C o l o u r S p a c e s
`In what follows are various notes dealing with colour spaces and conversion between them.
`
`R G B c o l o u r s p a c e
`Lists of RGB values for named colours
`Written by Paul Bourke
`May 1995
`Resene RGB Values List
`This table is the "standard" set as used by the SGI X windows server. The values are in the range of 0 to 255 inclusive.
`Contribution by Robert Rapplean, C++ program that creates an image that can be folded together to form the RGB colour cube.
`Colour space
`A colour space is a means of uniquely specifying a colour. There are a number of colour spaces in common usage depending on
`the particular industry and/or application involved. For example as humans we normally determine colour by parameters such
`as brightness, hue, and colourfulness. On computers it is more common to describe colour by three components, normally red,
`green, and blue. These are related to the excitation of red, green, and blue phosphors on a computer monitor. Another similar
`system geared more towards the printing industry uses cyan, magenta, and yellow to specify colour, they are related to the
`reflectance and absorbance of inks on paper.
`Some other major colour spaces are:
`HSL, Hue Saturation and Lightness.
`HSI, Hue Saturation and Intensity
`HSV, Hue Saturation and Value
`CIE, a colour standard from the for Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and
`colourfulness.
`There are generally ways of converting (transforming) between different colour spaces although in most cases the
`transformation is nonlinear. Some colour spaces for example can represent colours which cannot be represented in others.
`RGB colour cube
`The colour space for computer based applications is often visualised by a unit cube. Each colour (red, green, blue) is assigned
`to one of the three orthogonal coordinate axes in 3D space. An example of such a cube is shown below along with some key
`colours and their coordinates.
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`Note:
`
`Along each axis of the colour cube the colours range from no contribution of that component to a fully saturated colour.
`The colour cube is solid, any point (colour) within the cube is specified by three numbers, namely, an r,g,b triple.
`The diagonal line of the cube from black (0,0,0) to white (1,1,1) represents all the greys, that is, all the red, green, and
`blue components are the same.
`In practice different computer hardware/software combinations will use different ranges for the colours, common ones
`are 0-256 and 0-65536 for each component. This is simply a linear scaling of the unit colour cube described here.
`This RGB colour space lies within our perceptual space, that is, the RGB cube is smaller and represents fewer colours
`than we can see.
`A more "colourful" view of the shell of the colour cube is shown below.
`
`RGB colour values for "familiar" colours.
`The first set below was originally compiled by Steve Hollasch and is organised as follows: the first column is the descriptive
`name of the colour; the next three columns are the RGB coordinates in the 0 to 255 range as if the components were being
`stored in one unsigned byte; the last three columns are the RGB colour coordinates in the range of 0 to 1 inclusive.
`
`Whites
`antique_white 250 235 215 0.9804 0.9216 0.8431
`azure 240 255 255 0.9412 1.0000 1.0000
`bisque 255 228 196 1.0000 0.8941 0.7686
`blanched_almond 255 235 205 1.0000 0.9216 0.8039
`cornsilk 255 248 220 1.0000 0.9725 0.8627
`eggshell 252 230 201 0.9900 0.9000 0.7900
`floral_white 255 250 240 1.0000 0.9804 0.9412
`gainsboro 220 220 220 0.8627 0.8627 0.8627
`ghost_white 248 248 255 0.9725 0.9725 1.0000
