International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology:
`A Survey
`Anand Vardhan Bhalla
`B.T.I.R.T. College of Engineering and
`Technology, Sagar(M.P.)
`
`
`Mudit Ratana Bhalla
`Dept. of Computer Science & Applications
`Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar(M.P.)
`
`
`ABSTRACT
`transfer of
`the
`is
`Wireless communication
`information over a distance without the use of
`enhanced electrical conductors or "wires”. The
`distances involved may be short (a few meters as in
`television remote control) or long (thousands or
`millions of kilometers for radio communications).
`When the context is clear, the term is often
`shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various
`types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios,
`cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants
`(PDAs), and wireless networking. In this paper we
`will throw light on the evolution and development
`of various generations of mobile wireless
`technology along with
`their significance and
`advantages of one over the other. In the past few
`decades, mobile wireless
`technologies have
`experience 4 or 5 generations of
`technology
`revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to 4G.
`Current research in mobile wireless technology
`concentrates on advance implementation of 4G
`technology and 5G technology. Currently 5G term
`is not officially used. In 5G researches are being
`made on development of World Wide Wireless Web
`(WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks
`(DAWN) and Real Wireless World.
`
`General Terms
` 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G
`
`1. INTRODUCTION
`Mobile wireless industry has started its technology
`creation, revolution and evolution since early
`1970s. In the past few decades, mobile wireless
`technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of
`technology revolution and evolution, namely from
`0G to 4G. The cellular concept was introduced in
`
`
`
`
`
`the 1G technology which made the large scale
`mobile wireless communication possible. Digital
`communication
`has
`replaced
`the
`analogy
`technology in the 2G which significantly improved
`the wireless
`communication
`quality. Data
`communication,
`in
`addition
`to
`the
`voice
`communication, has been the main focus in the 3G
`technologies and a converged network for both
`voice and data communication is emerging. With
`continued R&D, there are many killer application
`opportunities for the 4G as well as technological
`challenges.
`
`2. ZERO GENERATION
`TECHNOLOGY (0G – 0.5G)
`Wireless telephone started with what you might call
`0G if you can remember back that far. The great
`ancestor is the mobile telephone service that
`became available just after World War II. In those
`pre-cell days, you had a mobile operator to set up
`the calls and there were only a handful of channels
`available.
`
`0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony
`technology, such as radio telephones that some had
`in cars before
`the advent of cell phones.
`Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern
`cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they
`were the predecessors of the first generation of
`cellular telephones, these systems are called 0G
`(zero generation) systems.
`
`Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT
`(Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System),
`IMTS
`(Improved Mobile Telephone Service),
`AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System), OLT
`(Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni,
`Public Land Mobile Telephony) and MTD
`
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`

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`International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`(Swedish abbreviation for Mobilelefonisystem D, or
`Mobile telephony system D).
`
`These early mobile telephone systems can be
`distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone
`systems in that they were available as a commercial
`service that was part of the public switched
`telephone network, with
`their own
`telephone
`numbers, rather than part of a closed network such
`as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.
`
`These mobile telephones were usually mounted in
`cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also
`made. Typically,
`the
`transceiver
`(transmitter-
`receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and
`attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset)
`mounted near the driver seat.
`
`They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common
`Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs (Radio
`Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. The
`primary users were loggers, construction foremen,
`realtors, and celebrities. They used them for basic
`voice communication.
`
`Early examples for this technology are:
`
`1. The Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971
`in Finland as
`the country's first public
`commercial mobile phone network.
`2. The B-Netz launched 1972 in Germany as the
`countries second public commercial mobile
`phone network (but the first one that did not
`require human operators anymore to connect
`calls).
`
`
`3. FIRST GENERATION
`TECHNOLOGY (1G)
`1G stands for "first generation," refers to the first
`generation
`of wireless
`telecommunication
`technology, more popularly known as cellphones. A
`set of wireless standards developed in the 1980's,
`1G technology replaced 0G technology, which
`featured mobile
`radio
`telephones and
`such
`technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),
`Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS),
`Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and
`Push to Talk (PTT).
`Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals,
`1G wireless networks used analog radio signals.
`Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher
`
`
`
`frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is
`transmitted between radio towers. This is done
`using a
`technique called Frequency-Division
`Multiple Access (FDMA).
`
`In terms of overall connection quality, 1G compares
`unfavorably to its successors. It has low capacity,
`unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security
`at all since voice calls were played back in radio
`towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted
`eavesdropping by third parties.
