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`

`. Hawley's
`
`Condensed Chemical
`
`Dictionary
`
`TWELFTH EDITION
`
`Revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`~VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY
`~ .
`·
`NewYork
`
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`

`Copyright© 1993 by Van Nostrand Reinhold
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-18951
`ISBN 0-442-01131-8
`
`All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work© 1930, 1920, 1919 by The Chemical Catalog Co., Inc., and
`1987, 1981, 1977, 1971, 1966, 1956, 1950 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No part of this work covered by the copyright
`hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including pho-
`tocopying, recording, taping, or informational storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the
`publisher.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold
`115 Fifth Avenue
`New York, NY 10003
`
`Chapman and Hall
`2-6 Boundary Row
`London, SE1 8HN
`
`Thomas Nelson Australia
`102 Dodds Street
`South Melbourne 3205
`Victoria, Australia
`
`Nelson Canada
`1120 Birchmount Road
`Scarborough, Ontario M1K 504, Canada
`
`16 15 14 13
`
`12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Condensed chemical dictionary.
`Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary.-12th ed./revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`em.
`p.
`ISBN 0-442-01131-8
`I. Hawley, Gessner Goodrich, 1905-1983
`1. Chemistry-Dictionaries.
`II. Lewis, Richard J., Sr.
`III. Title.
`QD5.C5 1992
`540' .3-dc20
`
`92-18951
`CIP
`
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`

`309
`
`COPPER
`
`uid hydrogen in high thrust nuclear rocket en-
`gines; carbon dioxide, propylene glycol, and
`''Dowtherm'' in chemical processing reactors.
`Methoxypropanol has been introduced for die-
`sel engines. Some coolants provide antifreeze
`protection.
`See also antifreeze.
`
`(1873-1975). An Ameri-
`Coolidge, William D.
`can physical chemist born in Massachusetts. He
`received a degree in electrical engineering at
`M.I. T. (1896) and a doctorate in physics at Leip-
`zig (1899). In 1905, he joined the General Elec-
`tric Research Laboratory, which had been estab-
`lished five years earlier. Here he invented the
`ductile tungsten filament and developed the use
`of tungsten in electrical switches and medical x-
`ray tubes. He did pioneer research in experimen-
`tal metallurgy and powder metallurgy. He also
`had a prominent part in evaluating uranium re-
`search (1941) and in setting up the Manhattan
`project. He was the recipient of many honors
`and awards, including induction into the Na-
`tional Inventors Hall of Fame in 1975.
`
`cooperage. The manufacture of barrels, for-
`merly of wood but now including drums made
`of various materials such as resin-bonded fiber,
`metal, and plastic.
`
`A covalent
`(dative bond).
`coordinate bond.
`bond consisting of a pair of electrons donated
`by only one of the two atoms it joins.
`
`(complex compound).
`coordination compound.
`A compound formed by the union of a metal ion
`(usually a transition metal) with a non-metallic
`ion or molecule called a ligand or complexing
`agent. The ligand may be either positively
`or negatively charged (such ions as Cl- or
`NH2NH3 +)or it may be a molecule of water or
`ammonia. The most common metal ions are
`those of cobalt, platinum, iron, copper, and
`nickel, which form highly stable compounds.
`When ammonia is the ligand, the compounds
`are called ammines. The total number of bonds
`linking the metal to the ligand is called its coor-
`dination number. It is usually 2, 4, or 6, and
`often depends on the type of ligand involved.
`All ligands have electron pairs on the coordinat-
`ing atom (e.g., nitrogen) that can be either do-
`nated to or shared with the metal ions. The
`metal ion acts as a Lewis acid (electron accep-
`tor), and the ligand as a Lewis base (electron
`donor). The bonding is neither covalent nor
`electrostatic, but may be considered intermedi-
`ate between the two types. The charge on the
`complex ion is the sum of the charges on the
`metal ion and the ligands; for example, 4NH3 +
`2Cl- + Co+ 3 forms the complex [Co(NH3) 4Cl2] +.
`
`The brackets enclose the metal ion and the coor-
`dinated ligands.
`See also chelate, sequestration, metallocene.
`
`Isomerism due to two
`coordination isomerism.
`central atoms, one in the positive complex and
`one in the negative complex.
`
`(CN). The number of
`coordination number.
