PROFESSIONAL
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`FOURTH EDITION
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`• New three-level
`chapter structure: basic,
`intermediate, and advanced
`
`~
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`TRAVIS RUSSELL
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`000001
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`YMAX EXHIBIT 1039
`YMAX CORP. V. FOCAL IP
`IPR2016-01258
`
`

`

`000002
`
`000002
`
`

`

`Signaling System #7
`
`000003
`
`

`

`McGraw-Hill Telecommunications
`
`BATES • Broadband Telecommunications Handbook
`BATES • GPRS
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`GUTHERY • Mobile Application Development
`HARTE • Delivering xDSL
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`HELD • Deploying Optical Networking Components
`KoBB • Wireless Spectrum Finder
`LEE • Lee's Essentials of Wireless
`LEE • Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, Second Edition
`LoUis • Broadband Crash course
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`RusSELL • Telecommunications Pocket Reference
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`

`Signaling System #7
`
`Travis Russell
`
`Fourth Edition
`
`____ ,
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`McGraw-Hill
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`000005
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`The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S. Chapman and the production
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`of 50 percent recycled de-inked fiber.
`
`(
`
`CD
`
`i4
`f4z
`IZ
`Ia
`to
`U.
`(cid:151)
`v. >
`C)
`4.
`\cc
`’I)
`
`000006
`
`

`

`In memory of my father, Travis L. Russell, who taught me
`that the only barriers to success are those we create
`ourselves.
`
`000007
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`XV
`xvii
`xix
`xxi
`
`1
`
`2
`7
`8
`9
`9
`10
`10
`10
`13
`14
`16
`17
`19
`20
`26
`30
`37
`38
`40
`41
`42
`47
`
`50
`51
`55
`57
`57
`
`vii
`
`Preface
`Acknowledgments
`Introduction
`Acronym List
`
`Chapter 1 Signaling System #7
`
`Introduction to Telephony Signaling
`Conventional Signaling
`In-Band Signaling
`Out-of-Band Signaling
`Digital Signaling
`Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
`Basic Telephony
`Bell System Hierarchy
`Local Access Transport Areas (LATAs)
`Who Are the Players?
`Hierarchy of the Synchronization Network
`Digital Signaling Hierarchy
`Current Trends in Telecommunications Technology
`Introduction to the Intelligent Network
`The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
`The Wireless Network and SS7
`Video and the Telephone Network
`Broadband Data Communications
`The Information Highway
`Convergent Networks and Packet Telephony
`New Architecture
`Standar~s Organizations
`International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications
`Standardization Sector (ITU-TS)
`American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
`Telcordia (Formerly Bellcore)
`Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
`ATM Forum
`
`000008
`
`

`

`viii Contents
`
`Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
`Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
`Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
`International Standards Organization (ISO)
`Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
`Other Agencies
`
`Chapter 2 The SS7 Network
`
`Service Switching Point (SSP)
`Signal Transfer Point (STP)
`Service Control Point (SCP)
`Call Management Services Database (CMSDB)
`Local Number Portability (LNP)
`Line Information Database (LIDB)
`Calling Name (CNAM)
`Business Services Database (BSDB)
`Home Location Register (HLR)
`Visitor Location Register (VLR)
`Operations Support Systems (OSS)
`Network Monitoring
`Signaling Data Links
`Link Implementation
`Access Links (A-Links)
`Bridge Links (B-Links)
`Cross Links (C-Links)
`Diagonal Links (D-Links)
`Extended Links (E-Links)
`Fully Associated Links (F-Links)
`Link Performance
`Physical Link Interfaces
`V.35
`DSOA (Digital Signal 0)
`High-Speed Links
`TCP/IP Links
`Miscellaneous Interfaces
`
`Chapter 3 Overview of a Protocol
`
`Overview of the OSI Model
`Physical Layer
`Data Link Layer
`Network Layer
`Transport Layer
`Session Layer
`Presentation Layer
`Application Layer
`
`58
`59
`59
`59
`60
`60
`
`63
`64
`65
`69
`70
`71
`71
`72
`72
`72
`73
`73
`75
`75
`78
`80
`80
`80
`82
`83
`83
`84
`86
`86
`86
`88
`88
`89
`
`93
`
`96
`97
`100
`102
`105
`106
`107
`108
`
`000009
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`

