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`1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
`US007907793B 1
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`c12) United States Patent
`San drew
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,907,793 Bl
`Mar.15,2011
`
`(54)
`
`IMAGE SEQUENCE DEPTH ENHANCEMENT
`SYSTEM AND METHOD
`
`(75)
`
`Inventor: Barry Sandrew, Encinitas, CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Legend Films Inc., San Diego, CA (US)
`
`( *) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`EP
`
`4,017,166 A
`4,021,841 A
`4,021,846 A
`4,149,185 A
`
`4/1977 Kent et a!.
`5/1977 Weinger
`511977 Roese
`4/1979 Weinger
`(Continued)
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`0302454
`2/1989
`(Continued)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 12/542,498
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Aug. 17, 2009
`
`Ohm eta!., An Object-Based System for Stereopscopic Viewpoint
`Synthesis, IEEE transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video Tech(cid:173)
`nology, vol. 7, No.5, Oct. 1997, pp. 801-811.
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(Continued)
`
`(60) Continuation-in-part of application No. 12/032,969,
`filed on Feb. 18,2008, now Pat. No. 7,577,312, which
`is a continuation of application No. 11/324,815, filed
`on Jan. 4, 2006, now Pat. No. 7,333,670, which is a
`division of application No. 10/450,970, filed as
`application No. PCTIUS02/14192 on May 6, 2002,
`now Pat. No. 7,181,081.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/288,929, filed on May
`4, 2001.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`G06K 9136
`(2006.01)
`(52) U.S. Cl. ........ 382/284; 382/154; 382/307; 348/576;
`348/586
`(58) Field of Classification Search .................. 382/154,
`382/284, 294, 307; 348/576, 586
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
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`
`Primary Examiner- Yosef Kassa
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm- ARC IP Law, PC; Joseph J.
`Mayo
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`Motion picture scenes to be colorized/depth enhanced
`(2D---;.3D) are broken into separate elements, backgrounds/
`sets or motion/onscreen-action. Background and motion ele(cid:173)
`ments are combined separately into single frame representa(cid:173)
`tions of multiple frames which becomes a visual reference
`database that includes data for all frame offsets used later for
`the computer controlled application of masks within a
`sequence of frames. Each pixel address within the database
`corresponds to a mask/lookup table address within the digital
`frame and X, Y, Z location of subsequent frames. Masks are
`applied to subsequent frames of motion objects based on
`various differentiating image processing methods, including
`automated mask fitting of all masks or single masks in an
`entire frame, bezier and polygon tracing of selected regions
`with edge detected shaping and operator directed detection of
`subsequent regions. Colors and/or depths are automatically
`applied to masks throughout a scene from the composite
`background and to motion objects.
`
`20 Claims, 63 Drawing Sheets
`(6 of 63 Drawing Sheet(s) Filed in Color)
`
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`EP
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`1187494
`3/2002
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`
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`Figure 1
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`Figure 2
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`Isolated
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`Figure 4
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`2~~'"'''u< u
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`u I M~~~l~ct I
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`~~
`Isolated
`Background
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`Figure 5A , ............................................................................................................................................................................. .
`
`-r:~~ .. v
`fm.!ne [~ _-+
`th<: only
`fi-ame
`fuHv
`1na~;k~d
`·with
`color
`lookun
`tabks'
`
`,. ...... ...
`frarnc ~
`
`numbers I
`
`7
`
`13
`
`19
`
`lO
`
`l6
`
`I 1
`
`l7
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`... 22··~--23
`
`24
`
`Floaiing
`Tm,J
`Bar
`
`l4
`
`2.0
`
`·--------' .• -;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;. •• -;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;. •• -;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;..;;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-h_-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-1.-:.-:.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.-;.~----
`
`Figure 58
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`Figure 6A
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`Floating: child
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`windo-vv overlaying: sequential fram:.:s
`
`('ontroJ.s kn· prcvio;:\ving underlying images in real--
`time motion or
`thnnc ;.;tepping to assure
`rmtsk alignment :md
`cuntrol
`
`Frame
`turmbcrs
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`croo1
`Bar
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`-------------------------
`
`Figure 6B
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`Figure 7A
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`Key frame
`masks or
`individual
`111<1sks are
`autOJ:YtaticaJl v
`~
`copied to
`subs:::qucnt
`frarnes
`through 36)
`
`Frame
`numbers
`·················l!t-
`
`3
`
`9
`
`14
`
`15
`
`4
`
`10
`
`16
`
`5
`
`I J
`
`6
`
`12
`
`17
`
`lS
`
`Tnoi
`Bar
`
`23
`21
`24
`22
`20
`19
`1------------------------~--------------------- ------------------------------------------1------------------------------------------
`
`25
`
`:1
`....