`points at which ligands are attached to the metal
`ion in a complex. Common coordination num-
`bers are 2, 4, and 6, exemplified by the ions
`[Ag(NH3) 2] +, [Ni(CN)4F, and [PdC16] -2 •
`copaiba oil. A levorotatory, essential oil ob-
`tained from a tree native to Brazil; a component
`of copaiba resin (a type of balsam). The sap of
`this tree is a turpentine-like liquid which can be
`used as an automotive fuel; intensive cultivation
`of copaiba trees for this purpose is under exper-
`imentation in Brazil.
`
`copaiba resin. See balsam (3), copaiba oil.
`
`copaivic acid. C20H300 2 . A monobasic acid de-
`rived from copaiba balsam.
`
`copal. A group of fossil resins still used to some
`extent in varnishes and lacquers. Insoluble in
`oils and water. The most important types are
`Congo, kauri, and manila.
`
`Cope elimination reaction. Formation of an ole-
`fin and a hydroxylamine by pyrolysis of an
`amine oxide.
`
`Cope rearrangement. Thermal isomerization of
`1 ,5-dienes by .1 3,3 shift.
`
`"Copherol" [Henkel]. CAS: 7695-91-2.
`TM for natural tocopheryl acetate source of vi-
`tamin E.
`Use: As an antioxidant and moisturizer for topi-
`cal skin care and sunscreen products.
`
`copigment. A material which forms an unstable
`addition compound with the anthocyanin pig-
`ment of flowers, such as tannin.
`
`copolymer. An elastomer produced by the simul-
`taneous polymerization of two or more dissimi-
`lar monomers, as SBR synthetic rubber from
`styrene and butadiene.
`
`copper. CAS: 7440-50-8. Cu. Metallic ele-
`ment of atomic number 29, of group IB of the
`periodic system, aw 63.546, valences 1, 2; two
`stable isotopes.
`Properties: Distinctive reddish color, d 8.96, mp
`1083C, bp 2595C, ductile, excellent conductor
`of electricity. Complexing agent, coordination
`
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`

`EMULSION POLYMERIZATION
`
`462
`
`emulsion polymerization. Polymerization reac-
`tion carried out with the reactants in emulsified
`form. Performed at normal pressure - 20-
`+ 60C. Many copolymers (synthetic rubbers)
`are made in this way.
`
`"Emulvis" [Hall].
`stearate.
`Use: Viscosity builder and solubility retarder for
`cosmetics, soaps, and shampoos.
`
`TM for polyoxyethylene
`
`Several pairs of enantiomers are possible, de-
`pending on the number of asymmetric carbon
`atoms in the molecule. Compounds in which an
`asymmetric carbon is present display optical ro-
`tation.
`See also asymmetry, optical isomer; optical rota-
`tion.
`
`enantiomorph. See enantiomer.
`
`en. Abbreviation for ethylenediamine, used in
`formulas for coordination compounds, e.g., the
`cobalt complex Co[enh(N03h.
`See also dien, pn, py.
`
`encapsulation. The process in which a material
`or an assembly of small, discrete units is coated
`with or imbedded in a molten film, sheath, or
`foam, usually of an elastomer. A foam-forming
`plastic may be used to fill the spaces between
`various electrical or electronic components so
`(1) A type of paint consisting of an inti-
`enamel.
`that they are imbedded in and supported by the
`mate dispersion of pigments in a varnish or resin
`foam. Plastics and other materials used for this
`vehicle. The vehicle may be an oil-resin mix or
`purpose are often called potting compounds. A
`entirely synthetic resin. Those containing drying
`. specialized use of this technique is in growing
`oils are converted to films by oxidation; those
`crystals for semiconductors in which a coating
`comprised wholly of synthetic. resins may be
`of liquid boric oxide is the encapsulating agent.
`converted by either heat or oxidation, or both.
`Use of a glassy silicate coating to encapsulate
`See also baking finish.
`nuclear waste for permanent disposal is under
`(2) Porcelain enamel.
`investigation.
`--------------------------------------------------~~1H~&£Hffiffien&~aU·An~-------------------
`enamine. A group of amino olefins; the name re-
`fers especially to unsaturated tertiary amines of
`the general formula
`
`where R is any alkyl group. Though of little use
`as end products, enamines are valuable interme-
`diates for many organic syntheses.
`
`enanthaldehyde. See heptanal.
`
`enanthic acid. See n-heptanoic acid.
`
`enanthyl alcohol. See heptyl alcohol.
