TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`
`AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
`
`�
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`HANDBOOK
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`
`RAY HORAK
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 1
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01261
`
`

`
`TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`AND DATA
`COMMUNICATIONS
`HANDBOOK
`
`RAY HORAK
`
`The Context Corporation
`
`Mt. Vernon, WA 98273
`
`BICltNT.NNIAL
`J
`•
`
`;1807�
`=@WILEY:
`�2007!
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`a,c-SNTENNIAL
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`WILEY ·INTERSCIENCE
`
`A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 2
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01261
`
`

`
`
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`Copyright © 2007 by Ray Horak. All rights reserved.
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`Library of Co11gr<:l'S C11talogi11g-i11-Publication Data:
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`Tclecommunicntions and data communications handbook/Ray Horak.
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`Horak, Ray.
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`p.cm.
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`Includes index.
`ISBN 978-0-470-39607-0
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`etc. I. 'Litle.
`TK5101 .H6655
`621.382-dc22
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`1.Telecommunication-Handbooks, manuab. etc. 2. Digital communications-I landbooks. manuals.
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`Printed in Mexicn
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`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
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`2006032496
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`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 3
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01261
`
`

`
`All Tandem
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`8 Trunks
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`Figure 5.1 Network configurations: direct trunk fuJI mesh, aU tandem, and combination
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`direct trunk and tandem.
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`Ito al · h
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`212 PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK
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`Direct Trunk Full Mesh
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`28 Trunks
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`Combination Direct
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`Trunk & Tandem
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`16 Trunks
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`So, a full-mesh configurati
`full duplex (i.e., lwo-way)
`that number, or 56, trunk·
`con.figuration. This approa
`path between any two s .
`catastrophic failure as W1.
`, eac
`. h.
`sw1tc lD the network d ,un
`system.
`·FuU �andcm: A full-tand
`trunking, as it reduces th
`�pproach places a great
`mterconnections betw
`een
`f il
`a ure, which may present
`the tandem adds some am
`configuration also is a phy
`· Combination: A combina
`�pproach, as it strikes a bal
`�terc?nncct directly; nona
`,s a failure at the tandem le
`paths under the direction o
`in the exit. They also are known as Class 5 offices, the lowest of the five classes
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`Depending on the design phi
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`
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`service as they are at the very edges of the switching hierarchy, and edge offices,
`network, there may be
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`
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`provider's network. Manufacturers of COs include Lucent Technologies (5ESS),
`of lb . . as many
`e circuit-switched PS1N A
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`
`
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`which previously was AT&T; Nortel (DMS), which previously was Northern Telecom;
`ncct lesser network switches ·c
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`Siemens (EWSD); and Ericsson (AXE).
`
`n ' Wit one physical Class 4
`..J tandem and a Class 5 CO.
`arc network switches that serve in
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`5.3.1.3.2 Tandem Switches Tandem switches
`
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`partnership with lesser switches, linking them together. In other words, tandem
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`switches serve no end users directly; rather, they serve to interconnect lesser switches.
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`t3.1.3.3 Access Tandem Swi
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`At the lowest level, tandem switches serve to link together CO switches over dedi­
`ECs (tekos) to the IX Cs (1
`ong-
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`
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`cated interoffice trunks. This approach can be used to form a fully interconnected
`lnow
`n as access trunks. In this
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`
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`and toll-free metropolitan calling area, for example. There are a number of basic
`Jnkrconncctcd to the long-dist
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`network topologies, including full mesh, full tandem, and a combination tandem an<l
`in add.
`. d . Ihonal point of potential
`
`direct trunk plan.
`mJn impose adilitional delay oo
`mate hi h
`11 g -capacity trunks dire
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`
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`· FuJI Mesh: If all COs are interconnected through direct trunking in a full-me\h
`icrcby the
`t\ailabl' access tandem arra
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`
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`network topology, a large number of trunks and trunk groups are required. a,
`in order et:::td;an be securely p
`
`calculated by the formula
`r ' the IXC ey can collocate
`hi . of such leased space
`1.: profit mar
`b, cost to th gm, a� least tbeor
`X=n(n-1)
`2
`e IXC IS heavily di
`53134 l
`where n is the number of nodes to be interconnected. If there are eight no<l�
`
`. ntemationa/ Gatewa
`as illustrated in Figure
`
`
`5.1, the number of trunks required is calculated as
`r� r he. s
`lh cn/'It
`[ches ?wned by the i
`o the mt
`ernat10nal
`� ...... ·
`c
`28 = 8(8-1)
`.,,a11onaJ .
`n •ling earners and the nat
`2
`ends. 1l:ie lGFs provi
`
`BHN, ET AL. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 4
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01261