`
`However, 1G did maintain a few advantages over
`2G. In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's
`digital signals are very reliant on location and
`proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away
`from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be
`strong enough to reach it. While a call made from a
`1G handset had generally poorer quality than that of
`a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is
`due to the analog signal having a smooth curve
`compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged,
`angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of
`a call made from a 1G handset would gradually
`worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would
`fail completely.
`
`in various
`Different 1G standards were used
`countries. One such standard is NMT (Nordic
`Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries,
`Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS
`(Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the
`United
`States,
`TACS
`(Total
`Access
`Communications System) in the United Kingdom,
`C-Netz in West Germany, Radiocom 2000 in
`France, and RTMI in Italy.
`
`4. SECOND GENERATION
`TECHNOLOGY (2G - 2.75G)
`2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless
`telephone technology. It cannot normally transfer
`data, such as email or software, other than the
`digital voice call itself, and other basic ancillary
`data such as time and date. Nevertheless, SMS
`messaging is also available as a form of data
`transmission for some standards. Second generation
`2G cellular telecom networks were commercially
`launched on the GSM standard in Finland by
`Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. GSM
`service is used by over 2 billion people across more
`
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`

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`International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`than 212 countries and territories. The ubiquity of
`the GSM standard makes international roaming very
`common between mobile phone operators, enabling
`subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the
`world.
`
`2G technologies can be divided into Time Division
`Multiple Access (TDMA) based and Code Division
`Multiple Access
`(CDMA)
`based
`standards
`depending on the type of multiplexing used. 2G
`makes
`use
`of
`a CODEC
`(Compression-
`Decompression Algorithm)
`to compress and
`multiplex digital voice data. Through
`this
`technology, a 2G network can pack more calls per
`amount of bandwidth as a 1G network. 2G
`cellphone units were generally smaller than 1G
`units, since they emitted less radio power.
`
`Some benefits of 2G were Digital signals require
`consume less battery power, so it helps mobile
`batteries to last long. Digital coding improves the
`voice clarity and reduces noise in the line. Digital
`signals are considered environment friendly. The
`use of digital data service assists mobile network
`operators to introduce short message service over
`the cellular phones. Digital encryption has provided
`secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The
`use of 2G technology requires strong digital signals
`to help mobile phones work. If there is no network
`coverage in any specific area, digital signals would
`be weak.
`
`4.1) 2.5G – GPRS (General Packet
`Radio Service)
`2.5G, which stands for "second and a half
`generation,"
`is a cellular wireless
`technology
`developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and its
`successor, 3G. The term "second and a half
`generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that
`have implemented a packet switched domain in
`addition to the circuit switched domain.
`
`"2.5G" is an informal term, invented solely for
`marketing purposes, unlike "2G" or "3G" which are
`officially defined standards based on those defined
`by the International Telecommunication (ITU).
`
`GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to
`115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as
`Wireless Application Protocol
`(WAP) access,
`Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for
`
`
`
`Internet communication services such as email and
`World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is
`typically
`charged per megabyte of
`traffic
`transferred, while
`data
`communication
`via
`traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of
`connection time, independent of whether the user
`actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle
`state.
`
`2.5G networks may support services such as WAP,
`MMS, SMS mobile games, and search and
`directory.
`
`4.2) 2.75 – EDGE (Enhanced Data
`rates for GSM Evolution)
`EDGE (EGPRS) is an abbreviation for Enhanced
`Data rates for GSM Evolution, is a digital mobile
`phone
`technology which acts as a bolt-on
`enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio
`Service (GPRS) networks. This technology works
`in GSM networks. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and
`can function on any network with GPRS deployed
`on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary
`upgrades.
`
`EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM.
`It allows the clear and fast transmission of data and
`information. It is also termed as IMT-SC or single
`carrier. EDGE
`technology was
`invented and
`introduced by Cingular, which is now known as
`AT& T. EDGE is radio technology and is a part of
`third generation technologies. EDGE technology is
`preferred over GSM due to its flexibility to carry
`packet switch data and circuit switch data.
`
`The use of EDGE technology has augmented the
`use of black berry, N97 and N95 mobile phones.
`EDGE transfers data in fewer seconds if we
`compare it with GPRS Technology. For example a
`typical text file of 40KB is transferred in only 2
`seconds as compared to the transfer from GPRS
`technology, which
`is 6 seconds. The biggest
`advantage of using EDGE technology is one does
`not need to install any additional hardware and
`software
`in order
`to make use of EDGE
`Technology. There are no additional charges for
`exploiting this technology. If a person is an ex
`GPRS Technology user he can utilize
`this
`technology without paying any additional charges.
