The Evolution of Third-Generation Cellular Standards
`
`Phillip Ames, Wireless Communications and Computing Group, Intel Corporation
`John Gabor, Wireless Communications and Computing Group, Intel Corporation
`
`Index words: cellular, wireless, standard, generation, radio
`
`ABSTRACT
`This paper provides an overview of the evolutionary path
`of mobile/terrestrial cellular standards, leading up to the
`now defined third-generation cellular standards.
`
`first became
`Commercial mobile cellular systems
`available in the early 1980’s. These first systems were
`deployed, utilizing analog
`technology over circuit-
`switched networks. They had very limited features, poor
`voice quality, and limited radio coverage, although they
`have vastly improved over the last two decades and are
`still widely deployed around the world. In addition, data
`transfer was limited to 9600 baud.
`
`In the early 1990’s, the second generation of mobile
`cellular systems was introduced. Based upon digital
`technology and still utilizing the circuit-switched network,
`new features and services were introduced. Speech
`quality, although not equivalent to that of analog, was
`digitized through a low 8kbps bitrate vocoder that used
`Code Excited Linear Projection (CELP) technology. This
`has also been enhanced, over the past five years, to the
`extent that speech quality now exceeds that of the FM
`analog systems.
`
`The immediate motivating factor for the third-generation
`communications systems is to increase system capacity.
`The overall number of users is exceeding the radio
`spectrum allocated to the second-generation; however,
`receiving and sending data are the essential building
`blocks to widespread mobile Internet access and to mobile
`data
`transfer, capabilities enabled with
`the
`third-
`generation. The third-generation is a generic term used
`for
`the next generation of mobile communications
`systems, often referred to simply as “3G.” 3G mobile
`systems will provide enhanced services such as voice,
`text, and high-speed data, with 144kbps as an overall goal.
`The technology involved in the deployment of 3G systems
`and services is currently under development throughout
`the industry.
`
`Attaining the goals of 3G will be an evolutionary
`migration from the installed 2G systems. Operators are
`phasing in new enhanced 2G capabilities, preparing for
`3G services, and attempting to provide a seamless
`transition from existing digital systems, including full
`backwards compatibility. From a consumer perspective,
`this integration of system and service profiles, along with
`multi-mode terminals will mean worldwide roaming
`possibilities. 3G systems offer up to fifteen times the
`network capacity of analog networks. With the initial
`third-generation networks due to be launched in Japan in
`early 2001, and with European countries following in
`early 2002, 3G is already in sight. To enable third-
`generation capabilities, especially worldwide roaming, the
`radio interface specifications need to be defined and
`adopted, and complete interoperability needs to be
`finalized.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`While no one can predict the future, it is certain that the
`way we communicate in the future will be vastly different
`from today. Video-on-demand, high-speed multimedia,
`and mobile Internet are just a few of the communication
`possibilities. Third-generation systems will expand the
`possibilities of information transfer and communication.
`“Third Generation” is a term given to wireless services
`that, for example, allow users to make video calls from a
`mobile terminal, while simultaneously accessing a remote
`database, or while receiving e-mails and phone calls. The
`foundation for these services has already been laid in the
`existing structure of
`today’s digital mobile phone
`networks. What is needed in order to support these
`advanced multimedia
`services
`is
`to expand
`the
`information capacity, or “bandwidth” of the wireless links.
`
`While conversational speech is still the main service of
`today’s mobile
`systems,
`support
`for
`the data
`communications
`over-the-air
`interface
`is
`quickly
`increasing. To implement this capability for the market,
`radio interface standards must be defined and adopted
`worldwide. The process of developing these standards
`has taken years of effort by hundreds of participating
`
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`
`companies and government agencies around the world.
`The First-Generation
`(1G)
`systems used
`analog
`technology. The current handsets, widely deployed today,
`use Second-Generation (2G) technology, often referred to
`as “digital.” The Third-Generation systems extend the
`voice-only digital from 2G (as enhanced), and incorporate
`additional data capability. During the transition from 2G
`to 3G there will be an interim deployment of 2.5G digital
`technology with limited data capabilities, such as short
`messaging services (ability to send and receive short text
`messages from a cellular system).
`
`The process of developing standards provides independent
`companies with an opportunity to influence the standards
`
`in such a way that their respective Intellectual Property
`Rights (IPR’s) will be adopted. This process also
`provides companies insight into the future direction of
`communications, and it gives them information that allows
`them to prepare for and to make advanced engineering
`and marketing decisions.
`
`all
`to which
`standards
`international
`Developing
`participating members can agree requires a good deal of
`time, study, and patience. The process is slow and is
`consensus-driven.
