`13GP routes
`conditions. are more than 60,000
`in network
`to changes
`to dynamically
`odopt
`order
`:•: The Routing Point is also used to
`odditionol
`oddrffltS
`Classless interdomoin
`for creating
`A method
`(CtOR).
`routing
`con include:
`• Characteristics
`of routers
`>ensrti�e tronspo� element charges of 5
`in turn delegorl'
`providers,
`which
`service
`to Internet
`that ore given
`the Internet
`•LAN Extension
`routing .P01.nt port This is the
`rout..s
`on Internet routers
`by aggregating
`the burden
`CIDR reduces
`customers.
`their
`& Forward
`•Store
`r/lon y, especro/l
`y rn coll
`centers
`repiesents thousands
`that ore serviced
`by o JTl01l1
`of addresses
`one IP P address
`Media
`for Multiple
`•Support
`rout' ing protocol A general term
`ore sent to the ISP (e.g.,
`MCI fl
`addresses
`sent to any of those
`provider.
`All pockets
`LAN Segments
`for Multiple
`•Support
`u: servers in order to exchange
`later,
`th!<e
`infor
`on the Internet.
`Five years
`routes
`2,000
`were about
`there
`In 1990,
`LAN Protocols
`for D�porote
`•Support
`, routing computation will be one or
`not hove been able to support ,e
`the routers
`would
`CtDR,
`Without
`than 30,000.
`•Filtering
`O<complrshes routing through the im
`::Jes �frouting protocols include BGP. o
`sites.
`of Internet
`number
`•Encapsulation
`3 swrtch111g
`�
`A specificotion
`switching (MPLS).
`for Layer
`Multiprotocol
`lobel
`Pocket
`Sizes
`and Lorge
`•Accommodation
`of Various
`;)Q)ofion, see Route Protocols
`are or.ad
`which
`information,
`forwarding
`that contain
`or togs,
`MPLS uses labels,
`Gbps)
`( 1 +
`Internal
`Buses
`•High-Speed
`,..ting · h
`down the rood exam nt
`sw,tc er An electronic
`and routers
`The switches
`els by the initial
`router.
`•Self-Leaming
`�fed .d) fr�m ony input to any user-se
`in o routing
`addresses
`than if they hod to look up o destination
`quickly
`Factors
`on Multiple
`Based
`•Routing
`, estinotions
`the quolrty
`of
`to deliver
`MPLS is expected
`on the Internet,
`implemented
`Length
`•Route
`... ,, -.�i table I. lnrnming Phone
`levfll
`os well os service
`·
`and video
`real·time
`voice
`adequately
`support
`of Hops
`•Number
` ;e
`freatment instructio
`ns for
`to customers.
`bandwidth
`!hot guarantee
`Congestion
`•Route
`o .. e ca/1
`treotment begun b
`ns p1oroa:l
`A communicatio
`(RSVP).
`reservation
`protocol
`Resource
`•Traffic
`Type
`; mrmm�m of steps that include
`transmission.
`RSVP rs designed'°
`bandwidth for
`reol·time
`to reserve
`router
`(VlAN)
`of Interest
`for o Community
`• Support
`o, and rnformotionol) music on
`o!K 11 Im
`and hesrtnll
`eliminating
`annoying
`skips
`traffic,
`ond video
`audio
`• Redundancy
`·t �:d c�/1 forwarding). A signifi
`is expected
`to tll(lell>II
`traffic
`and video
`audio
`by the I EIF, because
`,
`Management
`via SNMP
`• Network
`(i pobilrry, where no one pre
`as they perform
`both Internet.
`piotocols,
`and routing
`both bridging
`ls include
`protoco
`Router
`°' ACD on agent gro�p is now ig
`the RIP (Ro. ng
`enables
`This command
`term.
`router rip A Cisco
`into 3 categories:
`Those protocols
`foll
`functions.
`_ "looi /0es not consider previous
`on the router for
`TCP /IP.
`process
`The routing
`like routers.
`router-to-router
`connections
`between
`establish
`Protocols
`1. Gateway
`. fo, 9 hone (�/Is: for a sperific
`that in odd llotl 10
`of routers
`c
`A new breed
`of idleness.
`periods
`during
`pockets
`and keep olive
`gateway
`information
`posses
`protocol
`routing
`111 des�� location to be dialed.
`types of pat•
`and o(her
`router switches
`frame�
`cells,
`also routes
`(Internet
`pockets)
`connect-
`or dial-up
`links
`for communications
`over serial
`provide
`Line Protocols
`2. Serial
`.. ti�otio�s or there moy be sev
`by 0
`ns rolled
`of rn5!1Uctio
`or o sequence
`A program,
`Protocol)
`and PPP routine
`Line lntertoce
`SUP (Serio!
`HDL(,
`include
`Examples
`routers.
`ing unlike
`\ ng Imes and how many 0
`or frequent
`use. .
`general
`(Point-lo-Point
`Protocol)
`.
`• 'IS n they will be ranked by
`fOI O mes1CQf
`poth
`the circuit
`of selecting
`routing The process
`pockets
`os to which
`the router
`Protocols
`advise
`and Bridging
`Routing
`3. Protocol
`Stock
`",fmunicotions, a routing tab
`rod10
`teflll. The
`A cellular
`be bridged.
`should
`and which
`be routed
`should
`controlled
`: J:/5 frock of routes (and
`routing area subdomain
`by O 'iti,;J,
`(MDBSs)
`Doto Bose Stotions
`of oil Mobile
`• the best-selling
`of ·communications
`& Ne1Works,
`Systems
`courtesy
`This definition
`Tr network destinottons. S
`(MD-IS).
`See also System
`www.amozon.com.
`To buy the book,
`my Contributing
`Editor.
`book by Ray Horok,
`•nsport Number S
`798
`
`•ed
`
`th
`
`0
`
`kin
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2006 - 4
`Newton's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262