BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 1
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`EBSTE�S
`NEWW9RLD™
`
`Telecom Dictionary
`
`Ray Horak
`
`l!IICENTIENNIAL
`
`"
`
`.
`
`;1807�
`� G?WILEY �
`�2007�
`
`•
`
`z
`
`-
`C
`BtC:ENTCNNIAL
`
`>
`�
`
`
`
`Wiley Publishing, Inc.
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 2
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`
`
`Webster's New World® Telecom Dictionary
`
`Published by
`
`g, Inc.
`Wiley Publishin
`
`10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
`
`Indianapolis, IN 46256
`www.wiley.com
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
`
`
`
`
`
`Published simultaneously in Canada
`
`457-0
`ISBN: 978-0-471-77
`
`
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubhcation Data
`
`Webster's New World telecom dictionary / Ray Horak.
`
`Horak, R.ay.
`
`
`
`p.cm.
`ISBN 978-0-471-77457-0 (pbk.)
`
`
`1.Telecommunication-Dictionaries. I. Title.
`
`TK5102.H65 2007
`621.38203---dc22
`
`2007024232
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without eitl1er the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
`
`
`
`
`
`
`payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(978)750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at
`http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
`
`Linne of Liability/Disclaimer ofWarranty:The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties wiili respect
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`to the accuracy or completeness of the content:; of this work and specifically disclain1 all warranties, including without
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promo­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`with the understanding tbat the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. l.f
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in tins
`
`
`
`
`
`
`work as a citation and/or a potential source of furilier information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the infonnation the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be
`
`
`
`
`
`
`aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written
`and when it is read.
`
`For general information on our otl1er products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within tbe
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
`
`Wiley, the W iley logo, Webster's New World, the Webster's New World logo, We Define Your World, and
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Trademarks:
`
`
`
`
`
`,elated trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in me United
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All ocher trademarks are the property of
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
`
`
`
`W iley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`in electronic books.
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 3
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`(Cell Loss Priority)
`
`102
`
`103
`
`CLP (Cell Loss Priority)
`In asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), one bit in the cell header that iden­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tifies the priority level of the cell to determine the eligibility of that cell for discard in the event of net­
`of loss. Applications
`work congestion.
`
`
`Applications such as LAN-to-LAN traffic and e-mail are tolerant
`
`
`
`
`such as real-time voice and video arc highly intolerant ofloss. See also ATM, cell,
`
`
`conlestion, e-mail, header,
`and 11oice.
`
`
`LAN, real-time, trqffic, video,
`
`coaxial
`cable ( coax)A
`around a common a.xis,
`or
`�onductor (in comparisont
`is used i� applications
`reqt
`c�pper, silvered
`copper,
`ti
`t�·1c material,
`either
`foamor
`smgle outer conductor, or5
`generally
`consists
`of a solid
`copper, silvered copper, co
`protected
`by a sheath
`of die
`RG (Radio Guide) numb
`cables
`were hollow
`tubes a
`?f each pipe and was heldi
`ill each dirccti
`on. The .first
`strength,
`Sc1'P, shield,
`STP, a
`
`Shi
`
`Braid
`-----...
`
`Jacket---
`
`Figure C-4
`
`CLR (Cell Loss Ratio) In asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), a dependability parameter expressed as
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the ratio of the number oflosc cells to the number of transmitted cells. Cell loss can occur for reasons that
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`include misdirection of cells by a switch, a congestion problem causing a discard in consideration of buffer
`capacity,
`a station
`
`
`
`
`exceeding its peak cell rate (PCR) resulting in cell discard, or a cell that exceeds the
`
`
`
`
`
`maximum cell transfer delay (CTD) and arrives too late for processing. CLR applies to aJl service cate­
`
`
`gories except unspecified bit rate (UBR). See also ATM, buffer,
`CTD, PCR, and UBR.
`
`cell, congestion,
`
`cm (centimeter)
`One one-hundredth (10-2
`
`
`
`, or .!{oo) of a meter. See also meter.
`
`CM (Cable Modem) See cable modem.