`
`enantiomer. (enantiomorph). One of a pair of
`· optical isomers containing one or more asym-
`metric carbon atoms C* whose molecular con-
`figurations have left- and right-hand (chiral)
`forms. These forms are conventionally desig-
`nated dextro (o) and levo (L) because they com-
`pare to each other structurally as do the right
`and left hands when the carbon atoms are lined
`up vertically. This is apparent in the enantio-
`morphic forms of glyceraldehyde; the two struc-
`tures are mirror images of each other and cannot
`be made to coincide:
`
`CHO
`I
`HO-CLH
`I
`CH20H
`
`(L)
`
`CHO
`I
`H-CLOH
`I
`CH10H
`
`(o)
`
`"Endic" Anhydride [ Velsicol]. TM for endo-
`cis-bicyclo(2.21)-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic an-
`hydride.
`(C9H80 3).
`Properties: White crystals; mp 163C; soluble in
`aromatic hydrocarbons, acetone, ethanol.
`Use: Elastomers, plasticizers, fire
`retardant
`chemicals, resins, and epoxy curing systems.
`
`endo-. A prefix used in chemical names to indi-
`cate an inner position, specifically (1) in a ring
`rather than a side chain or (2) attached as a
`bridge within a ring.
`See also exo-.
`
`endomycin. An antifungal antibiotic complex
`produced by streptomyces.
`
`"Endor" [DuPont]. TM for a rubber peptizing
`agent containing activated zinc salt of pen-
`and
`800Jo
`tachlorothiophenol. (C6Cl5S)2Zn
`inert filler.
`Properties: Grayish-green powder, d 2.39.
`
`endorphin. Any of a group of polypeptides
`formed in the brain tissue and pituitary gland of
`higher animals which are thought to control the
`transfer of signals at nerve junctions, thus en-
`suring that behavior patterns in the individual
`remain normal. Imbalance or malfunction of
`these polypeptides has been reported to be a fac-
`tor in irrational and violent actions and other
`emotional disorders as well as in epilepsy and
`memory processes. This'belongs to a developing
`
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`

`785
`
`MIESCHER DEGRADATION
`
`Chlorophyll has a naturally microcrystalline
`structure.
`See also cellulose; wax, microcrystalline; "Avi-
`ce!."
`
`(amorphous or petrolatum
`microcrystalline wax.
`wax). A hydrocarbon wax obtained from petro-
`leum which consists of extremely fine crystals.
`Stickier than paraffin wax and when melted, has
`higher viscosity than melted paraffin wax.
`Properties: Mp 145-190°.
`
`laboratories.
`forensic chemistry and police
`Many types of microscopes are used in industry;
`most important are the optical, ultra-, polariz-
`ing, stereoscopic, electron, and x-ray micro-
`scopes. Organic dyes of various types are used to
`stain samples for precise identification.
`
`TM for Ultra-pure
`"MicroSelect" [Fluka].
`basic reagents for use in biochemistry and the
`life sciences where relatively large amounts of
`reagents are required.
`
`microcurie. See curie.
`
`"Microsol" [Ciba-Geigy]. TM for aqueous pig-
`ment dispersions for spin-coloring of regener-
`ated cellulose fibers.
`
`microsphere. See microencapsulation.
`
`microencapsulation. Enclosure of a material in
`hollow spheres or capsules (microspheres) in the
`micron size range (20-150p.). They can be made
`of glass, silica, various high polymers or pro-
`teins (gelatin, albumen). The silica type can be microwave spectroscopy. A type of absorption
`incorporated in plastics, elastomers, and metals
`spectroscopy used in instrumental chemical
`for weight-saving purposes; they can also be
`analysis that involves use of that portion of the
`bonded to one another to give extremely thin
`electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths in
`sheets of silica. Microspheres coated with layers
`the range between the far infrared and the
`of Teflon and beryllium are used to contain the
`radio frequencies, i.e., between 1 millimeter and
`___ _:d:..:e:..::u:.:.te::::r:...:.i u=m==--=a=n=d=-t=r-=-:it:.:.iu=m==--=u=s~e~d:...:.i::.:n-=-:la=s:.::e~r~fu=s::.::i_:::_o=n-=e::..:xrp-=-er=------J3JJ0--'c~entimeter.s_._Substances_to_be_anazyze.cLar-'------
`imentation.