` This
`paper
`addresses
`the
`Mobile/Cellular Standards process, highlights the key
`Standards Organizations, and provides an overview of the
`3G Radio Interface Standards (see Figure 1).
`
`IS-95A
`IS-95B
`
`GSM
`
`TDMA
`IS-136
`
`DECT
`
`HSCSD
`
`GPRS
`
`EIA136
`
`CDMA2000
`1xRTT
`3xRTT
`
`W-CDMA
`FDD TDD
`
`UWC-136
`
`DECT
`TDMA
`
`CDMA Multicarrier
`IMT-MC
`
`CDMA Direct Spread
`IMT-DS
`
`CDMA TDD
`IMT-TC
`
`TDMA Single Carrier
`IMT-SC
`
`TDMA Multi Carrier
`IMT-FT
`
`Figure 1: The evolution of mobile cellular standards
`
`MOBILE/CELLULAR STANDARDS
`PROCESS
`The standards organizations and partnership projects
`provide technical input to the global standards developer
`for ratification and approval.
`
`The International Telecommunications Union (ITU), a
`charter organization of the United Nations, is the pre-
`eminent
`global
`standards
`developer
`for
`telecommunications. The ITU-R (radio communications
`sector) addresses terrestrial and space (satellite) radio
`communication. Standards development organizations
`and partnership projects, listed below, provide technical
`input to the ITU for ratification and approval.
`
`Standards Development Organizations
`Standards development organizations (SDOs) are national
`or multi-national organizations, actively
`involved
`in
`defining the next-generation wireless standards, along
`with refining the ongoing remedial editing of existing
`
`standards SDOs are comprised of various companies who
`work together to promote specification proposals. SDOs
`also study radio spectrum utilization, including such
`subsets as intersystem issues, emergency services, and
`accommodations for the disabled. They also coordinate
`and cooperate with the ITU on standardization of radio
`systems
`in
`the field of
`telecommunications.
` The
`coordination and cooperation issues are managed by
`“Harmonization” groups. The following is a list of
`Western standard development organizations, along with
`their respective areas of geographical and technical
`interests:
`• The European Telecommunications Standards
`Institute (ETSI) is defining a technology standard for
`3G called the Universal Mobile Telecommunications
`Systems (UMTS).
`• The Japan Association of Radio Industries and
`Business (ARIB) primarily focuses on WCDMA for
`IMT-2000.
`
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`• The
`the
`is
`SDO
`Canadian
`primary
`Telecommunications Standards Advisory Council of
`Canada (TSACC).
`• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is
`a US repository for standards considered to be semi-
`permanent, a nebulous term for “longer than interim.”
`• The United States Telecommunications Industry
`Association (TIA) and T1 have presented several
`technology proposals on WCDMA, TDMA UWC-
`136 (based upon D-AMPS IS-136), and cdma2000
`(based upon IS-95).
` The American National
`Standards Institute (ANSI) accredits both TIA and
`T1. The primary standards working groups are TR45
`(Mobile & Personal Communications 900 & 1800
`Standards
`and TR46
`(Mobile & Personal
`Communications 1800 only Standards).
`
`The Asian standards development organizations include
`the Korean Telecommunications Technology Association
`(TTA)
`and China Wireless Telecommunications
`Standards Group (CWTS), Partnership Projects.
`
`The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was
`formed by SDOs and other related standards’ bodies to
`harmonize European, Asian, and North American
`standards proposals, and to define a complete set of global
`technical specifications
`for
`third-generation mobile
`systems based upon the evolved GSM core networks and
`radio access technologies. The project is better known as
`“3GPP.”
`
`3GPP is comprised of the following SDOs: ARIB (Japan),
`CWTS (China), ETSI (Europe), T1 (USA), and TTA
`(Korea). The project is divided into several technical
`specification groups (TSG’s), with each TSG having
`multiple working groups, each responsible for defining an
`aspect of the third-generation standard. 3GPP is chartered
`to define the radio access network, the core network
`(including mobility management and global roaming),
`terminal access to the network (including specifications
`for the user identification module), and systems and
`services. (Additional information is available at the 3GPP
`web site http://www.3gpp.org.
`
`The Third-Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) was
`organized by the SDOs that were concentrating on the
`development and evolution of the American National
`Standard (ANSI/TIA-41 core networks) and the relevant
`radio access technologies. The five SDOs are ARIB
`(Japan), CWTS (China), TIA (USA), TTA (Korea), and
`TTC (Japan). Similar to 3GPP, 3GPP2 is also comprised
`of several technical specification groups, each with
`multiple working groups. (Additional information is
`available at the 3GPP2 web site http://www.3gpp2.org.)