`
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`
`International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`5. THIRD GENERATION
`TECHNOLOGY (3G – 3.75G)
`3G
`is
`the
`third generation of mobile phone
`standards and technology, superseding 2G, and
`preceding 4G. It is based on the International
`Telecommunication Union
`(ITU)
`family of
`standards
`under
`the
`International Mobile
`Telecommunications programme, IMT-2000.
`
`3G technologies enable network operators to offer
`users a wider range of more advanced services
`while achieving greater network capacity through
`improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-
`area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and
`broadband wireless data, all
`in a mobile
`environment. Additional
`features also
`include
`HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver
`speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and
`5.8Mbit/s on the uplink. Spectral efficiency or
`spectrum efficiency refers
`to
`the amount of
`information that can be transmitted over a given
`bandwidth in a specific digital communication
`system. ... High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a
`collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend
`and improve the performance of existing UMTS
`protocols.
`
`Unlike IEEE 802.11 (common names Wi-Fi or
`WLAN) networks, 3G networks are wide area
`cellular
`telephone networks which evolved to
`incorporate high-speed internet access and video
`telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range,
`high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for
`data. Wi-Fi is the common name for a popular
`wireless technology used in home networks, mobile
`phones, video games and more. The notebook is
`connected to the wireless access point using a PC
`card wireless card. A videophone is a telephone
`which is capable of both audio and video duplex
`transmission.
`
`3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA.
`3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies
`make use of value added services like mobile
`television, GPS (global positioning system) and
`video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G
`Technology is fast data transfer rates.
`
`3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to
`support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio
`technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and
`
`
`
`FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread),
`IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-
`TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA
`has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or
`frequency code. Third generation technology is
`really affordable due to the agreement of industry.
`This agreement took pace in order to increase its
`adoption by the users. 3G system is compatible to
`work with the 2G technologies. The aim of the 3G
`is to allow for more coverage and growth with
`minimum investment.
`
`There are many 3G technologies as W-CDMA,
`GSM EDGE, UMTS, DECT, WiMax and CDMA
`2000.Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution or
`EDGE
`is
`termed
`to as a backward digital
`technology, because it can operate with older
`devices.
`
`3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and
`previous networks:
`
` Enhanced audio and video streaming;
`
`Several Times higher data speed;
` Video-conferencing support;
` Web and WAP browsing at higher
`speeds;
`IPTV (TV through the Internet) support.
`
`
`
`
`5.1) 3.5G – HSDPA (High-Speed
`Downlink Packet Access)
`High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a
`mobile telephony protocol, also called 3.5G (or
`"3½G"), which provides a smooth evolutionary path
`for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing for higher
`data transfer speeds.
`
`HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA
`downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s
`(and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz
`bandwidth
`in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA
`implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and
`Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
`(MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast
`cell search, and advanced receiver design.
`
`5.2.) 3.75G – HSUPA (High-Speed
`Uplink Packet Access)
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`

`
`International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well
`defined 3G wireless/mobile technologies. High
`Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS /
`WCDMA uplink evolution technology.
`The
`HSUPA mobile
`telecommunications
`technology is directly related to HSDPA and the
`two are complimentary to one another.
`
`HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person
`data applications with higher and symmetric data
`rates, like mobile e-mail and real-time person-to-
`person gaming. Traditional business applications
`along with many consumer applications will benefit
`from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially
`boost the UMTS / WCDMA uplink up to 1.4Mbps
`and in later releases up to 5.8Mbps.
`
`6. FOURTH GENERATION
`TECHNOLOGY
`4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular
`wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G
`families of standards. The nomenclature of the
`generations generally refers to a change in the
`fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards
`compatible
`transmission
`technology and new
`frequency bands. The first was the move from 1981
`analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992.
`This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media
`support, spread spectrum transmission and at least
`200 kbit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G,
`which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks,
`mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and
`multi-carrier
`transmission. Pre-4G
`technologies
`such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long
`Term Evolution (LTE) have been available on the
`market since 2006and 2009 respectively.
`
`It is basically the extension in the 3G technology
`with more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G.
`The expectation for the 4G technology is basically
`the high quality audio/video streaming over end to
`end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP)
`multimedia sub-system movement achieves what it
`going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter.
