`
`AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
`
`�
`
`---
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`-rI i,.$� l.
`/ -\ \ .
`. . ' ;,,,
`
`..
`
`RAY HORAK
`
`BHN, et al. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 1
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01259
`
`
`
`TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`AND DATA
`COMMUNICATIONS
`HANDBOOK
`
`RAY HORAK
`
`The Context Corporation
`
`Mt. Vernon, WA 98273
`
`BICltNT.NNIAL
`J
`•
`
`;1807�
`=@WILEY:
`�2007!
`-
`
`•
`
`z
`
`a,c-SNTENNIAL
`.m
`r
`
`WILEY ·INTERSCIENCE
`
`A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
`
`BHN, et al. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 2
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01259
`
`
`
`
`
`Copyright © 2007 by Ray Horak. All rights reserved.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Published by .lobn Wiley & Sons. Jue., Hoboken. New Jersey
`
`
`Published simultaneously in Canada
`
`opart of this publication may he reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`or by any means. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as
`
`
`
`
`
`
`permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the p1ior
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy !'cc
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax
`
`
`
`
`978-750-4470, or 011 the web at www.copyrighc.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
`should
`
`
`
`
`
`he addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., I 11 River Stred, Hoboken. N.I
`
`
`
`
`07030. 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-600::l, or online at http://www.wiley.L'Om/go/permission.
`
`Limit of Liability/l)isdaimer of Warranty: Wltik the publisher and author have used their best efforts
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`or LO the ;iccuracy or warn111ties with respect in preparing this book. they make no representations
`
`
`
`
`
`
`completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mt'rcbant,1bility or litness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be
`
`
`
`
`consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the
`
`
`suitable for your situation. You should
`
`
`
`
`publisher nor author shall be liable for ,my loss or profit or any other commercial damages, including
`
`
`
`
`but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or olher damages.
`
`contact surport, please or for technical and services For general informati.on on our other products
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`our Customer Care Deparnnenl wit11in the United Staks at 877-762-2974, oursid,;: the United States at
`
`317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002.
`
`Wiley also publishc5 its books in a variety ol' electronic formals. Some content tlial appears in print
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley rroducts, visit our web
`
`sit<.: at www.wiley.com.
`
`
`
`
`
`Wiley Bictlntcnnial Logo: Richard J. Pacifico
`
`
`
`
`
`Library of Co11gr<:l'S C11talogi11g-i11-Publication Data:
`
`
`
`Horak, Ray.
`
`handbook/Ray Horak.
`Tclecommunicntions and data communications
`
`p.cm.
`
`Includes index.
`ISBN 978-0-470-39607-0
`
`
`
`etc. I. 'Litle.
`TK5101 .H6655
`621.382-dc22
`
`
`
`
`
`1.Telecommunication-Handbooks, manuab. etc. 2. Digital communications-I landbooks. manuals.
`
`
`
`Printed in Mexicn
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
`
`2006032496
`
`BHN, et al. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 3
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01259
`
`
`
`All Tandem
`
`8 Trunks
`
`Figure 5.1 Network configurations: direct trunk fuJI mesh, aU tandem, and combination
`
`
`
`
`
`direct trunk and tandem.
`
`Ito al · h
`
`
`
`212 PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK
`
`
`
`Direct Trunk Full Mesh
`
`28 Trunks
`
`
`
`Combination Direct
`
`Trunk & Tandem
`
`16 Trunks
`
`So, a full-mesh configurati
`full duplex (i.e., lwo-way)
`that number, or 56, trunk·
`con.figuration. This approa
`path between any two s .
`catastrophic failure as W1.
`, eac
`. h.
`sw1tc lD the network d ,un
`system.
`·FuU �andcm: A full-tand
`trunking, as it reduces th
`�pproach places a great
`mterconnections betw
`een
`f il
`a ure, which may present
`the tandem adds some am
`configuration also is a phy
`· Combination: A combina
`�pproach, as it strikes a bal
`�terc?nncct directly; nona
`,s a failure at the tandem le
`paths under the direction o
`in the exit. They also are known as Class 5 offices, the lowest of the five classes
`
`
`Depending on the design phi
`
`
`
`
`service as they are at the very edges of the switching hierarchy, and edge offices,
`network, there may be
`
`
`
`
`
`provider's network. Manufacturers of COs include Lucent Technologies (5ESS),
`of lb . . as many
`e circuit-switched PS1N A
`
`
`
`
`which previously was AT&T; Nortel (DMS), which previously was Northern Telecom;
`ncct lesser network switches ·c
`
`Siemens (EWSD); and Ericsson (AXE).
`
`n ' Wit one physical Class 4
`..J tandem and a Class 5 CO.
`arc network switches that serve in
`
`5.3.1.3.2 Tandem Switches Tandem switches
`
`
`partnership with lesser switches, linking them together. In other words, tandem
`
`
`
`
`
`switches serve no end users directly; rather, they serve to interconnect lesser switches.
`
`
`
`t3.1.3.3 Access Tandem Swi
`
`
`
`
`
`At the lowest level, tandem switches serve to link together CO switches over dedi
`ECs (tekos) to the IX Cs (1
`ong-
`
`
`
`cated interoffice trunks. This approach can be used to form a fully interconnected
`lnow
`n as access trunks. In this
`
`
`
`
`and toll-free metropolitan calling area, for example. There are a number of basic
`Jnkrconncctcd to the long-dist
`
`
`
`
`
`network topologies, including full mesh, full tandem, and a combination tandem an<l
`in add.
`. d . Ihonal point of potential
`
`direct trunk plan.
`mJn impose adilitional delay oo
`mate hi h
`11 g -capacity trunks dire
`
`
`
`
`· FuJI Mesh: If all COs are interconnected through direct trunking in a full-me\h
`icrcby the
`t\ailabl' access tandem arra
`
`
`
`
`network topology, a large number of trunks and trunk groups are required. a,
`in order et:::td;an be securely p
`
`calculated by the formula
`r ' the IXC ey can collocate
`hi . of such leased space
`1.: profit mar
`b, cost to th gm, a� least tbeor
`X=n(n-1)
`2
`e IXC IS heavily di
`53134 l
`where n is the number of nodes to be interconnected. If there are eight no<l�
`
`. ntemationa/ Gatewa
`as illustrated in Figure
`
`
`5.1, the number of trunks required is calculated as
`r� r he. s
`lh cn/'It
`[ches ?wned by the i
`o the mt
`ernat10nal
`� ...... ·
`c
`28 = 8(8-1)
`.,,a11onaJ .
`n •ling earners and the nat
`2
`ends. 1l:ie lGFs provi
`
`BHN, et al. v. FOCAL IP, LLC
`FOCAL IP, LLC EX2004 - 4
`Telecomm. & Data Comm. Handbook
`IPR2016-01259