`I IIIII
`I~ 10111111111~ llllll~llllllllllllllllllll~lllllllllllll
`
`US008457113B2
`
`o2> United States Patent
`Wood et al.
`
`{10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`*Jun. 4, 2013
`
`(75)
`
`(54} BRANCH CALLING AND CALLER ID BASED
`CALL ROUTING TELEPIJONI~ FEATURES
`Inventors: Samuel F. Wood, Los Altos, CA (US);
`Jerry A. Klein, Los Altos, CA (US);
`Margaret Susan Asprey, Los Altos, CA
`(US}
`(73) Assignee: Telemaze LLC, Los Altos, CA (US}
`( • ) Notice:
`Subject to any disclaimer, the tenn of this
`patent is extended or adjust1.-d under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 85 days.
`
`(21)
`(22)
`(65)
`
`(60)
`
`(51)
`
`(52)
`
`(58)
`
`(56)
`
`This patent is subji!Ct In a terminal dis(cid:173)
`claimer.
`Appl. No.: 12/821,119
`filed:
`Jun. 22, 2010
`Prior Publication Datu
`US 2010/0254376 AI
`
`Oct. 7, 2010
`
`Related U.S. Application l>uta
`
`Continuation of application No. 11/948,965. filed on
`Nov. 30, 2007, now Pat. No. 7,764,717, which is a
`division of application No. 10/426,279. lik-d on Apr.
`30, 2003, now Pat. No. 7,324.635. which is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 09/565,565.
`fik-d on May 4, 2000. now Pat. No. 6,574,328.
`
`(2006.01)
`
`lnt.CJ.
`(f~ld;2166
`USPC ...................................... 370/352; 379/220.01
`Field of Classification Search
`USI'C ...................................... 370/352; 379/220.01
`See application tile tor complete search history.
`
`References CUed
`
`U.S. PATENT LJOCUMENTS
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`7!1978 Flann~
`
`4,238,85 I A
`
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`(Continu1.-d)
`
`DE
`EP
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`FOIU:ION !•ATENT DOCUMENTS
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`(Continued)
`OHlER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Dowden. Douglas C.. el al., "The l'ulure oDietwork-Provided Com(cid:173)
`munications Services," B.:/1/.abs 1i.•dmical Joumal. Jul.-Sep. ;woo.
`pp. 3-10.
`
`(Continu1.-d)
`
`Primary Examint'r Creit.iliton Smith
`(74) Allorne!)•. Agt'nt, or 1-"irm-
`1)1 .. <\ Piper 1.1.1• (liS)
`
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`A caller ID ba~~'d call ruulilll!. feature is describt.'d lilr blocked
`and non-blocked caller !D's. A processing system in the pub(cid:173)
`lic switched telephone nelwork (PSTN) receives first idcnti(cid:173)
`tying information for identify the source of a telephone call
`and associates additional inlbrmation stored in a memory
`with the first idemifyinl!. inlonuation. The additional infor(cid:173)
`mation may be information about the calling party initially
`downloaded to the memory by a subscriber. Once retrieved
`from the memory by the pnx:essing system. the additional
`information may then be tr.msmined to the subscriber via the
`Internet for display on a monitor or to the subscriber's tele(cid:173)
`phone for display on a telephone display. Another feature
`described is a brooch calling feature where the subscriber
`may progr.un a proc~o.-s~ing sy~tem within the PS"IN to for(cid:173)
`ward an incoming call to two or more end units (e.g., tele(cid:173)
`phones) simultaneously. l fthc call at an end unit is nnswered,
`answer supervision signaling is tronsmined back to the pro(cid:173)
`cessing system which then terminates all other calls. The
`processing system then connects the calling party to the sub(cid:173)
`scriber. The branch calling may be made for any combination
`of local. long distance. and cellular telephone numbers.
`
`182 Claim~. 11 l>rawing Sheets
`
`16 --
`
`PSTN
`TANDEM SWITCH
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 1
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`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 3 of 29 PageID 59
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`us 8,457,113 82
`
`Page 2
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`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 5 of 29 PageID 61
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`Page4
`
`6,816,582 82
`6,822,957 Bl
`6,853,714 B2
`6,856,616 Bl
`6,857,021 Bl
`6,857,072 Bl
`6,870,830 Bl
`6,914,897 Ill
`6,937,699 Ill
`6,937,713 Bl
`6,956.941 Bl
`7,069,291 82
`7,123,708 81
`7,184,527 81
`7,233,658 82
`7,242,759 81
`7,272,115 82
`7,436,851 Bl
`200110022784 AI
`200110030950 AI
`200310026403 AI
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`200310 I 56693 A I
`200JiOI9407H AI
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`200410151294 AI
`200410240657 A I
`200410264673 AI
`200510041526 AI
`200SIOI41SIIO AI
`20051016944~ AI
`200510207557 AI
`200710041526 AI
`
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`812005
`llarris
`l>ohm .... nl.
