Compact disc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`Compact disc
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`Compact Disc
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`(Redirected from Compact Disc)
`
`"CD" redirects here. For other uses, see CD (disambiguation).
`Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data
`s a digital optical disc data
`storage format, co-developed by Philips and Sony . The
`storage format,
`format was originally developed to store and play only
`sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data
`(CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived
`from these, including write-once audio and data storage
`(CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact
`Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo
`CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD . Audio
`CD players have been commercially available since
`October 1982, when the first commercially available CD
`player was released in Japan.
`
`Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in)
`and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed
`audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various
`diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to
`3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing
`up to 24 minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers .
`
`At the time of the technology's introduction in 1982, a CD
`could store much more data than a personal computer
`hard drive , which would typically hold 10 MB. By 2010,
`hard drives commonly offered as much storage space as a
`thousand CDs, while their prices had plummeted to
`commodity level.
`
`In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and
`CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200
`billion CDs had been sold worldwide.[1] CDs are
`increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital
`storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD
`sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their
`
`The readable surface of a compact disc
`includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to
`cause light to diffract into a full visible spectrum
`Media type
`Optical disc
`Encoding
`Various
`Capacity
`Typically up to 700 MiB (up to
`80 minutes audio)
`780 nm wavelength (infrared
`and red edge) semiconductor
`laser, 1200 Kibit/s (1×)
`1200 Kibit/s (1×)
`
`Read
`mechanism
`
`Write
`mechanism
`Developed by Philips, Sony
`Usage
`Audio and data storage
`
`Optical discs
`
`General
`
`[show]
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc#Logical_format[9/26/2016 12:30:30 PM]
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`peak; however, they remain one of the primary
`distribution methods for the music industry.[2] In 2014,
`revenues from digital music services matched those from
`physical format sales for the first time.[3]
`
`Optical media types
`Standards
`See also
`
`[show]
`
`[show]
`
`[show]
`
`V · T · E
`
`Contents [hide]
`
`1 History
`1.1 Digital audio laser-disc prototypes
`1.2 Collaboration and standardization
`1.3 First Red Book CDs and players
`1.4 Initial launch and adoption
`1.5 Further development and decline
`1.6 Awards and accolades
`2 Physical details
`2.1 Integrity
`2.2 Disc shapes and diameters
`3 Logical format
`3.1 Audio CD
`3.2 Super Audio CD
`3.3 CD-MIDI
`3.4 CD-ROM
`3.5 Video CD (VCD)
`3.6 Super Video CD
`3.7 Photo CD
`3.8 CD-i
`3.9 CD-i Ready
`3.10 Enhanced Music CD (CD+)
`3.11 Vinyl Disc
`4 Manufacture
`5 Writable compact discs
`5.1 Recordable CD
`5.2 ReWritable CD
`5.2.1 Speed
`6 Copy protection
`7 See also
`8 References
`9 Further reading
`10 External links
`
`History [edit]
` has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital
`American inventor James T. Russell
`foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp.[4][5]
`information on an optical transparent
`Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation,
`Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in
`the 1980s.[6][7][8]
`
`The Compact Disc is an evolution of
`
`LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that
`
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`
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`Edit links
`
`enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were
`developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.[9] Although originally dismissed by Philips
`Research management as a trivial pursuit,[10] the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc
`format struggled.[11] In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital
`audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published
`in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular.
`Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and
`1984.[12] By 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales
`surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes.[13][14] The success of the compact disc has been
`credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony , who came together to agree upon and develop
`compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or
`player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.[15]
`
`Digital audio laser-disc prototypes [edit]
`
`Philips , started a small group with the aim to develop an
`In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of
`analog[16] optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl
`record.[17] However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research
`engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974.[16] In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory
`with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at
`11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.[16][18]
`
`Heitaro Nakajima , who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting
`organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony 's audio department in 1971. His team
`developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in
`1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.[19] Sony first publicly
`demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed
`the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit
`resolution) using MFM modulation. [20] In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital
`audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-
`interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact
`Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES
`Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels .[20] Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1
`March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio
`disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"[21] in Eindhoven , Netherlands .[22]
`
`Collaboration and standardization [edit]
`
`Sony executive Norio Ohga , later CEO and chairman of Sony, and Heitaro Nakajima were convinced of the
`format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.[23]
`
`As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of
`engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers
`Kees Schouhamer Immink
` and Toshitada Doi , the research
`pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. [21] After a
`year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced
`the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the
`standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international
`standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of
`
`This disc is highly corroded by time.