`honeydew 240 255 240 0.9412 1.0000 0.9412
`ivory 255 255 240 1.0000 1.0000 0.9412
`lavender 230 230 250 0.9020 0.9020 0.9804
`lavender_blush 255 240 245 1.0000 0.9412 0.9608
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`lemon_chiffon 255 250 205 1.0000 0.9804 0.8039
`linen 250 240 230 0.9804 0.9412 0.9020
`mint_cream 245 255 250 0.9608 1.0000 0.9804
`misty_rose 255 228 225 1.0000 0.8941 0.8824
`moccasin 255 228 181 1.0000 0.8941 0.7098
`navajo_white 255 222 173 1.0000 0.8706 0.6784
`old_lace 253 245 230 0.9922 0.9608 0.9020
`papaya_whip 255 239 213 1.0000 0.9373 0.8353
`peach_puff 255 218 185 1.0000 0.8549 0.7255
`seashell 255 245 238 1.0000 0.9608 0.9333
`snow 255 250 250 1.0000 0.9804 0.9804
`thistle 216 191 216 0.8471 0.7490 0.8471
`titanium_white 252 255 240 0.9900 1.0000 0.9400
`wheat 245 222 179 0.9608 0.8706 0.7020
`white 255 255 255 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
`white_smoke 245 245 245 0.9608 0.9608 0.9608
`zinc_white 253 248 255 0.9900 0.9700 1.0000
`
`Greys
`cold_grey 128 138 135 0.5000 0.5400 0.5300
`dim_grey 105 105 105 0.4118 0.4118 0.4118
`grey 192 192 192 0.7529 0.7529 0.7529
`light_grey 211 211 211 0.8275 0.8275 0.8275
`slate_grey 112 128 144 0.4392 0.5020 0.5647
`slate_grey_dark 47 79 79 0.1843 0.3098 0.3098
`slate_grey_light 119 136 153 0.4667 0.5333 0.6000
`warm_grey 128 128 105 0.5000 0.5000 0.4100
`
`Blacks
`black 0 0 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
`ivory_black 41 36 33 0.1600 0.1400 0.1300
`lamp_black 46 71 59 0.1800 0.2800 0.2300
`
`Reds
`alizarin_crimson 227 38 54 0.8900 0.1500 0.2100
`brick 156 102 31 0.6100 0.4000 0.1200
`cadmium_red_deep 227 23 13 0.8900 0.0900 0.0500
`coral 255 127 80 1.0000 0.4980 0.3137
`coral_light 240 128 128 0.9412 0.5020 0.5020
`deep_pink 255 20 147 1.0000 0.0784 0.5765
`english_red 212 61 26 0.8300 0.2400 0.1000
`firebrick 178 34 34 0.6980 0.1333 0.1333
`geranium_lake 227 18 48 0.8900 0.0700 0.1900
`hot_pink 255 105 180 1.0000 0.4118 0.7059
`indian_red 176 23 31 0.6900 0.0900 0.1200
`light_salmon 255 160 122 1.0000 0.6275 0.4784
`madder_lake_deep 227 46 48 0.8900 0.1800 0.1900
`maroon 176 48 96 0.6902 0.1882 0.3765
`pink 255 192 203 1.0000 0.7529 0.7961
`pink_light 255 182 193 1.0000 0.7137 0.7569
`raspberry 135 38 87 0.5300 0.1500 0.3400
`red 255 0 0 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000
`rose_madder 227 54 56 0.8900 0.2100 0.2200
`salmon 250 128 114 0.9804 0.5020 0.4471
`tomato 255 99 71 1.0000 0.3882 0.2784
`venetian_red 212 26 31 0.8300 0.1000 0.1200
`
`Browns
`beige 163 148 128 0.6400 0.5800 0.5000
`brown 128 42 42 0.5000 0.1647 0.1647
`brown_madder 219 41 41 0.8600 0.1600 0.1600
`brown_ochre 135 66 31 0.5300 0.2600 0.1200
`burlywood 222 184 135 0.8706 0.7216 0.5294
`burnt_sienna 138 54 15 0.5400 0.2100 0.0600
`burnt_umber 138 51 36 0.5400 0.2000 0.1400
`chocolate 210 105 30 0.8235 0.4118 0.1176
`deep_ochre 115 61 26 0.4500 0.2400 0.1000
`flesh 255 125 64 1.0000 0.4900 0.2500
`flesh_ochre 255 87 33 1.0000 0.3400 0.1300
`gold_ochre 199 120 38 0.7800 0.4700 0.1500
`greenish_umber 255 61 13 1.0000 0.2400 0.0500
`khaki 240 230 140 0.9412 0.9020 0.5490
`khaki_dark 189 183 107 0.7412 0.7176 0.4196
`light_beige 245 245 220 0.9608 0.9608 0.8627
`peru 205 133 63 0.8039 0.5216 0.2471
`rosy_brown 188 143 143 0.7373 0.5608 0.5608
`raw_sienna 199 97 20 0.7800 0.3800 0.0800
`raw_umber 115 74 18 0.4500 0.2900 0.0700
`sepia 94 38 18 0.3700 0.1500 0.0700
`sienna 160 82 45 0.6275 0.3216 0.1765
`saddle_brown 139 69 19 0.5451 0.2706 0.0745
`sandy_brown 244 164 96 0.9569 0.6431 0.3765
`tan 210 180 140 0.8235 0.7059 0.5490
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`van_dyke_brown 94 38 5 0.3700 0.1500 0.0200
`