`

`Overview of the SS7 Protocol Stack
`Level 1---,Physical Level
`Level 2-Data Link Level
`Level 3-Network Level
`Level 4-User Parts
`SS7 Protocols
`
`Chapter 4 Overview of Signal Units
`
`Overview of Signal Units
`Fill-In Signal Unit (FISU)
`Link Status Signal Unit (LSSU)
`Message Signal Unit (MSU)
`Primitives
`Overview of SS7 Protocols
`Message Transfer Part (MTP)
`M2UA
`M2PA
`M3UA
`SCCP User Adaptation (SUA)
`Simple Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
`Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
`ISDN User Part (ISUP)
`Broadband ISDN User Part (BISUP)
`Telephone User Part (TUP)
`Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
`
`Chapter 5 Message Transfer Part (MTP)
`
`Overview ofMTP Level2
`Performance
`Signaling Link Error Monitoring
`Signal Unit Error Detection
`Signal Unit Error Correction
`Signal Unit Alignment
`Signal Unit Delimitation
`Flow Control
`Structure of MTP Level 2
`Flag
`Sequence Numbering
`Indicator Bits
`Length Indicator (LI)
`Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
`Description of MTP Level 2 Procedures
`Basic Error Control Method
`Preventative Cyclic Retransmission (PCR)
`Structure of the LSSU
`
`Contents . ix
`
`108
`109
`110
`111
`113
`114
`
`117
`
`117
`120
`121
`123
`124
`126
`127
`130
`131
`131
`132
`132
`133
`134
`135
`135
`136
`
`137
`
`137
`138
`138
`140
`140
`140
`141
`141
`142
`142
`143
`143
`144
`·.144
`145
`145
`147
`148
`
`000010
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`

`

`x Contents
`
`Signal Unit Alignment Procedure
`State 00-ldle
`State 01-Not Aligned
`State 02-Aiigned
`State 03-Proving
`Level 3 Alignment Processes
`Level 2 Signaling Link Test Procedures
`
`Chapter 6 Message Transfer Part (MTP) Level 3
`
`Message Handling Overview
`Message Discrimination Overview
`Message Distribution Overview
`Message Routing Overview
`Normal Routing Procedures
`Link Selection
`Network Management Overview
`Signaling Network Management Procedures
`Link Management Procedures
`Traffic Management Procedures
`Routing Management Procedures
`Network Maintenance Procedures
`Congestion Management
`Failure Management
`TCP/IP Networks
`
`Chapter 7 General Description of SCCP Functions
`
`Services of SCCP
`Routing Services of SCCP
`Global Title Translation
`Flow Control
`Flow Control Procedures
`Connection-Oriented Services
`Connection-Oriented Procedures
`Connectionless Services
`Connectionless Procedures
`SCCP Management (SCMG)
`Signaling Point Status Management
`Subsystem Status Management
`SCCP Message Structure
`Mandatory Fixed Part
`Mandatory Variable Part
`Optional Part
`Message Types
`SCCP Parameters
`
`151
`152
`152
`153
`153
`153
`154
`
`155
`
`156
`156
`158
`158
`160
`161
`162
`164
`165
`169
`184
`196
`197
`202
`205
`
`207
`
`208
`211
`212
`213
`214
`214
`216
`221
`222
`223
`224
`225
`226
`227
`227
`228
`228
`235
`
`000011
`
`