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`Compact disc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`the standard in 1996.
`
`The error correction cannot correct all
`errors. Two minutes can be played,
`however.
`
`Philips coined the term compact disc in line with another
`,[18] and contributed the
`audio product, the Compact Cassette
`general manufacturing process , based on video LaserDisc
`technology. Philips also contributed eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), which offers a certain resilience to
`defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the error-correction method, CIRC.
`The Compact Disc Story,[16] told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on
`the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc
`diameter. The task force consisted of around four to eight persons,[10][24] though according to Philips, the
`Compact Disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team."[25]
`
`First Red Book CDs and players [edit]
`
`Red Book was the first standard in the
`
`Rainbow Books range.
`
`Initial launch and adoption [edit]
`
`Philips established the Polydor Pressing Operations plant in Langenhagen near Hannover , Germany , and
`quickly passed a series of milestones.
`
`'s Eine Alpensinfonie (An Alpine
`The first test pressing was of a recording of Richard Strauss
`Symphony) played by the Berlin Philharmonic and conducted by Herbert von Karajan , who had been
`enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.[26]
`The first public demonstration was on the BBC television program Tomorrow's World in 1981, when
`[27]
`the Bee Gees ' album Living Eyes (1981) was played.
`The first commercial compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982. It was a recording from 1979 of
`Claudio Arrau performing Chopin waltzes (Philips 400 025-2). Arrau was invited to the Langenhagen
`plant to press the start button.
`The first popular music CD produced at the new factory was The Visitors (1981) by ABBA.[28]
`[29]
`released in Japan on 1 October 1982.
`The first 50 titles were
`The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe[30]
`and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles).[31] This event is often seen as the "Big
`Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the
`early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular
`praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Discman the
`CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. One of the first CD markets was
`devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. An advantage of the
`format was the ability to produce and market boxed sets and multi-volume collections.[11] The first artist to
`sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits , with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms.[32] The first major
`artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie , whose 15 studio albums were made
`available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.[33] In 1988, 400 million
`CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.[34]
`
`Further development and decline [edit]
`
`The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone
`record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage
`medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown
`
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`Compact disc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's
`introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments
`with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES
`Convention.[35] In June 1985, the computer-readable
`(read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were
`introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips.[36] Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for
`recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital
`recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as
`CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
`
`Sony CD Walkman D-E330
`
`CD-ROM
`
`audio cassette player as standard equipment in
`By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the
`new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the US to have a factory-equipped
`cassette player.[37] Currently, with the increasing popularity of portable digital audio players, such as mobile
`phones, and solid state music storage, CD players are being phased out of automobiles in favor of minijack
`auxiliary inputs, connections to USB devices and Bluetooth .[38]
`
`Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed
`Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of
`formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008,
`despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined
`overall by 20%,[39] although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures
`released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly.[40] As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only
`34 percent of music sales in the United States.[41] By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was
`purchased on physical media, (cid:1152) of this consisting of CDs;[42] however, in the same year in Japan, over 80%
`of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats.[43]
`
`audio
`
`Despite the rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology remains: companies
`are placing CDs in drug stores, supermarkets, and gas station convenience stores targeting to buyers least
`able to utilize internet-based distribution.[11]
`
`Awards and accolades [edit]
`
`Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the Compact Disc from professional organizations.
`These awards include
`
`[44]
`
`Technical Grammy Award for Sony and Philips, 1998.