`
`26
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`27
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`28
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`29
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`30
`
`Figure 78
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`Figure 9A
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`Figure 98
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`Figure 10A
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`Reference Image
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`Figure 108
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`Reference Box (xO, yO)
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`Search Box (;c y)
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`Figure 10C
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`Figure 10D
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`Search !mage
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`Descent
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`Figure 11 B
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`Search Box 1
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`Figure 11A
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`Figure 11C
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`Figure 37
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`ask Fit
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`Initialize region and
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`interpolate mask on fit grid
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`cleanup
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`FIGURE 42
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`1
`IMAGE SEQUENCE DEPTH ENHANCEMENT
`SYSTEM AND METHOD
`
`This application is a continuation in part of U.S. Utility
`patent application Ser. No. 12/032,969, filed 18 Feb. 2008 and
`issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,312, which is a continuation of
`Ser. No. 11/324,815 U.S. Pat. No. 7,333,670 filed4 Jan. 2006,
`which is a divisional of Ser. No. 10/450,970 U.S. Pat. No.
`7,181,081, filed Jun. 18, 2003 which is a national stage entry
`of Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. PCT/
`US02/14192, filed May 6, 2002, which claims the benefit of
`U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/288,929 filed May 4,
`2001, the specifications of which are all hereby incorporated
`herein by reference.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`2
`the creation of wire frame models for objects in images. The
`creation of wire frame models is a large undertaking in terms
`of labor. These systems also do not utilize the underlying
`luminance gray scale of objects in the images to automati(cid:173)
`cally position and correct the shape of the masks of the objects
`to correspond with image feature displacement and distortion
`from one frame to another. Hence, great amounts oflabor are
`required to manually shape masks for applying depth or Z-di(cid:173)
`mension data to the objects. Motion objects that move from
`10 frame to frame thus require a great deal of human interven(cid:173)
`tion. In addition, there are no known solutions for enhancing
`two-dimensional images into three-dimensional images that
`utilize composite backgrounds of multiple images in a frame
`for spreading depth information to background and masked
`15 objects. Hence there is a need for an image sequence depth
`enhancement system and method.
`
`BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`One or more embodiments of the invention are related to
`the field of image analysis and image enhancement, (sug- 20
`gested class 382, subclass 254). More particularly, but not by
`way oflimitation, one or more embodiments of the invention
`enable an image sequence depth enhancement system and
`method that allows for the rapid conversion of a sequence of
`two-dimensional images into three-dimensional images.
`2. Description of the Related Art
`Known methods for the colorizing of black and white
`feature films involved the identification of gray scale regions
`within a picture followed by the application of a pre-selected
`color transform or lookup tables for the gray scale within each 30
`region defined by a masking operation covering the extent of
`each selected region and the subsequent application of said
`masked regions from one frame to many subsequent frames.
`The primary difference between U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,072,
`System And Method For Color Image Enhancement, and U.S. 35
`Pat. No. 3,705,762, Method For Converting Black-And(cid:173)
`White Films To Color Films, is the manner by which the
`regions of interest (ROis) are isolated and masked, how that
`information is transferred to subsequent frames and how that
`mask information is modified to conform with changes in the 40
`underlying image data. In the U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,072 system,
`the region is masked by an operator via a one-bit painted
`overlay and operator manipulated using a digital paintbrush
`method frame by frame to match the movement. In the U.S.
`Pat. No. 3,705,762 process, each region is outlined or rota- 45
`scoped by an operator using vector polygons, which are then
`adjusted frame by frame by the operator, to create animated
`masked ROis.