`
`CMR (Cell Misinsertion Rate) In asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), a dependability parameter
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`expressed as the number of cells received over a time interval at a destination endpoint that were not trans­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mitted originally by the source endpoint of the virtual circuit (VC). CMR is expressed as a rate, rather
`
`
`
`
`because the number of misinserted cells is beyond the control of the originating and des­
`than as a ratio,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tination endpoints. Although the header checksum is designed to prevent misinsertion, CMR can result
`
`
`from the corruption of a cell header, which would cause a cell to be misinserted into the cell stream of
`
`
`
`another source-destination pair of end points. See also AT1vf,
`and VC.
`
`
`
`cell, checksum, endpoint, header,
`
`CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) The head-end portion of a CATV network design ed
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`to support high speed data, as described in the Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS).
`
`
`
`
`Matching DOCSIS cable modems (CMs) in the CMTS and the customer premises support high speed,
`
`
`
`
`
`full duplex (FDX) data communications over a hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) system. The CMTS supports a
`
`
`
`
`
`packet data connection to an IEEE 802.3 10/100-Mbps Ethernet port on a router. 1n terms of the OSI
`
`
`
`
`Reference Model, the system runs the Internet Protocol (IP) at the Network Layer in Ethernet frames at
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the Data Link Layer. Associated with the CMTS a.re various servers for security, address translation, data
`
`
`
`caching, and video caching.A CMTS can support as many as 2,000 cable modem users on a single 6-MHz
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`channel (8 MHz in Europe), with issues of congestion for shared bandwidth becoming more severe as the
`
`
`
`
`
`number of active users increases. The modem on the customer premises is in the form of a set-top box,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`which supports traditional coax connections to multiple TV sets and a 10/lOOBaseT Ethernet connection
`
`
`to a PC or to a hub serving multiple PCs. See also 10BaseT,
`802.3,
`
`
`
`100BaseT, bandwidth, caching, coaxial
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Model, server, OSI Reference fiber, Layer, optical cable, Data Link Layer, DOCSIS, Ethernet, HFC, IP, Network
`and set-top
`box.
`
`cobweb From the Middl
`English attercoppe, meaning
`CO (Central Office) 1. A local telephone company office that provides a central point for the ternu­
`
`
`
`
`has absolutely nothing to
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`nation of lines and trunks, and where they can be interconnected, i.e., connections can be exchanged.An
`my office while I was writ
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`integral part of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), a CO traditionally houses one or more
`dJversionary tactic of mine
`
`
`
`
`
`voice-optimized circuit switches to interconnect subscriber lines \vithin a local area known as the carria
`Web (Tf'WltJ.1 .
`
`
`
`
`
`
`serving area (CSA) and to connect subscriber local loops to network trunks.A contemporary CO may also
`
`
`
`
`
`house a variety of voice and data switches, multiplexers, concentrators, and so on. Synonymous with cm·
`CO �entrex (Central O
`
`
`(COE), Class 5 office, and Local See also CSA and PSTN. 2. The CO
`tral office exchange
`
`end office, exchange.
`prell'Uses-based switch. CO
`end office, and
`
`
`
`
`switch, rather than the building that houses it. Synonymous with Class 5 switch,
`orga · · nizanons are large eno
`edge switch,
`
`local exchange.
`COCOT (Customer-0
`u,cr wh
`o owns or occupies
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) See CWDM.
`
`coax (coaxial cable)
`See coaxial cable.
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 4
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`420
`
`421
`
`RPR (Resilient Packet Ring)
`
`with protocol associated the gateway functions of performing Laye r. Routers can be capable
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the Application
`
`
`
`
`
`networks, such as circuit­to connect dissimilar conversions such as code conversions or those necessary
`
`
`
`switched and packet-switched networks. See also Data Link Layer,
`
`
`
`gateway, hop, Network Layer, OSI Reference
`and switch.
`Model,packet, protocol,
`
`
`local area nct\1
`
`a flow control /<
`transfer charar:,
`dvises the sender t
`makes use of R \I
`m number of c�
`control.