`Oranges
`cadmium_orange 255 97 3 1.0000 0.3800 0.0100
`cadmium_red_light 255 3 13 1.0000 0.0100 0.0500
`carrot 237 145 33 0.9300 0.5700 0.1300
`dark_orange 255 140 0 1.0000 0.5490 0.0000
`mars_orange 150 69 20 0.5900 0.2700 0.0800
`mars_yellow 227 112 26 0.8900 0.4400 0.1000
`orange 255 128 0 1.0000 0.5000 0.0000
`orange_red 255 69 0 1.0000 0.2706 0.0000
`yellow_ochre 227 130 23 0.8900 0.5100 0.0900
`
`Yellows
`aureoline_yellow 255 168 36 1.0000 0.6600 0.1400
`banana 227 207 87 0.8900 0.8100 0.3400
`cadmium_lemon 255 227 3 1.0000 0.8900 0.0100
`cadmium_yellow 255 153 18 1.0000 0.6000 0.0700
`gold 255 215 0 1.0000 0.8431 0.0000
`goldenrod 218 165 32 0.8549 0.6471 0.1255
`goldenrod_dark 184 134 11 0.7216 0.5255 0.0431
`goldenrod_light 250 250 210 0.9804 0.9804 0.8235
`goldenrod_pale 238 232 170 0.9333 0.9098 0.6667
`light_goldenrod 238 221 130 0.9333 0.8667 0.5098
`melon 227 168 105 0.8900 0.6600 0.4100
`naplesyellowdeep 255 168 18 1.0000 0.6600 0.0700
`yellow 255 255 0 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
`yellow_light 255 255 224 1.0000 1.0000 0.8784
`
`Greens
`chartreuse 127 255 0 0.4980 1.0000 0.0000
`chromeoxidegreen 102 128 20 0.4000 0.5000 0.0800
`cinnabar_green 97 179 41 0.3800 0.7000 0.1600
`cobalt_green 61 145 64 0.2400 0.5700 0.2500
`emerald_green 0 201 87 0.0000 0.7900 0.3400
`forest_green 34 139 34 0.1333 0.5451 0.1333
`green 0 255 0 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
`green_dark 0 100 0 0.0000 0.3922 0.0000
`green_pale 152 251 152 0.5961 0.9843 0.5961
`green_yellow 173 255 47 0.6784 1.0000 0.1843
`lawn_green 124 252 0 0.4863 0.9882 0.0000
`lime_green 50 205 50 0.1961 0.8039 0.1961
`mint 189 252 201 0.7400 0.9900 0.7900
`olive 59 94 43 0.2300 0.3700 0.1700
`olive_drab 107 142 35 0.4196 0.5569 0.1373
`olive_green_dark 85 107 47 0.3333 0.4196 0.1843
`permanent_green 10 201 43 0.0400 0.7900 0.1700
`sap_green 48 128 20 0.1900 0.5000 0.0800
`sea_green 46 139 87 0.1804 0.5451 0.3412
`sea_green_dark 143 188 143 0.5608 0.7373 0.5608
`sea_green_medium 60 179 113 0.2353 0.7020 0.4431
`sea_green_light 32 178 170 0.1255 0.6980 0.6667
`spring_green 0 255 127 0.0000 1.0000 0.4980
`spring_greenmedium 0 250 154 0.0000 0.9804 0.6039
`terre_verte 56 94 15 0.2200 0.3700 0.0600
`viridian_light 110 255 112 0.4300 1.0000 0.4400
`yellow_green 154 205 50 0.6039 0.8039 0.1961
`
`Cyans
`aquamarine 127 255 212 0.4980 1.0000 0.8314
`aquamarinemedium 102 205 170 0.4000 0.8039 0.6667
`cyan 0 255 255 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000
`cyan_white 224 255 255 0.8784 1.0000 1.0000
`turquoise 64 224 208 0.2510 0.8784 0.8157
`turquoise_dark 0 206 209 0.0000 0.8078 0.8196
`turquoise_medium 72 209 204 0.2824 0.8196 0.8000
`turquoise_pale 175 238 238 0.6863 0.9333 0.9333
`
`Blues
`alice_blue 240 248 255 0.9412 0.9725 1.0000
`blue 0 0 255 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
`blue_light 173 216 230 0.6784 0.8471 0.9020
`blue_medium 0 0 205 0.0000 0.0000 0.8039
`cadet 95 158 160 0.3725 0.6196 0.6275
`cobalt 61 89 171 0.2400 0.3500 0.6700
`cornflower 100 149 237 0.3922 0.5843 0.9294
`cerulean 5 184 204 0.0200 0.7200 0.8000
`dodger_blue 30 144 255 0.1176 0.5647 1.0000
`indigo 8 46 84 0.0300 0.1800 0.3300
`manganese_blue 3 168 158 0.0100 0.6600 0.6200
`midnight_blue 25 25 112 0.0980 0.0980 0.4392
`navy 0 0 128 0.0000 0.0000 0.5020
`peacock 51 161 201 0.2000 0.6300 0.7900
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`powder_blue 176 224 230 0.6902 0.8784 0.9020
`royal_blue 65 105 225 0.2549 0.4118 0.8824
`slate_blue 106 90 205 0.4157 0.3529 0.8039
`slate_blue_dark 72 61 139 0.2824 0.2392 0.5451
`slate_blue_light 132 112 255 0.5176 0.4392 1.0000
`slate_blue_medium 123 104 238 0.4824 0.4078 0.9333