`In both systems the color transform lookup tables and
`regions selected are applied and modified manually to each
`frame in succession to compensate for changes in the image
`data which the operator detects visually. All changes and
`movement of the underlying luminance gray scale is subjec(cid:173)
`tively detected by the operator and the masks are sequentially
`corrected manually by the use of an interface device such as
`a mouse for moving or adjusting mask shapes to compensate
`for the detected movement. In all cases the underlying gray
`scale is a passive recipient of the mask containing pre-se(cid:173)
`lected color transforms with all modifications of the mask
`under operator detection and modification. In these prior
`inventions the mask information does not contain any infor(cid:173)
`mation specific to the underlying luminance gray scale and
`therefore no automatic position and shape correction of the
`mask to correspond with image feature displacement and
`distortion from one frame to another is possible.
`Existing systems that are utilized to convert two-dimen(cid:173)
`sional images to three-dimensional images generally require
`
`Embodiments of the invention classifY scenes to be col-
`orized and/or converted from two-dimensional to three-di(cid:173)
`mensional into movies into two separate categories; either
`background elements (i.e. sets and foreground elements that
`are stationary) or motion elements (e.g., actors, automobiles,
`25 etc) that move throughout the scene. These background ele(cid:173)
`ments and motion elements are treated separately in this
`invention similar to the mauner in which traditional anima(cid:173)
`tion is produced.
`Motion Elements: The motion elements are displayed as a
`series of sequential tiled frame sets or thumbnail images
`complete with background elements. The motion elements
`are masked in a key frame using a multitude of operator
`interface tools common to paint systems as well as unique
`tools such as relative bimodal thresholding in which masks
`are applied selectively to contiguous light or dark areas bifur(cid:173)
`cated by a cursor brush. After the key frame is fully designed
`and masked, all mask information from the key frame is then
`applied to all frames in the display-using mask fitting tech(cid:173)
`niques that include:
`1. Automatic mask fitting using Fast Fourier Transform and
`Gradient Decent Calculations based on luminance and pat(cid:173)
`tern matching which references the same masked area of the
`key frame followed by all prior subsequent frames in succes(cid:173)
`Sion.
`2. Bezier curve animation with edge detection as an auto(cid:173)
`matic animation guide
`3. Polygon animation with edge detection as an automatic
`animation guide
`In another embodiment of this invention, these background
`50 elements and motion elements are combined separately into
`single frame representations of multiple frames, as tiled
`frame sets or as a single frame composite of all elements (i.e.,
`including both motion and backgrounds/foregrounds) that
`then becomes a visual reference database for the computer
`55 controlled application of masks within a sequence composed
`of a multiplicity of frames. Each pixel address within the
`reference visual database corresponds to mask/lookup table
`address within the digital frame and X, Y, Z location of sub(cid:173)
`sequent "raw" frames that were used to create the reference
`60 visual database. Masks are applied to subsequent frames
`based on various differentiating image processing methods
`such as edge detection combined with pattern recognition and
`other sub-mask analysis, aided by operator segmented
`regions of interest from reference objects or frames, and
`65 operator directed detection of subsequent regions corre(cid:173)
`sponding to the original region of interest. In this mauner, the
`gray scale actively determines the location and shape of each
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`PRIME FOCUS EX 1001-67
`PRIME FOCUS v LEGEND3D
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`US 7,907,793 Bl
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`applied to all frames used to create the single representation
`of the background only where there is no pre-existing mask.
`This allows the designer to include as much detail as desired
`including air brushing of mask information and other mask
`application techniques that provide maximum creative
`expression. Once the background color design is completed
`the mask information is transferred automatically to all the
`frames that were used to create the single composited image.
`For depth projects, the distance from the camera to each item
`10 in the composite frame is automatically transferred to all the
`frames that were used to create the single composited image.
`By shifting masked background objects horizontally more or
`less, there precise depth is thus set in a secondary viewpoint
`frame that corresponds to each frame in the scene. Areas
`15 where no image data exists for a second viewpoint may be
`marked in one or more embodiments of the invention using a
`user defined color that allows for the creation missing data to
`ensure that no artifacts occur during the two-dimension to
`three-dimension conversion process. Any technique known
`20 may be utilized in embodiments of the invention to cover
`areas in the background where unknown data exists, i.e., that
`may not be borrowed from another scene/frame for example.
`After assigning depths to objects in