`·a1fare on the ro.1d
`
`·n RFC 793 (1981
`ayers. The Robust­
`," which esseat,alh
`ared for malevoJcm
`t unwise to exploa
`aves. See also lms1;
`
`program code that
`any way Programs
`g the manufactur­
`·e. The term read­
`also is stored on
`e programs are nor
`'ing system start-up
`rasing the previous
`PU,.firmware,
`hard-
`
`· ch all other levels
`of which may have
`ch all other busses
`ase, a record at the
`
`tabase
`hosts.
`1 n the
`ritative sources
`of
`to which they
`post
`tes from the root
`
`a view of the net­
`routing
`protocol,
`r can consider
`the
`ed to consider
`a
`e least-cost route,
`ally shortes
`t route.
`I. Simple switches
`sense of the larger
`including Layer 7,
`
`
`
`routine Synonymous with procedure.A program module, or section of code, that executes a specific task.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`routing Referring to the process of deciding where to forward packets based on a view of the network
`
`
`
`
`as a whole. See also router.
`
`by rumor See distance-vector
`routing
`routing protocol.
`
`(RIP) See RIP.
`Routing Information Protocol
`
`e Coding) A speech encoding technique
`
`RPELPC (Regular Pulse Excitation Linear Predictiv
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`that uses regular pulses in an excitation frame and a long-term predictor, based on long-term correlation
`
`
`
`
`of voice samples, to model the speech pitch. RPELPC at 13 kbps is specified for use in cellular radio net­
`
`
`
`works conforming to the pan-European GSM standard. See also cellular
`and GSM.
`radio, encode,Jrame,
`
`Packet' Ring) The IEEE 802.17 specifications for a medium access control (MAC)
`
`
`
`RPR (Resilient
`
`
`
`
`
`
`layer protocol that uses Ethernet switching and a dual counter-rotating ring topology to optimize the
`
`
`
`
`
`of Ethernet/IP packet data traffic over optical fiber rings. RPR is designed to maintain the
`transport
`
`
`
`
`resiliency of SO NET /SDH, but at a much reduced level of overhead.As RPR is independent of the Phys­
`SONET/SDH phys ical rings or can run on a standalone
`
`
`ical Layer, it can be implemented over existing
`
`
`
`
`basis. RPR calls for dual counter-rotating local ringlets that interconnect nodes where data traffic is
`
`
`
`
`
`
`intended to drop. RPR also uses statistical multiplexing, which allows bandwidth to be oversubscribed,
`
`
`
`
`while establishing Committed Information Rate (CIR) and peak-rate thresholds per application. The
`
`
`
`
`
`nodes negotiate band,vidtb requirements among themselves based on fairness algorithms and in consider­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ation of a classification scheme that recognizes and provides higher priority access to traffic sensitive to
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`latency and jitter while ensuring that best effort traffic, such as Internet traffic, is afforded equal access and
`
`
`
`
`
`a fair share of the remaining bandwidth. RPR supports the following class of service (CoS) levels:
`• Class A traffic is intolerant of latency and jitter. RPR addresses Class A traffic through a high CIR
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`that ensures the availability of an average level of bandwidth appropriate for high priority traffic such
`
`as real-time voice and video.
`• Class B is more tolerant of latency and jitter. RPR addresses Class B traffic through either a lower CIR
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`that ensures the availability of an average amount of bandwidth appropriate for medium priority
`
`
`
`
`
`applications that have less stringent QoS requirements, or through an Excess information Rate (EIR)
`
`
`
`
`
`option. ln the event of network congestion, Class B traffic is subject to fairness-based flow control.
`
`
`
`Class B is intended for business-class data traffic such as transaction processing.
`• Class C traffic is best effort traffic with no latency or jitter requirements is strictly
`
`
`
`
`
`and, therefore, EIR
`
`
`
`
`
`traffic. ln the event of network congestion, Class B traffic is subject to fairness-based flow control.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Class B traffic includes low priority applications such as consumer-level Internet access.
`
`In the event of a node or link failure, the RPR protection scheme can restore the network in 50 ms
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`or less, which is the SO NET /SDH benchmark. There are two restoral mechanisms: wrapping and steer­
`
`
`
`ing. The wrap option calls for data to travel around the ring until it reaches the node nearest the break.