`IEEE Milestone award, 2009, for Philips only with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips'
`Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The
`demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce
`audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for
`digital optical recording systems."[45]
`
`Physical details [edit]
`This section needs additional citations for verification.
`Relevant discussion may be found on the
`talk page . Please help
`
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`
`. Unsourced
`improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources
`material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and
`when to remove this template message)
`
`A CD is made from 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick,
`polycarbonate plastic and weighs 15–
`20 grams.[46][better source needed] From the center outward,
`components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-
`transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking
`ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program
`(data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a
`radius from 25 to 58 mm.
`
`A thin layer of aluminium or, more rarely, gold is applied to the
`surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of
`lacquer normally spin coated directly on the reflective layer.
`The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by screen
`printing or offset printing .
`
`CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as "pits",
`encoded in a spiral track moulded into the top of the
`polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as
`"lands". Each pit is approximately 100 nm deep by 500 nm
`wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5 (cid:151)m in length. [47] The
`distance between the tracks, the pitch, is 1.6 (cid:151)m.[48][49][50]
`
`Diagram of CD layers.
`A. A polycarbonate disc layer has the
`data encoded by using bumps.
`B. A shiny layer reflects the laser.
`C. A layer of lacquer protects the shiny
`layer.
`D. Artwork is screen printed on the top
`of the disc.
`E. A laser beam reads the CD and is
`reflected back to a sensor, which
`converts it into electronic data
`
`A motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning
`velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (constant linear velocity ) – equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the
`disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. (A disc played from beginning to end slows its
`rotation rate during playback.)
`
`The program area is 86.05 cm2, and the length of
`the recordable spiral is
`(86.05 cm2 / 1.6 (cid:151)m) = 5.38 km. With a scanning
`speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes,
`or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with
`data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by
`most players (though some old ones fail). Using a
`linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track
`pitch of 1.5 (cid:151)m increases the playing time to 80
`minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB.
`
`Comparison of various optical storage media
`
`A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared)
`semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the
`bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height
`between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the
`light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a
`photodiode , the data can be read from the disc. In order to
`accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser
`
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`
`is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player.
`This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the
`centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the
`spinning of the disc itself.
`
`The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros
`and ones of binary data . Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted
`encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit
`indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros.
`There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between
`each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn
`is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used
`in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved
`Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on
`the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book)
`were originally designed for CD Digital Audio , but they later
`became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).
`
`Integrity [edit]
`
`The pits in a CD are 500 nm wide,
`between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and
`150 nm deep
`
`Philips CDM210 CD Drive
`
`CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to
`the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during
`playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the
`clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges
`of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer
`and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits.[51] The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in
`Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.[52][53]
`
`Disc shapes and diameters [edit]
`
`The digital data on a CD begins at the center of
`the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which
`allows adaptation to the different size formats
`available. Standard CDs are available in two
`sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres
`(4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute
`audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB
`(737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity
`was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio
`Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the
`entirety of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one
`disc.[23] This is a myth according to Kees
`Immink, as the code format had not yet been
`decided in May 1980.[10] The adoption of EFM
`one month later would have allowed a playing
`time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74
`minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm.[54] The
`120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc#Logical_format[9/26/2016 12:30:30 PM]
`
`Comparison of several forms of disk storage
`showing tracks (not-to-scale); green denotes start and
`red denotes end.
`* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders
`operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
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`Compact disc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`formats, including Super Audio CD , DVD, HD
`DVD, and Blu-ray Disc . Eighty-millimeter discs
`("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB
`of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD,
`called a Maxi single .[citation needed]
`
`Physical size
`120 mm
`80 mm
`80x54 mm – 80x64 mm
`
`Audio Capacity CD-ROM Data Capacity
`74–80 min
`650–700 MiB
`21–24 min
`185–210 MiB
`~6 min
`10-65 MiB
`
`Definition
`Standard size
`Mini-CD size
`"Business card" size
`
`Logical format [edit]
`
`Audio CD [edit]
`Main article: Compact Disc Digital Audio
`
`The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a
`document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known
`colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM
`encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within
`the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red
`Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red
`Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono ); an MP3 CD , however, can have audio file formats with mono
`sound.