`
`Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 organizations recognize the ITU
`as
`the preeminent organization
`for
`international
`telecommunications standardization, and they have agreed
`to submit all results to the ITU for consideration and
`approval.
`
`THE MIGRATION TO 3G
`The genesis of today’s wireless technology began in the
`early 1980’s with the introduction of the first mobile
`cellular handsets. These systems utilized analog interface
`technology and supported voice-only capabilities. This
`technology is still used in many parts of the world;
`however, it is limited in bandwidth and is low in quality.
`With the high demand for cell phones and the increased
`need for enhanced quality and more features, the Second
`Generation was introduced. 2G is primarily voice only,
`but does provide higher bandwidth, better voice quality,
`and limited data services that use packet data technology.
`2G systems are currently in wide deployment with
`enhanced 2G systems currently available on the market.
`The 3G standardization process is coming to closure, with
`the recent completion of the IMT-2000 radio interface
`recommendations.
`
`First-Generation Mobile Standards
`The first generation of cellular wireless communications
`was based on analog technology and progressively
`became available to the consumer during the late 1970’s
`and early 1980’s. The most successful analog systems are
`based on the following standards, all of which are still in
`demand today:
`
`Nordic Mobile Telephone
`first
`the
`(NMT) was
`commercially available analog system, introduced in
`Sweden and Norway in 1979.
`
`Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was launched in
`1982. This has proven to be the most successful analog
`standard of all. AMPS networks are widely deployed and
`can be found on all continents.
`
`Total Access Communications System (TACS) was
`originally specified for the United Kingdom and is based
`on AMPS. The original TACS specification was extended
`and is known as ETACS. ETACS is primarily deployed
`in Asia Pacific regions.
`
`Second-Generation Mobile Standards
`The second-generation (also known as 2G) introduced
`digital wireless standards that concentrated on improving
`voice quality, coverage, and capacity. The 2G standards
`were defined and designed to support voice and low-rate
`data only—Internet browsing was in its infancy during the
`definition stage. The world’s four primary mobile digital
`wireless standards currently deployed around the world
`
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`are GSM, TDMA (IS-136), CDMA (IS-95-B), and PDC,
`all supporting data rates up to 9.6kbps.
`
`Global System for Mobile phone communications (GSM)
`was the first commercially available digital standard,
`introduced in 1992. GSM relies on circuit-switched data.
`The basic development of supporting data at low bit-rates
`(<9.6 kbps) was
`introduced at
`the beginning of
`commercial services and has been predominantly used for
`e-mailing from laptop computers. [2]
`
`Time Division Multiple Access, originally IS-54 and now
`IS-136 (TDMA IS-136), is sometimes referred to as the
`“North American” digital standard; however, it is also
`deployed in Latin America, Asia Pacific, and Eastern
`Europe.
`
`Personal Digital Communications (PDC) is the primary
`digital standard in Japan.
`
`to as
`(referred
`is based on “narrowband”
`IS-95
`narrowband because of the limited amount of information
`that can flow through these networks) Code Division
`Multiple Access (CDMA) technology. It has become
`popular in South Korea and North America.
`
`Enhanced Second-Generation Mobile
`Standards
`Enhanced second-generation (sometimes referred to as
`2.5G or 2+G) builds upon the second-generation standards
`by providing increased bit-rates and bringing limited data
`capability. Data rates range from 57.6kbps to 171.2kbps.
`
`High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) provides
`access to four channels simultaneously, theoretically
`providing four times the bandwidth (57.6) of a standard
`circuit-switched data transmission of 14.4kbps.
`
`D-AMPS IS-136B Time Division Multiple Access
`(TDMA) is the intermediate step to Universal Wireless
`Communication (UWC-136), a third-generation standard.
`The first phase of D-AMPS will provide up to 64kbps.
`The second phase will provide up to 115kbps in a mobile
`environment.
`
`General Packet Radio System (GPRS) is an evolutionary
`path for GSM and IS-136 TDMA to UWC-136. It is a
`standard
`from
`the European Telecommunications
`Standards Institute (ETSI) on packet data in GSM
`systems. The Telecommunications Industry Association
`(TIA), as the packet-data SDO for TDMA-136 systems,
`has also accepted GPRS. GPRS supports theoretical data
`rates up to 171.2kbps by utilizing all eight channels
`simultaneously. This data rate is roughly three times
`faster than today’s fixed telecommunication networks and
`about ten times as fast as current circuit-switched data
`services on GSM networks. GPRS is a universal packet-
`switched data service in GSM. It involves overlaying a
`
`packet-based air interface on the existing circuit-switched
`GSM network. Packet switching means that GPRS radio
`resources are used only when users are actually sending or
`receiving data. Using GPRS, the information is split into
`separate but related packets before being transmitted and
`subsequently reassembled at the receiving end. GPRS is a
`non-voice-added service that allows information to be sent
`and received across multiple mobile telephone networks.