`
`
`
`
`That node turns the traffic around and sends it in the reverse direction over the counter-rotating ring. The
`
`
`
`
`
`steer opti9n calls for the originating station to exercise sufficient intelligence to avoid the failed ring and
`
`
`
`
`place the traffic on the ring that retains continuity. Traffic continuously travels over both fibers of the dual
`
`
`counter-rotating ringlets. See also 802.17,
`
`
`
`
`bandwidth, /Jest effort, CIR, CoS, BIR, Ethernet,flow control, IEEE,
`
`1\1AC, node, optical.fiber, overhead, QoS, real-time, ring topology, SDH, SONET, and STDM.
`IP.jitter,
`
`
`latency,
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 5
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`T.434
`
`474
`
`475
`
`commonly is a hybr
`
`its specific file attributes. T.434 offers facsimile the additional advantages of increased thro ughput
`
`
`
`
`
`
`retains
`PSTN, and switch.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and reduced document storage requirements through data compression. T.434 works with computer-based
`
`
`
`
`
`facsimile systems and Group IV fax machines, and supports the linking of fax systems to photocopiers,
`tap 1. A temporar
`
`
`
`
`scanners, e-mail gateways, and PCs. See also facsimile, Group IV, and throughput.
`
`tap, or secret tempo
`
`mitted across it. See
`TS Corresponds to DS-5 (Digital Signal Five), the fifth level in the North American T-carrier digital
`
`
`
`
`off the 48V DC volt
`
`
`
`
`
`
`hierarchy. TS was designed to operate at a signaling rate of 400.352 Mbps, which supports 5,760 DS-0
`See also DC, PoE, sp
`been super­
`
`
`
`
`channels at 64 kbps. Little, if any, TS was installed, and it is now considered obsolete, having
`
`seded by the SO NET fiber optic transmission system (FOTS). See also channel, digital hierarchy,
`DS-0, DS-
`TAP! (Telephony
`
`4, FOTS, signalin,(? rate, SONET, and T-carrier.
`
`
`API developed join
`vices Application Pr
`conform­published by the ITU-Tin 1984. Machines T.6 A set of standards for facsimile (fax) machines
`
`
`
`
`
`vices Architecture
`ing to T.6 later became known as Group rv. See also.facsimile,
`and T.4.
`Group IV, ITU-T, T2, T.3,
`NT /2000 environm
`file formatExperts Group GPEG), a graphics T.81 The ITU-T Recommendation for Joint Photographic
`
`
`
`
`taps The number
`
`
`
`
`
`
`for storing highly compressed images. JPEG is a joint standard of the International Telecorrununications
`
`video compression. S
`
`
`
`
`Union (ITU-T T.81) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). See also con·pression,
`ISO, ITU-T, and JPEG.
`tariff A document
`
`intends to offer in t
`Adapter) Synonymous with ISDN modem. An_ interface adapter for connecting one or
`
`
`
`
`
`TA (Terminal
`
`responsibilities of bo
`
`
`
`
`
`more non-ISDN devices (e.g., telephone sets or PCs) to an ISDN network. A TA is ISDN data commu­
`
`
`generally includes pu
`
`
`
`
`nications equipment (DCE) that performs protocol conversion for equipment that is not ISDN-compatible.
`See also DCB, ISDN, modem, and protocol.
`TASI (Time-Assi
`frequency-division
`System) A 1 G analog cellular radio derivate of the Advanced
`
`
`TACS (Total Access Communications
`
`
`lization. Through a t
`
`
`
`
`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) technology, TACS was developed for use in the United Kingdom. TAC$
`
`conversation, and ins
`
`
`
`
`operates in the 900 MHz band and supports either 600 or 1,000 channels of25 kHz, compared with the
`
`speaker again becom
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`666/832 channels of30 kHz supported by AMPS. A number of variatiom were developed, including Nar­
`
`
`period of silence, an
`
`
`
`
`
`rowband TACS (NTACS), Extended TACS (ETACS), and Japanese Total Access Communications System
`TASI is no longer us
`
`
`
`
`
`(JTACS). TACS found acceptance in very few nations, largely has been replaced by GSM, and is consid­
`form the basis for di
`
`
`ered obsolete in the United Kingdom. See also 1 G, AMPS, analog,
`ETACS, GSM, and
`
`
`cellular radio, channel,
`works. See also analo
`NTACS.
`Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) See TIFF.
`(TIFF-F) See TIFF-F.
`Tagged Image File Format-Fax
`
`
`A circuit at the tail end, rather than the headend of a fantail circuit or multi-drop circuit,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tail circuit
`
`
`
`
`
`more formally known as a point-to-multipoint circuit. The tail circuits connect to the main circuit through
`
`a simple bridge. See also bridge,
`and WAN.
`
`
`
`
`drop,fantail circuit, headend, point-to-multipoint circuit,
`voice commu­
`
`
`
`talk battery Referring to the 48V DC current that provides loop current, i.e., supports
`application, rhe
`nications
`
`
`
`
`over an electrified copper local loop. In a typical single-line residence or business
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(CO or COE), aero" office exchange located in the central talk battery is provided from a common battery
`
`
`
`
`the local loop, to the telephone set. See also battery, CO, common battery, DC, local and fl.
`
`current, loop,
`
`0
`TB (TeraByte)
`
`1,099,511,627,776 (2
`term TB comes from
`See also byte and T.
`Tbps Terabit per se
`
`mission system. See al
`
`T C (Transmission
`
`frame generation, fr
`The frame generatio
`Physical Medium (P
`cells.
`
`On the receive s
`
`of data, checking for
`
`
`the end-user device. S
`
`TC (Transmit Clo
`
`
`receiver should sampl
`
`
`provides a clocking so
`
`ment (DCE) can sync
`ing pulse on which
`
`
`distinguish between b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`talk path Transmission path, i.e., circuit. See circuit.
`
`is a high-capo'l<ll'
`tandem switch Also known as a backbone
`and a core switch, a tandem switch
`
`switch
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`switch positioned in the physical core, or backbone, of a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTJ\.
`� T'­
`
`
`
`
`
`where it serves to interconnect edge switches, or Central Office (CO) switches. In the traditional
`
`
`
`
`
`hierarchy, a tandem might be a Class 1 regional toll center, Class 2 sectional toll center, Class 3 pnin •·
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`toll center, or Class 4 tandem toll center. An access tandem switch serves to connect local exchange c3rru; ·
`long distance cJrru:r
`(LECs),
`
`
`
`i.e., local telephone companies, to the interexchange
`
`
`carriers (lXCs), i.e.,
`h
`PSTN, a tandem �" :,
`
`
`over dedicated interoffice trunks, known as access trunks.
`In a contemporary
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 6
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262
`
`

`
`474
`
`475
`
`
`
`TC (Transmit Clock)
`
`eased throughpu
`th computer-ba,l.,
`to photocopier
`
`an T-carrier
`digi t.1
`,ports 5,760 OS ...
`aving been super­
`ierarchy, DS-0, D,\.
`
`commonly
`
`
`PSTN, and switch.
`
`
`
`is a hybrid Class 4/5, functioning as both a tandem and a CO (Class 5). See also CTC, LEC,
`
`See also bridged tap and circuit. 2. A wire­
`
`
`
`to a metallic circuit. tap 1. A temporary physical connection
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the information being trans­of monitoring for purposes connection to a circuit tap, or secret temporary
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mitted across it. See also wiretap. 3. In Power over Ethernet (PoE), a picker that acts as a splitter, picking
`
`
`
`
`off the 48V DC voltage, making it available to the PoE-compliant device at 5V, 6V, or 12V DC, for example.
`
`See also DC, PoE, splitter, and voltage.
`
`TAPI (Telephony Application Programming Interface)
`
`
`A specification for a computer telephony
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`API developed jointly by Microsoft and Intel in response to the problems associated with Telephony Ser­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`vices Application Programming Interface (TSAPI). As an integral part of Microsoft's Windows Open Ser­
`
`
`
`
`vices Architecture (WOSA), TAPI runs in Microsoft Wmdows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows
`
`
`
`telephony, NT /2000 environments. See also AP!, computer TSAPI, and WOSA.
`
`achines
`conform­
`. J, and T4.