`usually in the gaseous state. Klystron tubes are
`Polymeric or proteinaceous microspheres are
`used as the microwave source.
`used to introduce drugs to specific locations in
`the body. The coating material acts as a semiper-
`meable membrane, permitting slow release and
`high concentration of a drug at the desired site.
`Enzymes, hormones, and other biochemical
`substances can be temporarily immobilized by
`this technique.
`
`middle oil. A fraction distilled from coal tar.
`See coal tar.
`
`middlings. The granular part of the interior of
`the wheat berry, obtained in the process of mill-
`ing. This product, when reduced by grinding to
`the desired fineness, produces the finest quality
`.of flour.
`
`(1889-1944). An American
`Midgley, Thomas Jr.
`chemist and inventor. One of the most creative
`and brilliant chemists of his era, Midgley's early
`work was in the field of rubber chemistry and
`technology, especially in the development of
`synthetic and substitute rubbers that were being
`introduced in the 1930s. He worked with Ketter-
`ing at General Motors and then became vice-
`president of Ethyl Corporation, as well as of the ·
`Ohio State University Research Foundation. His
`innovative genius was responsible for the devel-
`opment of organic lead compounds for anti-
`knock gasoline and later for the discovery of flu-
`orocarbon refrigerants for which he did the
`basic research. He was recipient of many .of
`chemistry's highest honors, including the Nich-
`ols Medal, the Perkin Medal, and the Priestley
`Medal.
`
`Miescher degradation. Adaptation of the Barb-
`ier-Wieland carboxylic acid degradation to per-
`mit simultaneous elimination of three carbon
`atoms, as in degradation of the bile acid side
`chain to the methyl ketone stage. Conversion of
`
`microgram (p.g). One millionth (I0-6) gram.
`
`"Microlith" [Ciba-Geigy]. TM for organic pig-
`ment stir-in dispersions compatible with a broad
`range of organic solvents and polymers.
`
`micrometer. (p.m). One millionth (I0-6) meter,
`or 1 micron (10,000Aunits).
`
`micron. See micrometer.
`
`micronutrient. See trace element.
`
`microorganism. An organism of microscopic
`size generally considered to include bacteria,
`molds (actimonyces), and fungi, but excluding
`viruses.
`See also bacteria.
`
`microscope. See optical microscope, electron mi-
`croscope,
`field-ion microscope, ultramicro-
`scope.
`
`microscopy, chemical. Use of a microscope pri-
`marily for study of physical structure and identi-
`fication of materials. This is especially useful in
`
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`

`''POLYLAN''
`
`936
`
`cally by the effect of heat and pressure on iso-
`prene in the presence of stereospecific catalysts.
`Natural rubber is cis-1 ,4-; synthetic cis-1 ,4- is
`sometimes called synthetic natural rubber.
`Trans-1 ,4-polyisoprene resembles gutta-percha.
`Polyisoprene is thermoplastic until mixed with
`sulfur and vulcaniz'ed. Supports combustion.
`See rubber, natural and synthetic. See catalyst,
`stereospecific.
`
`"Polylan" [ Amerchol]. TM for a polyunsatu-
`rated ester of linoleic acid and lanolin alcohols.
`An amber, viscous, oily liquid; soluble in min-
`eral oil, castor oil, anhydrous ethanol, isopro-
`panol, ethyl acetate; insoluble in water.
`Use: Hydrophobic conditioner in cosmetics and
`pharmaceuticals.
`
`"Poly-Lease" [Allied-Signal]. TM for an aero-
`sol mold release and parting agent for plastics
`and rubber materials based on a low-molecular-
`weight polyethylene lubricant. The usual pre-
`cautions for shipping and handling aerosol con-
`tainers apply.
`
`"Polylite" [Reichhold]. TM for a group of
`1000Jo reactive alkyd resins, dissolved in styrene
`and other monomers. Highly diversified appli-
`cations both alone and in combination with such
`materials as fibrous glass. This group also in-
`cludes resins for use with diisocyanate to form
`rigid or flexible polyurethane foams.
`
`"POLYMEKON" [Petrolite]. TM for a disper-
`sion.