`912005
`llill et al .......... ..
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`
`379188.21
`
`EP
`EP
`EP
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`El'
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`
`FOREIGN J>ATENT DOCUMENTS
`411996
`0 704 78!1
`0 738 093
`10119%
`0 789 470
`8/1997
`0 794 650
`911997
`0 797 373
`9/1997
`211998
`0 824 29!1
`311998
`0 829 995
`5/1998
`0 841 831
`611998
`0 847 176
`711998
`0 851 653
`711998
`0 853411 A2
`711998
`0 853411 A3
`8/1998
`0 858 202
`911998
`0 866 596
`1011998
`0 869 688
`1011998
`0 872 998
`1011998
`0 918 423
`1211998
`0 881848 A2
`2'199')
`0 !198 431
`2JIS 190 A
`1'199!1
`10.023067
`1'1998
`21998
`10-0514~3
`61199!1
`10-164135
`10-164257
`611998
`311994
`W094105111
`1211995
`W095134985
`)119%
`W096108935
`W09611559!1
`511996
`411997
`W097114234
`411997
`W097114238
`511997
`W097116007
`611997
`W097122216
`W097123078
`611997
`7'1997
`W097127692
`811997
`W097!2!162!1
`811997
`W097i29581
`!1/1997
`W097i31492
`W0971J3412
`911997
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`10/19!17
`10119!>7
`W097131!551
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`
`W097144943
`W097146073
`W097i47118
`W097i50217
`W0971S0271
`W097tS0277
`W098100988
`W09810406S
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`W098110538
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`W098113974
`W0981160S1
`W098118238
`W098118289
`W098'1942S
`W09811944S
`W098120701
`W0981219ll
`W098123067
`W098123080
`W098126543
`W098128885
`W098130007
`W098131100!1
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`W098t34399
`W098t36S43
`W098t37665
`W098i37688
`W09llt398!>7
`W098'42104
`W098i42107
`W098142146
`W098i47256
`wo 98151063
`W099112365
`W099119988
`W099120059
`W099135802
`W09914S687
`WOOI/05078
`WOOI/24496
`W001124498
`WOOI124500
`WOOI124SOI
`WOOI/24502
`WOOI/24503
`WOOI/84859
`
`11'1997
`12 1997
`12·1997
`1211997
`1211997
`12il997
`li1998
`1:1998
`211998
`3•1998
`311998
`311998
`4<1998
`4d9')8
`4il998
`4/1998
`511998
`511998
`511998
`5/1998
`5/1998
`5/1998
`611998
`7:199!1
`7i19<Jll
`7/199K
`811998
`8'199!1
`8·199!1
`8il9911
`8d991l
`9•1')1)11
`9• 19<)8
`911998
`91199!1
`1011998
`llil998
`3il999
`411999
`4119<)9
`7!1999
`911999
`1/2001
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`412001
`412001
`412001
`412001
`11!2001
`
`OrHER PUBLIC:mONS
`
`foani, C.E. "J'caming Switches and Computers lor Customo:r Appli·
`cations.'" AT&TTeelmology, 1991; 6. 4; Research Library. pp. 32-38.
`Foster, Robin Hurris. "'Computer-Tel .. opbone Integration Go~'S Glo(cid:173)
`bal," A7& 1' 1'el.'Jmology. Autwnn 1995; I 0. 3; Rcscur.:h l.abrary • pp.
`18-22
`Kozik. Jack. et al., "On Openin~ PSTN to Enhanced Voicc·Data
`So:rvi.;es- The Pf!I.'T Protocol Solution," Bell /.abs lechnical Jo!lr(cid:173)
`nal, Jui.-Sep. 2000. pp. 153-165
`Lui. Anthony Y .. et al.. "flu: Enhanced Service Manap.er- ,, Service
`Management System for ~~t..(jcncrntion Networks," Bt'/1 l.abs
`Technical Jo11rnul. Jul.-S .. p. 2000, pp. 130-144.
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`Sijben, Paul G .• o:l ul. "'Bridgin~ the G:1p to IJ> J'.:l .. phony."/k/1/.clbs
`Technical Joomal, ~1.-D.:c. 1998, pp. 192-207
`RFC 3298 Scrvic.: in lhe PST~. Aug. 2002.