`

`Chapter 8 Overview of TCAP
`
`TCAP Functionality
`Description of TCAP
`ASP Services
`TCAP Message Structure
`Tag Class
`Form
`Tag Code
`Package Type Identifiers
`Unidirectional
`Query with Permission
`Response
`Conversation with Permission
`P-Abort
`U-Abort
`Connection less TCAP Functionality
`Handover Procedures
`Recovery Procedures
`Protocol Errors
`Application Errors
`End-User Abnormalities
`Reject Component
`Return Error Component
`Return Result Component
`Definition of TCAP Parameters
`Transaction Portion
`Dialog Portion
`Component Portion
`Operation Codes
`Error Codes
`· Parameters
`Parameter Values
`Business Group Identifier
`Summary
`
`Chapter 9 Overview of ISUP
`
`ISUP Services
`Call Setup and Teardown
`Call Setup and Teardown of ISDN Circuits
`Call Setup and Teardown of BISON Circuits
`lnterworking with Non-SS7 Networks
`Circuit Testing
`Continuity Testing
`Circuit Validation Test
`Functionality of the ISUP Protocol
`
`Contents xi
`
`247
`
`250-
`250
`253
`253
`255
`256
`256
`256
`257
`258
`259
`260
`261
`262
`265
`266
`266
`266
`267
`267
`267
`269
`269
`270
`270
`274
`275
`277
`280
`281
`282
`293
`296
`
`299
`
`301
`304
`310
`312
`314
`315
`316
`317
`318
`
`000012
`
`

`

`xii Contents
`
`ISUP Services
`Basic Service
`Supplementary Service
`End-to-End Signaling
`SCCP Method
`Pass-Along Method
`Message Format
`Circuit Identification Code (CIC)
`Message Type Codes for Normal I SUP
`Message Type Structure
`ISUP Parameters
`Access Transport
`Call Reference
`Connection Request
`Egress Service
`Network-Specific Facility
`Network Transport
`Outgoing Trunk Group Number
`Redirection Number
`Service Code
`Transaction Request
`BISUP Message Types
`Address Complete (ACM)
`Answer (ANM)
`Call Progress (CPG)
`Confusion (CFN)
`Exit (EXM)
`Initial Address Message (lAM)
`Release (REL)
`Release Complete (RLC)
`Subsequent Address (SAM)
`User-to-User Information (USIS)
`Forward Transfer (FOT)
`Suspend (SUS)
`Resume (RES)
`Blocking (BLO)
`Reset (RSM)
`Unblocking (UBL)
`Blocking Acknowledgment (BLA)
`Reset Acknowledgment Message (RAM)
`Unblocking Acknowledgment (UBA)
`User Part Test (UPT)
`User Part Available (UPA)
`Network Resource Management (NRM)
`Segmentation Message (SGM)
`lAM Acknowledgment (IAA)
`lAM Reject (IAR)
`Consistency Check Request (CCR)
`
`319
`319
`319
`320
`320
`320
`320
`321
`321
`324
`353
`354
`358
`372
`373
`385
`385
`391
`397
`398
`399
`407
`409
`410
`411
`412
`413
`413
`414
`414
`414
`414
`415
`415
`416
`416
`417
`418
`418
`418
`419
`419
`420
`420
`421
`422
`422
`423
`
`000013
`
`