`WiMAX or mobile structural design will become
`progressively more translucent, and therefore the
`acceptance of several architectures by a particular
`network operator ever more common.
`
`
`
`Some of the companies trying 4G communication at
`100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over
`fixed stations. They planned on publicly launching
`their first commercial wireless network around
`2010. As
`far as other competitor’s mobile
`communication
`companies working on 4G
`technology even more quickly. Sprint Nextel was
`planned to launch WiMAX over 4 G broadband
`mobile networks in United States. Some of the other
`developed countries like United Kingdom stated a
`plan to sale via auction of 4G wireless frequencies
`couple of years back. The word “MAGIC” also
`refers to 4G wireless technology which stands for
`Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility
`solutions over, integrated wireless and Customized
`services.
`
`7. FIFTH GENERATION
`TECHNOLOGY
`5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th
`generation wireless systems) is a name used in some
`research papers and projects to denote the next
`major phase of mobile
`telecommunications
`standards beyond the upcoming 4G standards,
`which are expected
`to be finalized between
`approximately 2011 and 2013. Currently 5G is not a
`term officially used for any particular specification
`or in any official document yet made public by
`telecommunication companies or standardization
`bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R.
`New 3GPP standard releases beyond 4G and LTE
`Advanced are in progress, but not considered as
`new mobile generations.
`
`5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile
`technology. 5G technology has changed the means
`to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User
`never experienced ever before such a high value
`technology. Nowadays mobile users have much
`awareness of the cell phone (mobile) technology.
`The 5G technologies include all type of advanced
`features which makes 5G technology most powerful
`and in huge demand in near future.
`
`The gigantic array of innovative technology being
`built
`into new cell phones
`is stunning. 5G
`technology which is on hand held phone offering
`more power and features than at least 1000 lunar
`modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology
`cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband
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`
`International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`internet access. 5G technology including camera,
`MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory,
`dialing speed, audio player and much more you
`never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth
`technology and Piconets has become in market.
`
`5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution
`in mobile market. Through 5G technology now you
`can use worldwide cellular phones and
`this
`technology also strike the china mobile market and
`a user being proficient to get access to Germany
`phone as a local phone. With the coming out of cell
`phone alike to PDA now your whole office in your
`finger tips or in your phone. 5G technology has
`extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie
`together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data
`broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G
`technology has a bright future because it can handle
`best technologies and offer priceless handset to
`their customers. May be in coming days 5G
`technology
`takes over
`the world market. 5G
`Technologies have an extraordinary capability to
`support Software and Consultancy. The Router and
`switch technology used in 5G network providing
`high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes
`internet access to nodes within the building and can
`be deployed with union of wired or wireless
`network connections. The current trend of 5G
`technology has a glowing future.
`
`A new revolution of 5G technology is about to
`begin because 5G technology going to give tough
`completion to normal computer and laptops whose
`marketplace value will be effected. There are lots of
`improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in
`the world of telecommunications. The new coming
`5G technology is available in the market in
`affordable rates, high peak future and much
`reliability than its preceding technologies.
`
`CONCLUSION
`Mobiles have become very essential part of our
`everyday life. Their current development is the
`outcome of various generations. In this paper we
`review the various generations of mobile wireless
`technology, their portals, performance, advantages
`and disadvantages of one generation over other.
`This field is still full of research opportunities.
`In conclusion, our survey reveals that there are
`following major area of research:
`
`
`
`1.) Real wireless world with no more limitation
`with access and zone issues.
`2.) Wearable devices with AI capabilities.
`3.) Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a
`visiting
`care-of mobile
`IP
`address
`is
`assigned according
`to
`location and connected
`network.
`4.) Pervasive Networks providing ubiquitous
`computing: The user can simultaneously be
`connected to several wireless access technologies
`and seamlessly move between them.
`
`2. REFERENCES
`[1] Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs), “Cellular
`Mobile Communication System.”
`
`[2] Andrew McGirr, Barry Cassidy (Novatel),
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`
`[3] Douglas Fougnies et al. (Freedom Wireless)
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`
`[4] Friedhelm Hillebrand, ed. (2002): "GSM and
`UMTS,
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`
`[5] Goldsmith, Andrea
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`(2005),
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`
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`
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`
`[8] Molisch,
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`
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`
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`

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`International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
`Volume 5– No.4, August 2010
`
`[12] Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod
`(2005).
`“Fundamentals of Wireless Communication”
`Cambridge University Press.
`
`[14] Werner
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