`sky_blue 135 206 235 0.5294 0.8078 0.9216
`sky_blue_deep 0 191 255 0.0000 0.7490 1.0000
`sky_blue_light 135 206 250 0.5294 0.8078 0.9804
`steel_blue 70 130 180 0.2745 0.5098 0.7059
`steel_blue_light 176 196 222 0.6902 0.7686 0.8706
`turquoise_blue 0 199 140 0.0000 0.7800 0.5500
`ultramarine 18 10 143 0.0700 0.0400 0.5600
`
`Magentas
`blue_violet 138 43 226 0.5412 0.1686 0.8863
`cobalt_violetdeep 145 33 158 0.5700 0.1300 0.6200
`magenta 255 0 255 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000
`orchid 218 112 214 0.8549 0.4392 0.8392
`orchid_dark 153 50 204 0.6000 0.1961 0.8000
`orchid_medium 186 85 211 0.7294 0.3333 0.8275
`permanent_violet 219 38 69 0.8600 0.1500 0.2700
`plum 221 160 221 0.8667 0.6275 0.8667
`purple 160 32 240 0.6275 0.1255 0.9412
`purple_medium 147 112 219 0.5765 0.4392 0.8588
`ultramarine_violet 92 36 110 0.3600 0.1400 0.4300
`violet 143 94 153 0.5600 0.3700 0.6000
`violet_dark 148 0 211 0.5804 0.0000 0.8275
`violet_red 208 32 144 0.8157 0.1255 0.5647
`violet_redmedium 199 21 133 0.7804 0.0824 0.5216
`violet_red_pale 219 112 147 0.8588 0.4392 0.5765
`References
`An inexpensive scheme for calibration of a color monitor in terms of CIE standard coordinates
`W.B. Cowan, Computer Graphics, Vol. 17 No. 3, 1983
`Calibration of a computer controlled color monitor
`Brainard, D.H, Color Research & Application, 14, 1, pp 23-34 (1989).
`Color Monitor Colorimetry
`SMPTE Recommended Practice RP 145-1987
`Color Temperature for Color Television Studio Monitors
`SMPTE Recommended Practice RP 37
`Color Science in Television and Display Systems
`Sproson, W, N, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1983. ISBN 0-85274-413-7
`CIE Colorimetry
`Official recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination, Publication 15.2 1986
`CRT Colorimetry:Part 1 Theory and Practice, Part 2 Metrology
`Berns, R.S., Motta, R.J. and Gorzynski, M.E., Color Research and Application, 18, (1993)
`Effective Color Displays. Theory and Practice
`Travis, D, Academic Press, 1991. ISBN 0-12-697690-2
`Color and Its Reproduction
`Field, G.G., Graphics Arts Technical, Foundation, 1988, pp. 320-9
`Gamma and its disguises: The nonlinear mappings of intensity in perception, CRT's, Film and Video
`C. A. Poynton, SMPTE Journal, December 1993
`Measuring Color (second edition),
`R. W. G. Hunt, Ellis Horwood 1991, ISBN 0-13-567686-x
`On the Gun Independence and Phosphor Consistency of Color Video Monitors
`W.B. Cowan N. Rowell, Color Research and Application, V.11 Supplement 1986
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`Precision requirements for digital color reproduction
`M Stokes MD Fairchild RS Berns, ACM Transactions on graphics, v11 n4 1992
`The colorimetry of self luminous displays - a bibliography
`CIE Publication n.87, Central Bureau of the CIE, Vienna 1990
`The Reproduction of Color in PhotoGraphy, Printing and Television
`R. W. G. Hunt, Fountain Press, Tolworth, England, 1987
`Fully Utilizing Photo CD Images, Article No. 4, PhotoYCC Color Encoding and Compression Schemes
`Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester NY (USA) (1993).
`Digital halftoning
`Robert Ulichney, MIT Press, 1987, ISBN 0-262-21009-6
`
`W W W B r o w s e r c o l o u r s
`Written by Paul Bourke
`September 1996
`Achieving consistent colour representation within WWW documents between browsers (NetScape, MSIE) and hardware
`platforms (Macintosh, Windows, UNIX) requires some knowledge of how browsers allocate colours when running in 8 bit
`mode (256 colours). If 16, 24 or higher colour modes are being used then exact colour representation is achieved without
`dithering and the following doesn't apply.