`lmplo:menting Automatk Location t:pdate for l'ollow-Me dntubnse
`using VolP Wld Bluetoolh Technologies, limE Trwas:tclion on com(cid:173)
`puters, vol. 5 I, No. I 0, Oct. 2002.
`N"'W services demand integration, EI~"Cironic Engineering Times.
`Aug. 28, 2000, Iss. 1128; p. 110
`Natural Microsystcms, M2 Prcsswirc. Covcnuy: AUJ.l. Ill, 2000.
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 4
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 6 of 29 PageID 62
`
`US 8,457,113 B2
`PageS
`
`This pipe dream will come true: Voice Over Intemeti•rotocol (YoU>)
`technology will make the phone Bo.'< somelhinl! that ro:ally llllks,
`Businessline. Chennai: Apr. 17, 2002.
`Using Optimi:mtion to Achi .. ..,·e Enicic:nt Quality ofS.:rvice in Voice
`over IP Networks, IEEE 2003.
`Broadsoft literature Broadworks ov.:rview. ( 'opyrij!ht dnte 2002.
`BroadSoft introduo:es industry's fust complete servtce dehvery and
`creal ion produCI suite for enhanced teh:phony s.:rvices Brmulworks.
`ATM Newsletter· Boston: Mw 2000, vol. 9, bs J.p I 3
`
`BroadSoft unveils advanced architecture for the rnpid and cost effec(cid:173)
`tive delivery of enhanced conununications services. Website. Aug.
`25. 1999, I•ress relo:ases. 3 pages.
`AIX Tek-.:otnrnunications: SS7 New Net SS7 Tutorial: Copyrij!ht
`1999.
`Mary Carmich:tel. "Calls That Follow you Anywhere" :--:~·sw<.-.:k,
`Apr. 2ti • .?00.1, p. 4.1
`IJ.S ,\ppl No. 119 4Uo,l22. Schuster e1 al.. lile•l S<.-p 27. IW\1.
`ll S ,\ppl. No 09·~1~.791\. Schusleret al.lil .. ...J h-b 29. JOOO
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 5
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 7 of 29 PageID 63
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.4,2013
`
`Sheet 1 of 11
`
`US 8,457,113 B2
`
`8
`
`'
`
`"
`
`::c
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`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 6
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 8 of 29 PageID 64
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.4,2013
`
`Sheet 2 of 11
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`
`"' ~
`' )
`
`"
`
`::I:
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`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 7
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 9 of 29 PageID 65
`
`Subscriber Registration and Login
`
`User views
`information on
`becoming a
`ubscrlber lncludln
`features and
`charges.
`
`User provides personal
`data including login name
`and password and credit
`card Information.
`
`Sample
`
`Simple
`experimentation
`with features
`suchasweb
`dialing
`
`User accesses web
`site UIS (User
`lnteracllon System)
`
`FIG. 3A
`
`Yes
`
`User logs in (apply
`standard forgotten
`password procedures}.
`
`System displays
`Subscriber's private
`Information page.
`
`User views messages,
`changes configuration,
`modifies mail lists, etc.
`
`User enters a tentative
`PPN, system checks local
`database for availability
`
`No
`
`User selects •vanity•
`PPN (Extra Cost Option).
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 8
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 10 of 29 PageID 66
`
`------------------------------------------
`System selects
`PPN.
`System selects PPN
`from local database.
`
`Acronyms
`PPN - Public Phone Number allocated by oneCloud (known to public,
`on business cards, etc., rings oneCioud).
`LPN - Local Phone Number from local telco (rings l!Ser's phone but
`is only known to oneCioud and local telco).
`UIS - User Interaction System - web site user Interfaces with In
`order to control phone features.
`TAC- Tandem Acces Controller· System that directly accesses
`the PSTN.
`
`FIG. 38
`
`FIG.3A
`
`FIG.3B
`
`FIG. 3
`
`--------.,---------
`System sends provisioning
`packet to PSTN Controller.
`I
`Controller acknowledges
`provisioning packet.
`I
`User's new PPN and login name
`are acknowledged and User Is
`welcomed as a new Subscriber
`l
`Done
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 9
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 11 of 29 PageID 67
`
`Incoming Message Processing for
`PSTN Tandem Access Controller
`
`Send to
`appropriate
`Protocol
`Conversion
`subsystems.
`
`Acronyms
`PPN - Public Phone Number allocated by oneCioud
`(known to public, on business cards, etc., rings oneCioud).
`LPN- Local Phone Number from local talco (rings user's
`phone but Is only known to oneCioud and local telco).
`UIS- User Interaction System- web site user Interfaces
`with in order to control phone fealures.
`TAC- Tandem Access Controller- System that directly
`Control Packet accesses the PSTN.