`
`polymer. A macromolecule formed by the chem-
`ical union of five or more identical combining
`units called monomers. In most cases the num-
`ber of monomers is quite large (3500 for pure
`cellulose), and often is not precisely known. In
`synthetic polymers, this number can be con-
`trolled to a predetermined extent, e.g., by
`shortstopping agents. (Combinations of two,
`three, or four monomers are called, respectively,
`dimers, trimers, and tetramers, and are known
`collectively as oligomers.) A partial list of poly-
`mers by type is as follows:
`I. Inorganic siloxane, sulfur chains, black
`phosphorus, boron-nitrogen, silicones
`II. Organic
`1. Natural
`(a) Polysaccharides starch, cellulose,
`pectin, seaweed gums (agar, etc.),
`vegetable gums (arabic, etc.).
`(b) Polypeptides (proteins) casein, al-
`bumin, globulin, keratin, insulin,
`DNA
`(c) Hydrocarbons rubber and gutta
`percha (polyisoprene)
`2. Synthetic
`
`(a) Thermoplastic elastomers (unvul-
`canized), nylon, polyvinyl chloride,
`polyethylene (linear), polystyrene,
`polypropylene, fluorocarbon resins,
`polyurethane, acrylate resins
`(b) Thermosetting elastomers (vulcan-
`ized), polyethylene (cross-linked),
`phenolics, alkyds, polyesters
`3. Semisynthetic
`cellulosics
`(rayon,
`methylcellulose, cellulose acetate), mod-
`ified starches (starch acetate, etc.)
`See also following entries.
`
`polymer, addition. See addition polymer.
`
`polymer, atactic. See atactic.
`
`polymer, block. See block polymer.
`
`polymer, coordination. A polymer made by or-
`ganic addition neither free radical or ionic using
`an organometallic catalyst.
`
`polymer, condensation. A polymer formed by a
`condensation reaction.
`
`polymer, electroconductive. A polymer or elas-
`tomer made electrically conductive by incorpo-
`ration of a substantial percentage of a suitable
`metal powder, (e.g., aluminum) or acetylene
`carbon black; the proportion used must be high
`enough to permit the particles to be in contact
`with one another
`in
`the mixture. Poly-
`electrolytes such as ion-exchange resins, salts of
`polyacrylic acid, and sulfonated polystyrene are
`electroconductive in the presence of water. Py-
`rolysis of polyacrylonitrile makes it electrically
`conductive without impairment of its structure.
`Polyacetylene and a few related polymers are
`made conductive by various doping agents .such
`as arsenic pentafluoride and iodine.
`See also polyacetylene.
`
`polymer en tactic. A tactic polymer completely
`devoid of any structural disorder along its chain.
`
`polymer, graft. See graft polymer.
`
`polymer, high. An organic macromolecule com-
`posed of a large number of monomers. The mo-
`lecular weight may range from 5000 into the mil-
`lions (for some polypeptides). Natural high
`polymers are exemplified by cellulose (C6H 100)n
`and rubber (C5H8)n. Proteins are natural high
`polymer combinations of amino acid mono-
`mers. The dividing line between low and high
`polymers is considered to be in the neighbor-
`hood of 5000 to 6000 mw.
`Synthetic high polymers (or "synthetic res-
`ins") include a wide variety of materials having
`properties ranging from hard and brittle to soft
`
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`

`

`941
`
`POL YTERPENE RESIN
`
`troleum processing equipment, wetting and
`emulsifying agents, inhibiting hydrogen chlo-
`ride.
`
`"Polyram" [FMC]. TM for a wettable powder.
`Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
`Use: Fungicide approved for many vegetables.
`
`polyrotaxames. Hoop-like molecules threaded as
`"rotors" on a linear polymer "axle." Up to 40
`a-cyclodextrim (rotor) molecules have been _
`threaded on a poly(iminooligomethylene) (hub)
`chain.
`
`polysaccharide. A combination of nine or more
`monosaccharides, linked together by glycosidic
`bonds. Examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen.
`See also carbohydrate, phycocolloid.
`
`grades are available. Easily colored, molded,
`and fabricated. Copolymerization with butadi-
`ene and acrylonitrile and blending with rubber
`or glass fiber increase impact strength and heat
`resistance; autoign temp 800F. Combustible.
`Derivation: Polymerization of styrene by free
`radicals with peroxide initiator.
`Forms: Sheet, plates, rods, rigid foam, expand-
`able beads or spheres.
`Hazard: As for foam, plastic.