`

`Consistency Check Request Acknowledgment (CCRA)
`Consistency Check End (CCE)
`Consistency Check End Acknowledgment (CCE)
`Broadband Parameters
`
`Chapter 10 Local Number Portability (LNP)
`
`Introduction
`LNP Impact
`The LNP Elements
`Number Portability Administration Centers (NPACs)
`Local Service Order Administration (LSOA)
`Local Service Management System (LSMS)
`LNP Database
`. Summary
`The Wireline Solution
`Porting a Number in the Wireline Network
`Routing a Call with LNP in the Wireline Network
`The Wireless Solution
`Porting a Number in the Wireless Network
`Routing a Call with LNP in the Wireless Network
`Summary
`
`Chapter 11
`
`IP Telephony
`
`What Is IP Telephony?
`The Signaling Challenge in IP
`IP Telephony Network Architectures
`Standardization
`ITU H.323
`IETF Sigtran
`Media Gateway (MG)
`Media Conversion
`Resource Allocation
`Event Notification
`Media Gateway Controller (MGC)
`Signaling Gateway (SG)
`IP Telephony Signaling
`Simple Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
`MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA)
`MTP2 User Adaptation Layer (M2UA)
`
`Appendix A
`
`ITU-TSS SS7 Publications
`
`Message Transfer Part (MTP)
`Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
`Telephone User Part (TUP)
`ISDN Supplementary Services
`
`Contents xiii
`
`423
`424
`424
`424
`
`433
`
`434
`435
`439
`439
`440
`440
`441
`441
`442
`443
`443
`446
`447
`447
`449
`
`451
`
`452
`453
`454
`456
`457
`459
`460
`460
`461
`461
`461
`462
`463
`465
`466
`467
`
`469
`
`469
`469
`470
`470
`
`000014
`
`

`

`xiv Contents
`
`Data User Part (DUP)
`ISDN User Part (ISUP)
`Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
`Test Specification
`Monitoring and Measurements
`Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
`
`Appendix B American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
`
`Bell Communications Research (Bellcore)
`
`Appendix C Cause Codes
`
`ITU-T Standard (Coding Standard 00)
`ANSI Standard (Coding Standard Value 1 0)
`
`Bibliography
`
`Index
`
`470
`470
`470
`471
`471
`471
`
`473
`
`474
`
`475
`
`475
`477
`
`479
`
`481
`
`000015
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`On September 11, 2001, a series of events changed the lives of Americans forever. The
`way we think, the way we work, and even the way we play were altered. These un(cid:173)
`thinkable events have certainly changed my.focus on networks and specifically SS7.
`After a meeting with local government regarding infrastructure protection, I was
`speaking to a colleague of mine when it occurred to both of us that we Americans have
`a difficult time with acts of terrorism because we ourselves are not devious enough to
`contemplate the many ways we could be attacked. It is time to start thinking deviously.
`Now more than ever, it is important to understand the SS7 protocpl, its many proce(cid:173)
`dures, and, yes, even its vulnerabilities. I hope this book helps with that study. Although
`I will not put in print the vulnerabilities, I hope one can learn of these vulnerabilities
`through understanding the protocol itself and use this knowledge in a constructive
`manner.
`
`XV
`
`000016
`
`

`

`000017
`
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`j
`
`000017
`
`

`

`Acknowledgments
`
`Over the last few years I have traveled all over the country and met readers of this
`book's previous edition at telephone companies everywhere. The encouragement you
`,
`provide is what keeps this book going. Thank you for your continuous support.
`Many of you probably wonder where I go when I have questions about SS7. Tekelec
`is full of expertise in this area, but there.are three colleagues I would like to give spe(cid:173)
`cial mention to here: Dave Sprague, Venkat Ravishankar, and Dan Bantakul are a con(cid:173)
`stant source of information, and I always enjoy our discussions on the various protocols
`we work with.
`Of course, behind every man is a woman and family. Thanks again to my special wife
`and kids during this project. Your support is what keeps me writing!
`
`xvii
`
`000018
`
`