`Colour in HTML is represented by 3 hexadecimal (hex) pairs, representing the red, green, blue components of the final colour.
`Each RGB component is stored as 1 byte (unsigned) ranging numerically from 0 to 255, in hex this is "00" to "ff". The colour
`model is the familiar colour cube used in computer graphics.
`
`Any colour can be requested by a WWW page but the browser will not necessarily use that colour precisely due to hardware
`limitations. Even if the hardware is capable of 24 bit colour, the actual RGB components are often rounded to multiples of 4,
`fortunately this is not discernable by humans even if it could be resolved by the monitor. In index colour system such as the
`most common 256 colour system, the actual colours that can be displayed are quantised into much coarser steps. The operating
`system generally needs some colours for its own use such as drawing window boundaries, menus, etc. Browsers on Macintosh
`and MSWindows systems use 216 of the available 256 colours, the remaining 40 are left available for the operating system to
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`allocate as necessary. If colours are used that are not in the palette of 256 colours the browser will either convert the colour to
`one that is closest in the palette or it will give the bext representation of the requested colour by dithering a number of the
`available colours. If these colours are being used for backgrounds and/or text it can often mean the difference between a
`readable and unreadable page.
`
`Consider the rectangle on the right. It is created using a colour that is in the standard 216 palette used by browsers
`(NetScape and MSIE).
`The rectangle on the right however uses a colour not in the standard palette. It will either look like a solid colour if
`you have a 16 or 24 bit colour system or dithered if you have a 256 indexed colour system.
`
` 
`
` 
`
`The set of colours which, if used, will look the same on all 256 palette systems is simply a 6x6x6 (216) partitioning of the
`colour cube. The discrete steps in each RGB component are
`
`or in hex
`
`or as percentages
`
`000
`
`051
`
`102
`
`153
`
`204
`
`255
`
`00
`
`33
`
`66
`
`99
`
`cc
`
`ff
`
`000%
`
`020%
`
`040%
`
`060%
`
`080%
`
`100%
`
`This doesn't include any grey scale levels (where r = g = b) but fortunately the 40 system wide colours usually include a good
`range of grey values.
`
`00 00 00
`00 33 00
`00 66 00
`00 99 00
`00 CC 00
`00 FF 00
`
`33 00 00
`33 33 00
`33 66 00
`33 99 00
`33 CC 00
`33 FF 00
`
`66 00 00
`66 33 00
`66 66 00
`66 99 00
`66 CC 00
`66 FF 00
`
`99 00 00
`99 33 00
`99 66 00
`
`00 00 33
`00 33 33
`00 66 33
`00 99 33
`00 CC 33
`00 FF 33
`
`33 00 33
`33 33 33
`33 66 33
`33 99 33
`33 CC 33
`33 FF 33
`
`66 00 33
`66 33 33
`66 66 33
`66 99 33
`66 CC 33
`66 FF 33
`
`99 00 33
`99 33 33
`99 66 33
`
`00 00 66
`00 33 66
`00 66 66
`00 99 66
`00 CC 66
`00 FF 66
`
`33 00 66
`33 33 66
`33 66 66
`33 99 66
`33 CC 66
`33 FF 66
`
`66 00 66
`66 33 66
`66 66 66
`66 99 66
`66 CC 66
`66 FF 66
`
`99 00 66
`99 33 66
`99 66 66
`
`00 00 99
`00 33 99
`00 66 99
`00 99 99
`00 CC 99
`00 FF 99
`
`33 00 99
`33 33 99
`33 66 99
`33 99 99
`33 CC 99
`33 FF 99
`
`66 00 99
`66 33 99
`66 66 99
`66 99 99
`66 CC 99
`66 FF 99
`
`99 00 99
`99 33 99
`99 66 99
`
`00 00 CC
`00 33 CC
`00 66 CC
`00 99 CC
`00 CC CC
`00 FF CC
`
`33 00 CC
`33 33 CC
`33 66 CC
`33 99 CC
`33 CC CC
`33 FF CC
`
`66 00 CC
`66 33 CC
`66 66 CC
`66 99 CC
`66 CC CC
`66 FF CC
`
`99 00 CC
`99 33 CC
`99 66 CC
`
`00 00 FF
`00 33 FF
`00 66 FF
`00 99 FF
`00 CC FF
`00 FF FF
`
`33 00 FF
`33 33 FF
`33 66 FF
`33 99 FF
`33 CC FF
`33 FF FF
`
`66 00 FF
`66 33 FF
`66 66 FF
`66 99 FF
`66 CC FF
`66 FF FF
`
`99 00 FF
`99 33 FF
`99 66 FF
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`99 99 00
`99 CC 00
`99 FF 00
`
`CC 00 00
`CC 33 00
`CC 66 00
`CC 99 00
`CC CC 00
`CC FF 00
`
`FF 00 00
`FF 33 00
`FF 66 00
`FF 99 00
`FF CC 00
`FF FF 00
`
`99 99 33
`99 CC 33
`99 FF 33
`
`CC 00 33