`Use: Packaging, refrigerator doors, air condi-
`tioner cases, containers and molded household
`wares, machine housings, electrical equipment,
`toys, clock and radio cabinets. (As foam): ther-
`mal insulations, light construction as in boats,
`etc., ice buckets, water coolers, fillers in ship-
`ping containers, furniture construction. (As
`spheres): radiator leak stopper.
`See also "Styron", "Styrofoam."
`
`polysiloxane. See siloxane.
`
`"Poly-Solv" [Olin]. TM for a series of glycol
`ether solvents for paints, varnishes, dry-cleaning
`soaps, cutting oils, insecticides.
`
`polysorbate. (USAN name for a polyoxyethylene
`fatty acid ester). One of a group of nonionic
`surfactants obtained by esterification of sorbitol
`with one or three molecules of a fatty acid (stea-
`ric, lauric, oleic, palmitic) under conditions
`which cause splitting out of water from the
`sorbitol, leaving sorbitan. About 20 moles of
`ethylene oxide per mole of sorbitol are used in
`the condensation to effect water solution.
`Properties: Lemon to amber, oily liquids; d 1.1;
`faint odor and bitter taste; most types are solu-
`ble in water, alcohol, and ethyl acetate. Com-
`bustible.
`Grade: Polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sor-
`bitan monolaurate). Polysorbate 60 (polyoxy-
`ethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate). Polysorbate
`80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate).
`Polysorbate 65 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan
`tristearate).
`Use: Surfactant, emulsifying agent, dispersing
`agents, shortenings and baked goods, pharma-
`ceuticals, flavoring agents, foaming and de-
`foaming agents.
`See also sorbitan fatty acid ester.
`
`j
`
`(C6H5CHCH2)n.
`polystyrene . . CAS: 9003-53-6.
`Polymerized styrene, a thermoplastic synthetic
`resin of variable molecular weight depending on
`degree of polymerization.
`Properties: Transparent, hard
`solid; high
`strength and impact resistance; excellent electri-
`cal and thermal insulator. Attacked by hy-
`drocarbon solvents but resists organic acids, al-
`kalies, and alcohols. Not recommended for
`outdoor use, as unmodified polymer yellows
`when exposed to light, but light-stable modified
`
`polysulfide elastomer. A synthetic polymer in ei-
`ther solid or liquid form obtained by the reac-
`tion of sodium polysulfide with organic dichlo-
`rides such as dichlorodiethyl formal, alone or
`mixed with ethylene dichloride. Outstanding for
`resistance to oils and solvents and for imperme-
`ability to gases. They have poor tensile strength
`and abrasion resistance, but are resilient and
`have excellent low-temperature flexibility. Some
`grades have fairly strong odor, which is not ob-
`jectionable in most applications. Sealant grades
`are furnished in two parts, which cure at room
`temperature when blended.
`Use: Gasoline and oil-loading hose, sealants and
`adhesive compositions, binder in solid rocket
`propellants, gaskets, paint spray hose.
`See also ''Thiokol.''
`
`polysulfone. A synthetic thermoplastic polymer.
`Properties: Hard, rigid, transparent solid. Ten-
`sile strength 10,000 psi, d 1.24, flexural strength
`15,000 psi, good electrical resistance, minimum
`creep, low expansion coefficient. Soluble in aro-
`matic hydrocarbons, ketones, and chlorinated
`hydrocarbons; resistant to corrosive acids and
`alkalies, to heat and oxidation and to deter-
`gents, oils, and alcohols. Dimensionally stable
`over temperature range -100 to + 148C; tends
`to absorb moisture, readily processed and fabri-
`cated. Combustible, but self-extinguishing.
`Derivation: Condensation of bisphenol A and
`dichlorophenyl sulfone.
`Use: Power-tool housings, electrical equipment,
`extruded pipe and sheet, auto components, elec-
`tronic parts, appliances, computer components,
`base matrix for stereotype printing plates.
`
`polyterpene resin. A class of thermoplastic resins
`or viscous liquids of amber color, obtained by
`polymerization of turpentine in the presence of
`catalysts such as aluminum chloride or mineral
`
`LUYE1036
`Luye Pharma Group Ltd., et al. v. Alkermes Pharma Ireland Ltd.
`IPR2016-01096
`
`

`

`1085
`
`STARCH
`
`soaps; catalyst; soldering flux; sensitizing agent
`for glass, paper, plastics.
`
`stannous chromate. (tin chromate). SnCr04 •
`Properties: Brown powder, almost insoluble in
`water.