`

`000019
`
`000019
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`First, there was ISDN, and then came portable 800 numbers. Soon, cellular providers
`were talking of tying their networks together so that subscribers could roam from one
`cellular network to another without special roaming numbers. And now we are talking
`over the Internet using our computers as telephones.
`But during all of these discussions, nothing (or at least very little) has been men(cid:173)
`tioned about how all of this is possible. How is it possible that many networks can com(cid:173)
`municate. with one another, and which control mechanism is used to maintain the
`connections and data communications?
`Behind the scenes is a quiet, highly reliable, fault-tolerant data communications net(cid:173)
`work that links the world's telephone networks together and allows them to share vital
`signaling and control information. This one network, which controls telecommunica(cid:173)
`tions networks around the world, is being prepared to control the broadband networks
`that will form the framework for tomorrow's information highway.
`This data communications network· is so robust, so sophisticated, that few really
`know much about it. Only recently has anything been written about this network, and
`what information does exist has been sparse and ambiguous. The very standards that
`define the network are written to answer the needs of so many different audiences that
`they remain vague and reliant on reader interpretation.
`This network, often dubbed the world's largest data communications network, is
`known as Signaling System 7 (SS7). It started as a way to access 800 databases here in
`the United States, although its functions provide much more. Soon SS7 was being used
`to send signaling information from exchange to exchange. Today, the same network is
`being used to control central office switching equipment from remote locations.
`SS7 is really a control network, as well as a signaling network. This is important to
`understand because as the information highway rolls out, and as the Advanced
`Intelligent Network (AIN) is implemented, SS7 will be relied on almost exclusively as a
`means for telephone companies and other service providers to share database infor(cid:173)
`mation and switching control without human intervention.
`Already we are seeing SS7 play an important role in Local Number Portability (LNP),
`a new requirement for all telephone service providers (both wireline and wireless) de(cid:173)
`fined in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. SS7 continues to grow in usage as the in(cid:173)
`dustry discovers new ways to utilize this powerful technology.
`
`xix
`
`000020
`
`

`

`xx
`
`Introduction
`
`Without 887, AIN is not possible, cellular roaming is not seamless, 800 numbers are
`not portable, and the many features and services we take for granted today (such as
`caller ID) would not be feasible.
`When someone asks me how to break into the telecommunications field, I provide one
`suggestion: Learn 887. Every telephone company needs it, and every manufacturer de(cid:173)
`velops around it, yet there is a lack of 887 expertise in this country. That is what this
`book is all about.
`As I began studying 887 protocols and began providing seminars around the coun(cid:173)
`try, I came to the conclusion that there is no reference material available that provides
`a comprehensive view of 887; nothing explains the various acronyms and the true ap(cid:173)
`plications of this network.
`Hence, the reason for this book. If you are looking for more than a reference book-a
`tutorial on 887, a textbook that provides real"world applications, and a futuristiclook
`at the telephone networks-read on.
`The intent of this book is to provide a comprehensive introduction to this fascinating
`network and its protocols, as well as a reference for those already familiar with 887.
`Although the various standards are always the best source for specific details, this book
`provides something the standards do not: explanations as to when and why procedures
`are used and what they mean to the network, the subscriber, and the service provider.
`Although it is based on ANSI and Bellcore standards, the text is of value to anyone
`seeking knowledge about 887 networks. Although the message types and the protocol
`parameters may be different between countries, the principles and applications are
`universal.
`I hope you find this to be -as fascinating as I did while writing this book. Truly, this is
`an exciting period for the telecommunications industry as new services and applica(cid:173)
`tions are defined almost monthly. Keeping up with all of the new technologies and ad(cid:173)
`vances can be a dizzying experience. Yet the future is today, and this technology is a key
`player in making it all happen.
`
`TRAVIs RussELL
`
`000021
`
`

`

`Acronym List
`
`xxi
`
`A-links
`AAL
`ABOM
`AC
`ACD
`ACG
`ACM
`AE
`AERM
`AIN
`AK
`AMI
`ANI
`ANM
`ANSI
`ASE
`ASN-1
`ASP
`ATM
`B-links
`BIB
`BISDN
`BISUP
`BITS
`BLA
`BLO
`BOP
`BRI
`
`Access links
`ATM adaptation layer
`A-his Operations and Maintenance
`Authentication center
`Automatic call distribution
`Automatic Code Gap
`Address complete message
`Application entity
`Alignment error rate monitor
`Advanced Intelligent Networks
`Data acknowledgment
`Alternate mark inversion
`Automatic number identification
`Answer message
`American National Standards Institute
`Application service element
`Abstract Syntax Notation One
`Application Service Part
`Asynchronous transfer mode
`Bridge links
`Backward indicator bit
`Broadband ISDN
`Broadband ISUP
`Building integrated timing system
`Blocking acknowledgment (message)
`Blocking (message)
`Bit-oriented protocol
`Basic rate ISDN
`
`000022
`
`