`CC 33 33
`CC 66 33
`CC 99 33
`CC CC 33
`CC FF 33
`
`FF 00 33
`FF 33 33
`FF 66 33
`FF 99 33
`FF CC 33
`FF FF 33
`
`99 99 66
`99 CC 66
`99 FF 66
`
`CC 00 66
`CC 33 66
`CC 66 66
`CC 99 66
`CC CC 66
`CC FF 66
`
`FF 00 66
`FF 33 66
`FF 66 66
`FF 99 66
`FF CC 66
`FF FF 66
`
`99 99 99
`99 CC 99
`99 FF 99
`
`CC 00 99
`CC 33 99
`CC 66 99
`CC 99 99
`CC CC 99
`CC FF 99
`
`FF 00 99
`FF 33 99
`FF 66 99
`FF 99 99
`FF CC 99
`FF FF 99
`
`99 99 CC
`99 CC CC
`99 FF CC
`
`CC 00 CC
`CC 33 CC
`CC 66 CC
`CC 99 CC
`CC CC CC
`CC FF CC
`
`FF 00 CC
`FF 33 CC
`FF 66 CC
`FF 99 CC
`FF CC CC
`FF FF CC
`
`99 99 FF
`99 CC FF
`99 FF FF
`
`CC 00 FF
`CC 33 FF
`CC 66 FF
`CC 99 FF
`CC CC FF
`CC FF FF
`
`FF 00 FF
`FF 33 FF
`FF 66 FF
`FF 99 FF
`FF CC FF
`FF FF FF
`
`The above table was generated by slicing along the red axis of the colour cube, that is, each table above is a sampled plane
`parallel to the green-blue plane. Slices could be generated along the other two axes as well.
`Laid out as a PhotoShop table, the 256 colour palette for the Macintosh is shown on the left and the 216 palette for MS based
`machines is shown on the right.
`
`All three slices can be viewed below
`
`Red -- Green -- Blue
`Note: The above refers to what colours should be used when creating simple colour diagrams, for example, backgrounds,
`logos, etc. For photographic or other images with more than 256 colours it is better to use an adaptive colour table when
`creating the gif rather than dithering to the browser palette.
`C code to create colour table.
`
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`
`C o n v e r t i n g b e t w e e n R G B a n d C M Y , Y I Q , Y U V
`Compiled by Paul Bourke
`February 1994
`
`RGB to/from CMY
`Converting from RGB to CMY is simply the following
`
`The reverse mapping is similarly obvious
`
`C =
`M =
`Y =
`
`1 - R
`1 - G
`1 - B
`
`R =
`G =
`B =
`
`1 - C
`1 - M
`1 - Y
`
`The two system may also be known as additive for RGB and subtractive for CMY.
`RGB to/from YIQ
`The YIQ system is the colour primary system adopted by NTSC for colour television broadcasting. The YIQ color solid is
`formed by a linear transformation of the RGB cube. Its purpose is to exploit certain characteristics of the human visual system
`to maximize the use of a fixed bandwidth. The transform maxtrix is as follows
`
`R G B
`
` = 
`
`0.114
`0.299 0.587
`0.596 -0.274 -0.322
`0.212 -0.523 0.311
`
`Y I Q
`
`Note: First line Y = (0.299, 0.587, 0.144) (R,G,B) also gives pure B&W translation for RGB. The inverse transformation
`matrix that converts YIQ to RGB is
`
`Y I Q
`
`R G B
`
` = 
`
`0.621
`1.0 0.956
`1.0 -0.272 -0.647
`1.0 -1.105 1.702
`
`R G B
`
`RGB to/from YUV
`YUV is like YIQ, except that it is the PAL/European standard. Transformation matrix is
`
` = 
`
`0.114
`0.587
`0.299
`-0.147 -0.289 0.437
`0.615
`-0.515 -0.100
`
`Y U V
`
`The reverse transform is
`
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`
`Y U V
`
` = 
`
`1.140
`1.0 0.0
`1.0 -0.394 -0.581
`1.0 2.028
`0.0
`
`R G B
`
` 
`
`H S L c o l o u r s p a c e
`Hue - Saturation - Lightness
`Written by Paul Bourke
`June 2000
`The HSL colour space has three coordinates: hue, saturation, and lightness
`(sometimes luminance) respectively, it is sometimes referred to as HLS. The
`hue is an angle from 0 to 360 degrees, typically 0 is red, 60 degrees yellow,
`120 degrees green, 180 degrees cyan, 240 degrees blue, and 300 degrees
`magenta. Saturation typically ranges from 0 to 1 (sometimes 0 to 100%) and
`defines how grey the colour is, 0 indicates grey and 1 is the pure primary
`colour. Lightness is intuitively what it's name indicates, varying the lightness
`reduces the values of the primary colours while keeping them in the same
`ratio. If the colour space is represented by disks of varying lightness then the
`hue and saturation are the equivalent to polar coordinates (r,theta) of any
`point in the plane. These disks are shown on the right for various values of
`lightness.