`Derivation: Interaction of stannous chloride and
`sodium chromate.
`Hazard: Toxic material. TL V (asSn): 2 mg/m3 of
`air.
`Use: Decorating porcelain.
`
`stannous-2-ethylhexoate. (stannous octoate; tin
`octotate). Sn(C8H150 2h.
`Properties: Light yellow liquid; insoluble in
`water, methanol; soluble in benzene, toluene,
`petroleum ether; hydrolyzed by acids and bases;
`d 1.25; Gardner color 3 (max).
`Hazard: Toxic material. TL V (as Sn): 0.1 mg/m3 .
`of air.
`Use: Polymerization catalyst for urethane foams,
`lubricant, addition agent, stabilizer for trans-
`former oils.
`
`(tin fluoride; tin difluoride).
`stannous fluoride.
`CAS: 7783-47-3. SnF2.
`Properties: White, lustrous, crystalline powder
`with bitter, salty taste; mp 212-214C; practically
`insoluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform;
`slightly soluble in water.
`Grade: NF.
`Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to
`skin and tissue. TL V (as Sn): 2 mg/m3 of air.
`Use: Fluoride source in toothpastes.
`Note: Stannous hexafluorozirconate is said to be
`more effective than the fluoride in preventing
`dental caries.
`
`stannous octoate. See stannous-2-ethylhexoate.
`
`(tin oleate). CAS: 1912-84-1.
`
`stannous oleate.
`Sn(C1sH3302)2.
`Properties: Light yellow liquid; insoluble in water
`and methanol; soluble in benzene, toluene, pe-
`troleum ether; hydrolyzed by acids and bases.
`Hazard: Absorbed by skin. TLV (as Sn): 0.1
`mg/m3 of air.
`Use: Polymerization catalyst, inhibitor.
`
`(tin oxalate). CAS: 814-94-8.
`
`stannous oxalate.
`SnC20 4•
`Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder; d
`3.56; mp decomposes at 280C; soluble in acids;
`insoluble in water and acetone.
`Derivation: By the action of oxalic acid on stan-
`nous oxide.
`Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.
`Hazard: Absorbed by skin. TLV (as Sn): 0.1
`mg/m3 of air.
`Use: Dyeing and printing textiles, catalyst for es-
`terification reactions.
`
`(tin oxide; tin protoxide).
`stannous oxide.
`CAS: 21651-19-4. SnO.
`Properties: Brownish-black powder, unstable in
`air, reacts with acids and strong bases, insoluble
`in water, d 6.3, mp 1080C (600 mm Hg) (decom-
`poses), a nuisance particulate.
`Derivation: By heating stannous hydroxide in a
`current of carbon dioxide.
`Grade: Technical, CP.
`Use: Reducing agent, intermediate in preparation of
`stannous salts as used in plating and glass indus-
`tries, pharmaceuticals, soft abrasive (putty pow-
`der).
`
`stannous pyrophosphate. CAS: 15578-26-4.
`Sn2P20 7•
`Properties: White, free-flowing crystals; insolu-
`ble in water; d 4.009 (16C).
`Use: Toothpaste additive.
`
`(tin sulfate). CAS: 7488-55-3.
`
`stannous sulfate.
`SnS04•
`Properties: Heavy white or yellowish crystals, solu-
`ble in water and sulfuric acid, water solution de-
`composes rapidly, mp loses sulfur dioxide at 360C.
`Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on stannous
`oxide.
`Hazard: Toxic material. TL V (asSn): 2 mg/m3 of
`air.
`Use: Dyeing, tin-plating, particularly for plating
`automobile pistons and steel wire.
`
`stannous sulfide. (tin monosulfide; tin protosulf-
`ide; tin sulfide). CAS: 1314-95-0. SnS.
`Properties: Dark gray or black crystalline pow-
`der, d 5.080, bp 1230C, mp 880C, soluble in
`concentrated hydrochloric acid (decomposes),
`insoluble in dilute acids and water~
`Hazard: Toxic material. TL V (as Sn): 2 mg/m3 of
`air.
`Use: Making bearing material, catalyst in poly-
`merization of hydrocarbons, analytical reagent.
`
`(tin tartrate).
`stannous tartrate.
`CAS: 815-85-0. SnC4H40 6•
`Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder; sol-
`uble in water; dilute hydrochloric acid.
`Derivation: Action of tartaric acid on stannous
`oxide.