`

`xxii· Acronym List
`
`BSC
`BSDB
`BSN
`BSS
`BSSMAP
`BTA
`BTS
`BTSM
`C-links
`CAE
`CBA
`CBD
`cc
`CCE
`CCEA
`CCR
`CCRA
`ccs
`CD
`CESID
`CFN
`CGB
`CGBA
`CGU
`CGUA
`CIC
`CLLI
`CMC
`CMR
`CMRJ
`CMSDB
`CON
`coo
`COT
`CPG
`CPU
`CQM
`CQR
`CR
`
`Base station controller
`Business service database
`Backward sequence :number
`Base station subsystem
`Base Station Subsystem Mobile Application Part
`Basic trading area
`Base transceiver station
`Base Transceiver Station Management
`Cross-links
`Communications Applications Environment
`Changeback acknowledgment (message)
`Changeback declaration (message)
`Connection confirmed (message)
`Consistency check end (message)
`Consistency check end acknowledgment (message)
`Continuity check request (message)
`Consistency check request acknowledgment (message)
`Common channel signaling
`Carrier detect
`Callers Emergency Service Identification
`Confusion (m~ssage)
`Circuit group blocking (message)
`Circuit group blocking acknowledgment (message)
`Circuit group unblocking (message)
`Circuit group unblocking acknowledgment (message)
`Circuit identification code
`Common Language Location Identifier
`Call modification completed (message)
`Call modification request (message)
`Call modification reject (message)
`Call management services database (message)
`Connect (message)
`Changeover order (message)
`Continuity test (message)
`Call progress (message)
`Central processor unit
`Circuit query message
`Circuit query response (message)
`Connection request (message)
`
`000023
`
`

`

`Acronym List xxiii
`
`CRA
`
`CRC
`CREF
`CRG
`CRM
`CRST
`CSA
`CTIA
`CTS
`CVM
`DCE
`DN
`DPC
`DPNSS
`DRS
`DSR
`DSU
`DTl
`DT2
`DTAP
`DTE
`DTMF
`DTR
`DUP
`EA
`EAS
`ED
`EIA
`EIR
`ERR
`FA
`FAA
`FAR
`FCC
`FDDI
`FIB
`FISU
`FOT
`
`Circuit reservation acknowledgment (message); consistency check
`request (message)
`Cyclic redundancy check
`Connection refusal (message)
`Charge information (message)
`Circuit reservation message
`Cluster route set test (message)
`Canadian Standards Association
`Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association
`Clear to send
`Circuit validation test (message)
`Data communications equipment
`Directory number
`Destination point code
`Digital Private Network Signaling System
`Delayed release (message)
`Data set ready
`Data service unit
`Data form 1
`Data form 2
`Direct Transfer Application Part
`Data terminal equipment
`Dual-tone multifrequency
`Data ter'minal ready
`Data User Part
`Expedited data acknowledgment (message)
`Exchange access signaling
`Expedited data (message)
`Electronic Industries Association
`Equipment identification register
`Error (message)
`Framework Advisory
`Facility accepted (message)
`Facility request (message)
`Federal Communications Commission
`Fiber Distributed Data Interface
`Forward indicator bit
`Fill-in signal unit
`Forward transfer (message)
`
`000024
`
`