`
`C code to transform between RGB and HSL is given below
`
`/*
` Calculate HSL from RGB
` Hue is in degrees
` Lightness is between 0 and 1
` Saturation is between 0 and 1
`*/
`HSL RGB2HSL(COLOUR c1)
`{
` double themin,themax,delta;
` HSL c2;
`
` themin = MIN(c1.r,MIN(c1.g,c1.b));
` themax = MAX(c1.r,MAX(c1.g,c1.b));
` delta = themax - themin;
` c2.l = (themin + themax) / 2;
` c2.s = 0;
`
`Lightness=0.0
`
`Lightness=0.1
`
`Lightness=0.2
`
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` if (c2.l > 0 && c2.l < 1)
` c2.s = delta / (c2.l < 0.5 ? (2*c2.l) : (2-2*c2.l));
` c2.h = 0;
` if (delta > 0) {
` if (themax == c1.r && themax != c1.g)
` c2.h += (c1.g - c1.b) / delta;
` if (themax == c1.g && themax != c1.b)
` c2.h += (2 + (c1.b - c1.r) / delta);
` if (themax == c1.b && themax != c1.r)
` c2.h += (4 + (c1.r - c1.g) / delta);
` c2.h *= 60;
` }
` return(c2);
`}
`/*
` Calculate RGB from HSL, reverse of RGB2HSL()
` Hue is in degrees
` Lightness is between 0 and 1
` Saturation is between 0 and 1
`*/
`COLOUR HSL2RGB(HSL c1)
`{
` COLOUR c2,sat,ctmp;
`
` while (c1.h < 0)
` c1.h += 360;
` while (c1.h > 360)
` c1.h -= 360;
`
` if (c1.h < 120) {
` sat.r = (120 - c1.h) / 60.0;
` sat.g = c1.h / 60.0;
` sat.b = 0;
` } else if (c1.h < 240) {
` sat.r = 0;
` sat.g = (240 - c1.h) / 60.0;
` sat.b = (c1.h - 120) / 60.0;
` } else {
` sat.r = (c1.h - 240) / 60.0;
` sat.g = 0;
` sat.b = (360 - c1.h) / 60.0;
` }
` sat.r = MIN(sat.r,1);
` sat.g = MIN(sat.g,1);
` sat.b = MIN(sat.b,1);
`
` ctmp.r = 2 * c1.s * sat.r + (1 - c1.s);
` ctmp.g = 2 * c1.s * sat.g + (1 - c1.s);
` ctmp.b = 2 * c1.s * sat.b + (1 - c1.s);
`
` if (c1.l < 0.5) {
` c2.r = c1.l * ctmp.r;
` c2.g = c1.l * ctmp.g;
` c2.b = c1.l * ctmp.b;
` } else {
` c2.r = (1 - c1.l) * ctmp.r + 2 * c1.l - 1;
` c2.g = (1 - c1.l) * ctmp.g + 2 * c1.l - 1;
` c2.b = (1 - c1.l) * ctmp.b + 2 * c1.l - 1;
` }
`
` return(c2);
`}
`
`Lightness=0.3
`
`Lightness=0.4
`
`Lightness=0.5
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`Lightness=0.6
`
`Lightness=0.7
`
`Lightness=0.8
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`
`Lightness=0.9
`
`Lightness=1.0
`
` 
`
`H S V c o l o u r s p a c e
`Hue - Saturation - Value
`Written by Paul Bourke
`June 2000
`The HSV colour space has three coordinates: hue, saturation, and value
`(sometimes called brighness) respectively. This colour system is attributed to
`"Smith" around 1978 and used to be called the hexcone colour model. The
`hue is an angle from 0 to 360 degrees, typically 0 is red, 60 degrees yellow,
`120 degrees green, 180 degrees cyan, 240 degrees blue, and 300 degrees
`magenta. Saturation typically ranges from 0 to 1 (sometimes 0 to 100%) and
`defines how grey the colour is, 0 indicates grey and 1 is the pure primary
`colour. Value is similar to luninance except it also varies the colour
`saturation. If the colour space is represented by disks of varying lightness
`then the hue and saturation are the equivalent to polar coordinates (r,theta) of
`any point in the plane. The disks on the right show this for various values.