`It supplements today's circuit-switched data and short
`messaging service. GPRS uses packet data technology, a
`fundamental change from circuit-switched technology, to
`transfer information. It also facilitates instant connection
`capability, sometimes referred to as “always connected.”
`Immediacy is one of the key advantages of GPRS.
`Immediacy enables
`time-critical application services
`[5][6].
`
`Third-Generation Mobile Standards
`Third-generation systems will provide wide-area coverage
`at 384kbps and local area coverage up to 2Mbps. The
`primary motivation for
`the development of
`third-
`generation wireless communications is the ability to
`supplement standardized 2G and 2G+ services with
`wideband services. Essentially, this offers voice plus data
`capability.
`
`The existing array of incompatible second-generation
`technologies, together with the restricted amount of
`information that can be transferred over these narrowband
`systems, prompted the ITU to work towards defining a
`new global standard for the next-generation broadband
`mobile telecommunication systems. Known as IMT-2000
`(International Mobile Telecommunications-2000),
`the
`project was started to attain authorship of a set of globally
`harmonized
`standards
`for
`broadband mobile
`communications.
` The
`first
`set of
`IMT-2000
`recommendations was recently approved by the ITU.
`
`International
`the
`term used by
`the
`is
`IMT-2000
`Telecommunications Union for
`this set of globally
`harmonized standards. The initiative was to define the
`goal of
`accessing
`the global
`telecommunication
`infrastructure through both satellite and terrestrial mobile
`systems. IMT-2000 has reflected the explosion of mobile
`usage and
`the need
`for
`future high-speed data
`communications, with wideband mobile submissions.
`IMT-2000 is a flexible standard that allows operators
`around the world the freedom of radio access methods and
`of core networks so that they can openly implement and
`evolve their systems. How they do it depends on
`regulations and market requirements.
`
`The recent IMT-2000 recommendation highlights five
`distinct mobile/terrestrial radio interface standards:
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`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`IMT-MC: CDMA Multi-Carrier (known as cdma2000
`or IS-2000).
`
`IMT-DS: CDMA Direct Spread (known as Wideband
`CMDA or WCDMA-FDD).
` This standard
`is
`intended for applications in public macro-cell and
`micro-cell environments. The Frequency Division
`Duplex (FDD) mode
`is used for symmetrical
`applications, i.e., those requiring the same amount of
`radio resources in the uplink as in the downlink. This
`standard is well supported by Japan’s ARIB and
`GSM network operators and vendors.
`
`IMT-TC: CDMA TDD (WCDMA-TDD). Time
`Division Duplex (TDD) targets public micro-cell and
`pico-cell
`environments,
`and, due
`to
`severe
`interference-related
`considerations,
`is
`intended
`primarily for indoor use. This standard is optimized
`for symmetrical and asymmetrical applications with
`high data rates.
`
`IMT-SC: TDMA Single Carrier (known as UWC-136
`and EDGE).
` UWC-136
`(Universal Wireless
`Communications) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates
`for GSM Evolution) will provide extended data
`services, with no changes to channel structure,
`frequency, or bandwidth. IMT-SC is the evolutionary
`path for GSM and TDMA-136, achieved by building
`upon enhanced versions of GSM and TDMA-136
`technology. EDGE is a radio-based high-speed
`mobile data standard with aggregate transmission
`speeds of up to 384kbps when all eight timeslots are
`used.
`
`5.
`
`IMT-FT: TDMA Multi-Carrier (well known as
`DECT,
`Digital
`Enhanced
`Cordless
`Telecommunication).
`
`The IMT-2000 recommendations encompass three CDMA
`and two TDMA radio air interface standards.
`
`Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
`should not be confused with narrowband CDMA; they are
`completely different protocols. WCDMA is a younger
`technology, defined specifically to deliver high-speed data
`services and Internet-based packet-data at 3G data rates.
`WCDMA supports both packet and circuit-switched
`communications, such as Internet access and landline
`telephone services; however, WCDMA was defined with
`no
`requirements
`on
`second-generation
`backward
`compatibility.