`

`xxiv Acronym List
`
`FR
`FRJ
`FSN
`GMT
`GPS
`GRA
`GRS
`GSM
`GUI
`HLR
`IAA
`lAM
`IAR
`IN
`INA
`INF
`INR
`IP
`IS-41
`ISDN
`ISDNUP
`ISNI
`ISO
`
`Family of Requirement
`Facility rejected (message)
`Forward sequence number
`Greenwich Mean Time
`Global Positioning System
`Circuit group reset acknowledgment (message)
`· Circuit group reset (message)
`Groupe Special Mobile
`Graphical user interface
`Home location register
`lAM acknowledgment (message) ·
`Initial address message
`lAM reject (message)
`Intelligent Network
`Information network architecture
`Information (message)
`Information request (message)
`Intelligent peripheral
`Interim Standard-41
`Integrated Services Digital Network
`Integrated Se~ices Digital Network User Part
`Intermediate Signaling Network Identification
`International Standards Organization; International Organization
`for Standardization·
`ISDN User Part
`ISUP
`Inactivity test (message)
`IT
`International Telecommunications Union
`ITU
`ITU Telecommunication Development Sector
`ITU-D
`ITU Radiocommunication Sector
`ITU-RS
`ITU-TSS International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications
`Standardization Sector
`Local area network
`Link Access Procedure on the D Channel
`Local Access Transport Area
`Length indicator
`Line Information Database
`Logical link identifier
`Loopback acknowledgment (message)
`Least significant bit
`
`LAN
`LAPD
`LATA
`LI
`LIDB
`LLI
`LPA
`LSB
`
`000025
`
`

`

`Acronym List xxv
`
`LSSU
`MAP
`MF
`MIN
`MLPP
`MSC
`MSU
`MTA
`MTP
`NISDN
`NNI
`NOF
`NRC
`NRM
`NRZ
`OAMP
`OLM
`OMAP
`OMC
`oos
`OPC
`OPDU
`OS
`OSI
`oss
`PAM
`PBX
`PCR
`PCS
`PIN
`POP
`POTS
`PRJ
`PRS
`PSC
`PSTN
`PVC
`QoS
`RAO
`
`Link status signal unit
`Mobile Application Part
`Multifrequency
`Mobile identification number
`Multilevel Precedence and Preemption
`Mobile switching center
`Message signal unit
`Major trading area
`Message Transfer Part
`Narrowband ISDN
`Network-to-network interface
`Network Operations Forum
`Network Reliability Council
`Network resource management
`N onreturn to zero
`Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning
`Overload message
`Operations, Maintenance, and Administration Part
`Operations and Maintenance Center
`Out of service
`Origination point code
`Operations Protocol Data Unit
`Operations system
`Open Systems Interconnection
`Operations Support System
`Pass-along message
`Private branch exchange
`Preventive cyclic retransmission
`Personal Communications Service
`Personal identification number
`Point-of-presence
`Plain Old Telephone Service
`Primary rate ISDN
`Primary reference sou:rce
`PCS switching center
`Public Switched Telephone Network
`Permanent virtual circuit
`Quality of Service
`Regional accounting office
`
`000026
`
`

`

`xxvi Acronym List
`
`RBOC
`RD
`REL
`RES
`RJ
`RLC
`RLSD
`RSA
`RSC
`RSR
`RTS
`SAM
`SAP
`SAT
`SBR
`SCCP
`SCE
`SCLC
`SCMG
`scoc
`SCP
`SCRC
`SDLC
`SDU
`SF
`SGM
`SIB
`SIE
`SIF
`SIN
`SIO
`SIOS
`SIPO
`SLC
`SLS
`SLTA
`SLTM
`SMDR
`SMS
`
`Regional Bell Operating Company
`Receive data .
`Release (message)
`Resume (message)
`Registered jack
`Release complete (message)
`Released (message)
`Regional service area
`Reset confirmation (message); reset circuit (message)
`Reset request (message)
`Request to send; ready to send
`Subsequent address message
`Service access point
`Supervisory audio tone
`Subsystem backup routing (message)
`Signaling Connection Control Part
`Service creation environment
`SCCP connectionless control
`SCCP management
`SCCP connection-oriented control
`Service control point
`SCCP routing control
`Signaling data link connection
`Service data unit ·
`Status field; single frequency
`Segmentation message
`Status indicator busy
`Status indicator emergency
`Service information field
`Status indicator normal
`Status indicator out of alignment; Service indicator.octet
`Status indicator out of service
`Status indicator processor outage
`Signaling link code
`Signaling link selection
`Signaling link test acknowledgment
`Signaling link test message
`Station detailed message recording
`Service management system
`
`000027
`
`