`r----------~~~~~~
`Assemble Signaling and Control
`Message (from Packets)
`
`Process VoiP
`control messages.
`
`VoiPH.323
`Control Message
`
`Call Control
`Messages
`Invalid call
`Control
`Request
`
`UlS Provisioning Message
`
`Invalid
`Database
`Request
`
`Database
`Updated
`
`Send acknowledgement
`message to UIS
`
`Perform invalid
`message analysis
`and security check
`
`FIG. 4
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 10
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 12 of 29 PageID 68
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.4,2013
`
`Sheet 6 of 11
`
`US 8,457,113 B2
`
`Inbound Call {to Subscriber)
`
`Receive Incoming Call
`Request {SS7) from
`PSTN Tandem Office.
`
`Format Message: Incoming Call
`Request (including called PPN,
`caller ID, channel#, etc.)
`
`Look up Calling and Called
`Parties in Database.
`
`~.....;N~o;;.__---1 Refuse call.
`
`Look up Subscriber specified parameters
`in database. Determine if additional
`information Is required from caller.
`
`IVA Subsystem
`obtains information
`Yes
`'>-----~{e.g. collect password
`from caller, etc.).
`
`Determine outbound calling number: Look
`up Subscriber Conditional Call Forward
`information (e.g. time·of-day, day-of·week,
`caller ID, caller password, etc.).
`
`Send Call Request (SS7)
`to PSTN Tandem.
`
`Yes
`
`Yes
`
`FIG. 5
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 11
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 13 of 29 PageID 69
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.4,2013
`
`Sheet 7 of II
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`
`Outbound Call (from Subscriber)
`
`Subscriber enters or clicks on
`Outbound Called Number at UIS
`and indicates which Subscriber
`number call is to be placed from
`(e.g. cell or home number)
`
`UIS Formats and Sends a
`CaiiAndConnect Message to TAC.
`
`Send messages to
`UIS- Subscriber
`Phone Not
`Answering
`
`Yes
`TAC places call to
`outbound number and
`connects the two.
`
`FIG. 6
`
`via phone
`User goes
`off "hook"
`on phone
`
`CO processes
`dialing and
`look up
`
`No
`PSTN places call
`in conventional
`manner
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 12
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 14 of 29 PageID 70
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.4,2013
`
`Sheet 8 of 11
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`
`8
`'"----._.1
`)
`,...
`co
`
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`)
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`
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`
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`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 13
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 15 of 29 PageID 71
`
`/
`
`/
`
`16--
`
`PSTN
`TANDEM SWITCH
`L---------1/
`'\,.FAX & Modem/
`"-. Calls
`/
`
`[}-1 40 I
`
`f-/ ___ _,/
`
`17-
`
`co
`
`V
`
`L - - - - -J I
`
`10--f
`
`TAC
`
`FAX & Client
`Packets
`
`ISP Dial~ up
`.* .
`~.
`· .. CO Trunks
`. .
`
`Dial-up
`Modem
`
`14~0 8
`12~
`
`ISP~
`
`FIG. 8
`
`co
`
`\
`
`~F~~
`"1:-20
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 14
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 16 of 29 PageID 72
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 4, 2013
`
`Sheet 10 of 11
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`
`74
`
`OBTAINCID
`FROM CALLER
`
`YES
`
`PROMPT CALLER
`TO UNLOCK
`
`NO
`
`LOOKUP
`CIDTAG
`
`DISPLAY TAG
`INFORMATION
`ON WEB PAGE
`
`DISPLAY NAME
`AND NUMBER
`ON WEB PAGE
`
`56
`
`58
`
`60
`
`TRANSLATE NUMBER 62
`
`RING PHONE
`
`64
`
`NO
`
`BLOCK CALL OR
`SEND TO VOICEMAIL
`
`SENDCIDTO
`SUBSCRIBER
`
`-66
`
`FIG. 9
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 15
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 17 of 29 PageID 73
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 4, 2013
`
`Sheet 11 of 11
`
`US 8,457,113 B2
`
`82
`
`80
`
`LOOK UP DNIS AND CID ROUTING INSTRUCTIONS
`
`87
`
`NO
`
`BLOCK
`CALL
`
`88
`
`PROVIDE RING BACK TONE TO CALLER
`
`93
`
`90
`
`92
`
`ABANDON
`CALL
`
`ABANDON
`CALL
`
`FIG. 10
`
`Bright House Networks - Ex. 1007, Page 16
`
`
`
`Case 3:15-cv-00742-TJC-MCR Document 1-3 Filed 06/19/15 Page 18 of 29 PageID 74
`
`us 8,457,113 82
`
`2
`A preferred embodiment of the inventive system describc..>d
`herein connects at the tandem, thereby eliminating these
`problems.