`
`Value=0.0
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`Value=0.1
`
`Value=0.2
`
`Value=0.3
`
`C code to transform between RGB and HSV is given below
`
`/*
` Calculate RGB from HSV, reverse of RGB2HSV()
` Hue is in degrees
` Lightness is between 0 and 1
` Saturation is between 0 and 1
`*/
`COLOUR HSV2RGB(HSV c1)
`{
` COLOUR c2,sat;
`
` while (c1.h < 0)
` c1.h += 360;
` while (c1.h > 360)
` c1.h -= 360;
`
` if (c1.h < 120) {
` sat.r = (120 - c1.h) / 60.0;
` sat.g = c1.h / 60.0;
` sat.b = 0;
` } else if (c1.h < 240) {
` sat.r = 0;
` sat.g = (240 - c1.h) / 60.0;
` sat.b = (c1.h - 120) / 60.0;
` } else {
` sat.r = (c1.h - 240) / 60.0;
` sat.g = 0;
` sat.b = (360 - c1.h) / 60.0;
` }
` sat.r = MIN(sat.r,1);
` sat.g = MIN(sat.g,1);
` sat.b = MIN(sat.b,1);
`
` c2.r = (1 - c1.s + c1.s * sat.r) * c1.v;
` c2.g = (1 - c1.s + c1.s * sat.g) * c1.v;
` c2.b = (1 - c1.s + c1.s * sat.b) * c1.v;
`
` return(c2);
`}
`/*
` Calculate HSV from RGB
` Hue is in degrees
` Lightness is betweeen 0 and 1
` Saturation is between 0 and 1
`*/
`HSV RGB2HSV(COLOUR c1)
`{
` double themin,themax,delta;
` HSV c2;
`
` themin = MIN(c1.r,MIN(c1.g,c1.b));
` themax = MAX(c1.r,MAX(c1.g,c1.b));
` delta = themax - themin;
` c2.v = themax;
` c2.s = 0;
` if (themax > 0)
` c2.s = delta / themax;
` c2.h = 0;
` if (delta > 0) {
` if (themax == c1.r && themax != c1.g)
` c2.h += (c1.g - c1.b) / delta;
` if (themax == c1.g && themax != c1.b)
` c2.h += (2 + (c1.b - c1.r) / delta);
`
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`
` if (themax == c1.b && themax != c1.r)
` c2.h += (4 + (c1.r - c1.g) / delta);
` c2.h *= 60;
` }
` return(c2);
`}
`
`Value=0.4
`
`Value=0.5
`
`Value=0.6
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`Value=0.7
`
`Value=0.8
`
`Value=0.9
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`
`Value=1.0
`
`F r e q u e n c y t o R G B
`Compiled by Paul Bourke
`February 1994
`Reference: Rogers, David F., "Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics,"
`McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1985, pp390-398.
`The best way of finding the RGB values of a given wavelength is to use the CIE chromaticity diagram. The spectral locus is on
`the edge of the wing-shaped curve. You just need to transform the xy coordinate from CIEXYZ space into RGB space.
`Below I have spectral locus coordinates from 380nm to 780m in steps of 5 nm. It's written as a C array. We'll refer to any
`particular wavelength's coordinates as xc and yc. To transform into RGB, we need the xy coordinates of the RGB primaries and
`the alignment white. I'll use a set of typical values.
`
` x y
` Red 0.628 0.346 call these xr and yr
` Green 0.268 0.588 " " xg and yg
` Blue 0.150 0.070 " " xb and yb
` White 0.313 0.329 " " xw and yw
`From these we can compute the linear transformation from CIEXYZ to RGB.It is:
`
` [R] = [ 2.739 -1.145 -0.424 ] [X]
` [G] = [ -1.119 2.029 0.033 ] [Y]
` [B] = [ 0.138 -0.333 1.105 ] [Z]
`However, if the xy coordinate of the spectral color isn't inside the triangle formed by the RGB xy coordinates given above (and
`none of them are), then we must first find a closest match that is inside the triangle. Otherwise our RGB values will go outside
`the range [0,1], i.e. some values will be less than zero or greater than one.
`One common way of moving the color inside the triangle is to make the color whiter (i.e. desaturate it). Mathematically we do
`this by intersecting the line joining the color and the alignment white with the edges of the triangle. First define the line that
`goes through white and your color implicitly:
`
` Lc: [-(yw - yc)] * P + [-(yw - yc)] * [xc]
` [ xw - wc ] [ xw - xc ] [yc]
`For every pair of red, green, and blue, defi