`·
`Hazard: Toxic material. TL V (asSn): 0.1 mg/m3
`of air.
`Use: Dyeing and printing fabrics.
`
`stannum. The Latin name for tin, hence, the
`symbol Sn in chemical nomenclature.
`
`staple. Describes a cotton fiber usually in refer-
`ence to length, i.e., short- or long-staple cotton.
`
`starch. CAS: 9005-25-8. A carbohydrate poly-
`mer having the following repeating unit:
`
`LUYE1036
`Luye Pharma Group Ltd., et al. v. Alkermes Pharma Ireland Ltd.
`IPR2016-01096
`
`

`

`STARCH-BASED POLYMER
`
`1086
`
`CH 2 0H
`6 CH .,OH
`c--=-o
`t-Q
`H/H" · \H
`. H/H
`\H
`c
`c
`•c
`c~
`-----' \OH l;t/ '-D---'\9H f;VL_o-
`<;:-<;:
`¢~<;
`H HO
`H HO
`It is composed of about 250Jo amylose (an-
`hydroglucopyranose units joined by glucosidic
`bonds) and 750Jo amylopectin, a branched-chain
`structure.
`Properties: White, amorphous, tasteless powder
`or granules; various crystalline forms may be
`obtained, including microcrystalline. Irrevers-
`ible gel formation occurs in hot water; swelling
`of granules can be induced at room temperature
`with such compounds as formamide, formic
`acid, and strong bases and metallic salts.
`Occurrence: Starch is a reserve polysaccharide in
`plants (corn, potatoes, tapioca, rice, and wheat
`are commercial sources).
`Grade: Commercial, powdered, pearl, laundry,
`technical, reagent, edible, USP.
`Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m3 in air.
`Use: Adhesive (gummed paper and tapes, car-
`tons, bags, etc.), machine-coated paper, textile
`filler and sizing agent, beater additive in
`papermaking, gelling agent and thickener in
`food products (gravies, custards, confection-
`ery), oil-well drilling fluids, filler in baking pow-
`ders (cornstarch), fabric stiffener in laundering,
`urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives for particle -
`board and fiberboard, explosives (nitrostarch),
`dextrin (starch gum), chelating and sequestering
`agent in foods, indicator in analytical chemistry,
`anti-caking agent in sugar, face powders, abher-
`ent and mold-release agent, polymer base.
`See starch-based polymer.
`
`(1) A reactive polyol de-
`starch-based polymer.
`rived from a mixture of a starch with dibasic
`acids, hydrogen-donating compounds, and cata-
`lysts dissolved in water; the slurry is subjected to
`high temperatures and pressures, yielding a low-
`viscosity polymer in a 50% solids aqueous solu-
`tion. A molecular rearrangement takes place,
`and the polymer formed is completely different
`from starch in structure and properties. It can be
`further reacted with acids, bases, and crosslink-
`ing agents. Suggested uses are in high wet-
`strength papers, as binders in paper coatings, as
`moisture barriers in packaging, and as water-re-
`sistant adhesives.
`(2) Yeast fermentation of starch to form a bio-
`degradable plastic called "pullulan" (a triglu_co
`polysaccharide) has been reported to be com-
`mercially feasible.
`See "Pullulan."
`
`starch dialdehyde. Starch in which the original
`anhydroglucose units have been partially
`
`changed to dialdehyde form l?Y oxidation, e.g.,
`the product of the oxidation of cornstarch by
`periodic acid. Available in cationic dfspersions
`up to 150Jo solids for mixing with paper pulp.
`Use: Thickening agent, tanning agent, binder for
`leaf tobacco, adhesives, wet-strength additive in
`paper.
`
`Indicator paper made by
`starch-iodide paper.
`dipping paper in starch paste containing potas-
`sium iodide.
`Use: To test for halogens and oxidizers such as
`hydrogen peroxide.
`
`starch, modified. Any of several water-soluble
`polymers derived from a starch (corn, potato,
`tapioca) by acetylation, chlorination, acid hy-
`drolysis, or enzymatic action. These reactions
`yield starch acetates, esters, and ethers in the
`.form of stable and fluid solutions and films.
`Modified starches are used as textile sizing
`agents and paper coatings. Thin-boiling starches
`have high gel strength, oxidized starches made
`with sodium hypochlorite have low gelling ten-
`dency. Introduction of carboxyl, sulfonate, or
`s