`In the edge devices residing in the PSTN central ollices, the
`I st party (the calling pany) has numerous features av;Jilable
`(dialing options). The 2nd pany (called party) also has
`options available such as call forwarding, but these features
`typically r~.-quire acc1.'SS from the first or second party's device
`and arc extremely awkward to program. 'llte user interuction
`10 is not only awkward. it is limited and r~.-quircs interaction with
`the tck-phone company to provision them. In other words,
`past systems for pnwisioning, meaning addition, mndilica·
`tion, or control of telephone features. r1.-quircd a subscriber to
`make the feature selection through the tdephone business
`IS office. Central office workers would then implement the pro(cid:173)
`visioning Wlder requc..'St of the business ollice.
`Call Forwarding is one popular provision. "lberc is signi·
`fication transmission dc..ogradation for Call Forwarding to take
`place. The calling party pays for <1 call to the edge device. and
`20 the 1.-dge subscriber, the called party, pays for the call to the
`forw~~rding number. For enl1anced inbound call control tu
`occur, a direct 3rd-pany call control means is needed.
`A variety of services have arisen to addrt..'Ss the pmblems
`'Ibis invention relates to telephone services and. in panicu-
`mentioned above. Many of these systems allow the called
`Jar. to a :.-ystem for allowing a subscriber to select fcaturc..'S of
`the subscriber's telephone service and to various novel fea· ~s party to make chantJ.eS to his/her call forwardintJ. allributes
`turc..'S that can be seh .. 'Ctc..>d.
`which do not allow dirc..'CI 3rd-party call cnntrol. These scr·
`vices provide good user interaction. some viltthe internet. but
`they rely upon the toll network through the use tlf "KOO"
`numlx:rs.
`'lltis rc..-quires the subscriber to pay by the minute ami dues
`not allow the subscriber to take advantuge of nwnbcr pun(cid:173)
`ability in order to ubtain 3rd-party call cuntrol. There <Jrc
`other toll network m1.'Chanisms for remote call Jorwarding.
`For example, MCI oilers a service where the customer can
`35 remotely change the forwarding target number 1\lC "1!00"
`numbers. Contacting the ultimate end-user before terminal·
`ing the first incoming call is similar to the manner in which
`"800" credit calls and collect calls are processed. butth1.-sc arc
`not done ut the local subscriber level.
`In addition to these toll services, there are 1.-dge devices that
`perfonn some of the same services. Edge devices such as
`phon1.'S and PBXs that include voice mail, inter-active voice
`response, call forwarding. speed calling, etc., have been used
`to provide additional call control. "lbese devices allow the
`45 phone user direct control over incoming tmd outgoing calls.
`The disadvantage of edge devices is that they add cost,
`degrade voice and tro~ru;mission quality, can be dilficuh to
`progr-o~m. are not ~:asily prugr-dnuned remotely. can tc.."quirc the
`user to pay for two lin1.'S, provide lower quality of st:rvice, and
`so cannot provide the same level of functionality as a system that
`controls the PSTN directly. There <~rc Voicl.' Over lntemet
`Protocol (\oiP) products emerging that provide better user
`interlucc..'S and control but tlu:y do not t;lkc advantage and
`voice quality of the J>STN.
`
`1
`BRANCH CALLlNG AND CALLER ID BASED
`CALL ROUTING TELEPIIONI': FEATURES
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO REL.i\J'ED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`s
`
`This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
`No. 11/948,965, filed Nov. 30,2007, entitled "Branch Calling
`and Caller ID Basc..-d Call Routing Telephone Featwes,"
`which is a divisional ofU.S. application Ser. No. 10/426,279.
`lilc..-d Apr. 30, 2003. l.'lltitled "Bmnch Calling and Caller ID
`Based Call Routing Telephone Features:• now U.S. l>at. No.
`7,324,635, which is a continuation-in·partofU.S. application
`Ser. No. 09/565,565, lilcd May 4, 2000, entitled "Telephone
`Call Control System for the Public Switched Telephone Net·
`work," now U.S. P.o~t. No. 6,574.328, The subject mauer in the
`above-identified co-pending and commonly owned applica·
`tioru; is incorporated herein by reference.
`
`FJEI..J) OF TilE INVENTION
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`40
`
`P1.'0ple have usc..>d various means for limiting interruptions 3u
`due to the telephone. In the past. pc..•ople uSl..-d switchboards
`and secretaries to screen incoming, or inbound, calls. Vilice
`nmil systems took over so