`graphics
`file formar
`
`
`
`
`
`taps The number of horizontal lines or pixels considered in the filtering process, which is one step in
`elecommunications
`
`compression,filtering, and pixel.
`
`video compression. See also
`ee also compressiou,
`
`tariff A document that a carr ier files with a regulatory authority, describing the services the carrier
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`intends to offer in that domain, the proposed rates and charges, and the proposed obligations, rights, and
`connecting
`one or
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`responsibilities of both the carrier and the customer. The proposal is subject to regulatory review, which
`SDN data commu­
`
`
`generally includes public hearings. See also carrier.
`
`
`t ISDN-compatible.
`TASI (Time-Assignment Speech Interpolation) A technique used on some high capacity.long haul
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) analog voice circuits to improve the efficiency of bandwidth uti­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`lization. Through a technique known as silence suppression, TASI senses periods of inactivity in a voice
`
`
`
`
`
`
`conversation, and inserts the conversation of another speaker into that period of silence. When the first
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`speaker again becomes active, TASI inserts that conversation into another channel where it has detected a
`
`
`
`
`
`period of silence, and so on. If too many speakers a.re active, voice sign als are clipped and quality drops.
`
`
`
`
`
`TASI is no longer used, because all, or nearly all, long haul voice circuits are digital. TASI did, however,
`
`
`
`
`form the basis for digital speech interpolation (DSI), which is widely used in contemporary voice net­
`
`
`
`
`
`digital, bandwidth, channel, works. See also analog, DSI, and FDM.
`
`'ate of the Advanced
`
`ed Kingdom. TACS
`
`compared with the
`
`ped, including Nar­
`
`unications System
`SM, and is consid­
`, ETACS, GSM, and
`
`r muJti-drop
`circuit,
`main circuit
`through
`WAN.
`
`1ports voice commu­
`
`iness application, the
`(CO or COE), across
`local loop,
`and V
`
`T B (TeraByte)
`One trillion bytes. In computing and storage systems, a TB (terabyte) is actually
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`T he is based on a base 2, or binary, number system. since the measurement 1,099,511,627,776 (24°) bytes,
`
`
`
`term TB comes from the fact that 1,099,511,627,776 is nominally, or approximately, 1,000,000,000,000.
`See also byte and T.
`
`Tbps Terabit per second, or trillion (1012) bits per second.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mission system. See also bandwidth, bps, and T.
`
`
`
`
`A measure of the bandwidth of a digital trans­
`
`TC (Transmission Convergence)
`
`In the ATM reference model, a Physical Layer sublayer that handles
`
`
`
`
`
`
`frame generation, frame adaption, cell delineation, header error control (HEC), and cell rate decoupling.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The frame generation function receives the frame of data presented by the transmitting device across the
`
`
`
`
`
`Physical Medium (PM) sublayer for presentation to the ATM Layer and subsequent segmentation into
`
`
`
`
`
`
`cells. On the receive side, the TC sublayer receives data in cells and decouples it to reconstitute the frame
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`of data, checking for header errors before presenting the data to the PM sublayer, which passes the data to
`
`
`
`
`
`HEC, Physical model, cell,Jrame, the end-user device. See also ATM, ATM lAyer, ATM reference lAyer, and PM.
`
`ch is a high-capacity
`e Network (PSTN),
`TC (Transmit Clock) 1. A pin on a serial interface that pulses to indicate each bit time when the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`e traditional PSTN
`
`
`
`
`
`receiver should sample the data circuit to read a bit value. 2. A clock that resides in a transmitter and
`nter, Class 3 primary
`
`
`
`
`
`provides a clocking source on which both the transmitting and the receiving data communications equip­
`
`cal exchange carriers
`
`
`
`
`ment (DCE) can synchronize. A TC embedded in a transmitting modem, for example, provides a clock­
`
`ng distance carriers,
`
`
`
`ing pulse on which both the transmitting modem and receiving modem can synchronize in order co
`N, a tandem switch
`
`
`
`distinguish between blocks of data. See also DCE, modem, and synchronous.
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2003 - 7
`Webster's Telecom Dictionary
`IPR2016-01262