`
`CD-Text is an extension of the Red Book specification for audio CD that allows for storage of additional
`text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information
`is stored either in the lead-in area of the CD, where there is roughly five kilobytes of space available, or in
`the subcode channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes.
`
` is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio
`Compact Disc + Graphics
`data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G
`player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a
`computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for
`karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W.
`These six bits store the graphics information.
`
` (CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the Compact Disc +
`CD + Extended Graphics
`Graphics (CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG utilizes basic CD-ROM features to display text and video
`information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very
`few, if any, CD+EG discs have been published.
`
`Super Audio CD [edit]
`Main article: Super Audio CD
`
`optical audio disc format that was designed to
`Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution read-only
`provide higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Book. Introduced in 1999, it was developed
`by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the Red Book. SACD was in a format war with
`DVD-Audio, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to the Scarlet Book
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc#Logical_format[9/26/2016 12:30:30 PM]
`
`Papst Licensing GmbH & Co. KG - Exhibit 2005, p. 8
`
`

`

`Compact disc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`standard.
`
`Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well
`as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward
`compatible.
`
`CD-MIDI
`
`[edit]
`
`CD-MIDI is a format used to store music-performance data which upon playback is performed by electronic
`instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original Red Book CD-DA, these recordings are
`not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension to the original Red
`Book.
`
`CD-ROM [edit]
`Main article: CD-ROM
`
`For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. However, in 1988, the
`Yellow Book CD-ROM standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical
`data computer data storage
` medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a
`computer with a CD-ROM drive.
`
`Video CD (VCD)
`[edit]
`Main article: Video CD
`
`Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video
`media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern DVD-Video players, personal
`computers, and some video game consoles.
`
`The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita , and JVC and is referred to as the
`White Book standard.
`
`VHS video. Poorly compressed VCD video can
`Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to
`sometimes be lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and
`does not deteriorate further with each use.
`
`352x240 (or SIF) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of
`NTSC video. 352x288 is similarly one quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall)
`resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a
`much lower horizontal resolution.
`
`Super Video CD [edit]
`Main article: Super Video CD
`
`Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on
`standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and
`falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality.
`
`resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can
`SVCD has two-thirds the
`hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video
`length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to
`accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one
`SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc#Logical_format[9/26/2016 12:30:30 PM]
`
`Papst Licensing GmbH & Co. KG - Exhibit 2005, p. 9
`
`

`

`Compact disc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.
`
`Photo CD [edit]
`Main article: Photo CD
`
`Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the
`Photo CD is a system designed by
`discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special
`proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i
`Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any
`computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system . The images can also be printed out
`on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture
`CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.
`
`CD-i
`[edit]
`Main article: Philips CD-i
`
`The Philips Green Book specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for CD-i
`players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks which can be played on regular CD players, but CD-i
`discs are not compatible with most CD-ROM drives and software. The CD-i Ready specification was later
`created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the CD-i Bridge specification was added to
`create CD-i compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives.
`
`CD-i Ready [edit]
`Main article: CD-i Ready
`
`CD-i Ready , which puts CD-i software and data into the
`Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called
`pregap of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players.
`
`Enhanced Music CD (CD+)
`[edit]
`Main article: Blue Book (CD standard)
`
`Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format which combines audio tracks and data
`tracks on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first session and data in a second session. It was
`developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the Blue Book.
`
`Vinyl Disc [edit]
`Main article: VinylDisc
`
`Vinyl Disc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the
`can hold approximately three minutes of music.
`
`vinyl record . The vinyl layer on the disc's label side
`
`Manufacture [edit]
`Main article: CD manufacturing
`
`Replicated CDs are m