`

`Acronym List xxvii
`
`SNR
`SOG
`SO NET
`SOR
`SR
`SRCT
`SRST
`SRT
`SS7
`SSA
`SSP
`SST
`ST
`STP
`SUERM
`sus
`TlA6
`TA
`TCA
`TCAP
`TCP
`TCR
`TD
`TFA
`TFC
`TFP
`TFR
`TIA
`TR
`TRA
`TRW
`TUP
`UBA
`UCIC
`UDT
`UDTS
`UL
`UNI
`UPA
`
`Subsystem normal routing
`Subsystem out-of-service-grant
`Synchronous Optical Network
`Subsystem out-of-service request
`Special Report
`Signaling route-set congestion test
`Signaling route-set test
`Subsystem routing-status test
`Signaling System 7
`Subsystem allowed
`Service switching point; subsystem prohibited
`Subsystem status test
`Science and Technology (publication)
`Signal transfer point
`Signal unit error rate monitor
`Suspend message
`Tl Advisory Group
`Technical Advisory
`Transfer cluster allowed
`Transaction Capabilities Application Part
`Transfer cluster prohibited
`Transfer cluster restricted
`Transmitted data
`Transfer allowed
`Transfer controlled
`Transfer prohibited
`Transfer restricted
`Telecommunication Industry Association
`Technical Reference
`Traffic restart allowed
`Traffic restart waiting
`Telephone User Part
`Unblocking acknowledgment (message)
`Unequipped circuit identification code
`Unitdata
`Unitdata Service
`Underwriters Laboratories
`User-to-network interface
`User part available
`
`000028
`
`

`

`xxviii Acronym List
`
`UPT
`USIS
`USR
`VLR
`VPCI
`WATS
`XUDT
`XUDTS
`
`User part test
`User-to-user indicators
`User-to-user information (message)
`Visitor location register
`Virtual path connection identifiers
`Wide Area Telephone Service
`Extended Unitdata
`Extended Unitdata Service
`
`000029
`
`

`

`Signaling System #7
`
`000030
`
`

`

`Chapter 1
`
`Signaling System #7
`
`Signaling System #7 (887) has become one of the most important assets within any car(cid:173)
`rier's network. Already deemed important for interconnecting calls from one network
`to the next, 887 has also become a network rich in user data.
`887 is really a control protocol, used to provide instructions to the various elements
`within a telephony network. These instructions may be how to route a call through the
`network, what features a caller has subscribed to, or, in the case of number portability,
`which carrier will be used to handle the call.
`In order to provide this level of instruction, a great deal of information must be sent
`froni one element to another. Everything from the caller's telephone number to his or
`her calling card number, as well as other pertinent data, is sent through the network
`to the various network elements involved in connecting the caller to his or her desti(cid:173)
`nation. If there were a means of trapping all this information and storing it for analy(cid:173)
`sis (which, of course, there is), carriers would find a rich resource for identifying the
`users of their network.
`·
`The data can be used for determining new marketing campaigns, the success of new
`feature offerings, and much more. In fact, I often refer to this data as the "three W's:"
`who is using the network, when they are using the network, and why they are using
`the network. This data is crucial to the success of any business to ensure they are meet(cid:173)
`ing the needs of their customers.
`Many carriers are just now realizing the benefits of mining the data traversing the
`887 network and are utilizing this data to maintain revenue assurance in all aspects
`of the business. 887 has even become an important revenue source for carriers who
`have leamed to tap its links and interface to back-office billing systems.
`What was once an obscure, little~ known technology has become one of the industry's
`most prized possessions. However, 887 will not live forever. Particular aspects of 887
`will continue to thrive throughout the signaling networks, but