`
`WCDMA makes very efficient use of the available radio
`spectrum. No frequency planning is needed, since one-
`cell re-use is applied. Using techniques such as adaptive
`antenna arrays, hierarchical cell structures, and coherent
`demodulation, network capacity can be increased. In
`addition, circuit and packet-switched services can be
`
`combined on the same channel, allowing true multimedia
`services with multiple packet or circuit connections on a
`single terminal. WCDMA capacity is approximately
`double that of narrowband CDMA. The wider bandwidth
`and the use of both coherent demodulation and fast power
`control in the uplinks and the downlinks allow a lower
`receiver threshold. WCDMA uses a network protocol
`structure (signaling) similar to that of GSM; therefore, it
`will be able to use the existing GSM network as the core
`network infrastructure. [4]
`
`In CDMA2000, a range of RF channel bandwidths are
`supported: 1.25, 3.75, 7.5, 11.25, and 15MHz. This range
`allows for support of a range of data rates as well as a high
`number of users.
`
`support higher bandwidth channels,
`to
`In order
`CDMA2000 has defined two configuration options: Direct
`Spread (DS) and Multi-Carrier (MC). The DS option is
`similar to IS-95B and uses the entire bandwidth to spread
`the data for radio transmissions. In the MC option, user
`data is encoded as a single stream and de-multiplexed into
`multiple streams. Each stream carries part of the user data
`using a different carrier frequency signal, hence the name
`Multi-Carrier. The receiver will multiplex the received
`signals together before demodulation is carried out. Both
`the DS and MC options are available in the forward link
`only. The reverse link supports only the DS option. [3]
`
`Time Division Multiple Access
`One approach to reducing the number of confusing
`options to the end user and to improve the overall
`functionality of time-division cellular technology is to
`combine TDMA and CDMA
`radio air
`interface
`technology into one system. This combined approach,
`referred to as TD-CDMA, would retain some of the
`fundamental GSM-TDMA design parameters, such as
`frame and time-slot structure, which are key factors for
`interoperability and evolution. At the same time, the
`CDMA
`technology would add better
`interference
`averaging and frequency diversity.
` The combined
`approach would also merge
`the excellent spectral
`efficiency of CDMA, while retaining the robustness,
`planning principles, and well understood characteristics of
`TDMA-based GSM. [1]
`
`In addition to the improvements of data throughput and
`interworking, 3G will provide an additional spectrum for
`the operators. The increase in 3G spectrum efficiency will
`also provide the operator with more throughput over
`limited resources. The transition from the existing 2G
`networks to 3G capabilities will evolve over time. Dual-
`mode terminals will attempt to provide seamless hand-
`over and roaming capabilities.
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`
`CONCLUSION
`for
`The goal of an unqualified single standard
`implementation worldwide is not a reality. Operators
`have too much invested in their existing infrastructure and
`subscriber base; however, limited worldwide roaming will
`be possible with 3G. Even though the radio interfaces
`may be different, the handsets will support dual- or tri-
`mode operation, making the transition seamless from the
`subscriber’s perspective.
`
`Even with 3G radio interfaces, handsets will require dual-
`or even tri-mode operation, combining two or more radio
`standards to enable worldwide roaming. Intel is providing
`the building blocks to enable second- and third-generation
`wireless capabilities. The requirements to meet these
`increasing capabilities are higher performance, low-power
`microprocessors, highly integrated FLASH memory, and
`ASICs that support dual- or tri-mode standards. Intel is
`developing these high-performance semiconductor devices
`for use in RF equipment base-stations and cellular phones.
`
`ABBREVIATIONS
`The following table will help you navigate through the
`multiple acronyms in this paper.
`
`2G
`
`3G
`
`3GPP
`
`3GPP2
`
`AMPS/
`D-AMPS
`
`ARIB
`
`EDGE
`
`ETSI
`
`FDD
`
`GPRS
`
`GSM
`
`second-generation
`
`third-generation
`
`third-generation partnership project
`
`third-generation partnership project 2
`
`advanced mobile phone system
`
`Association of Radio
`Broadcasting
`
`Industries
`
`and
`
`enhanced data rates for GSM and TDMA-
`136
`
`European Telecommunications Standards
`Institute
`
`frequency division duplex
`
`general packet radio services
`
`global system for mobile communication
`
`HSCSD
`
`high-speed circuit-switched data
`
`IMT-2000
`
`International Mobile Telecommunication-
`2000
`
`ITU-R
`
`International Telecommunication Union—
`Radio Communications
`
`NMT
`
`Nordic Mobile Telephone
`
`PDC
`
`TACS
`
`TDD
`
`personal digital communication
`
`total access communications system
`
`time division duplex
`
`TDMA
`
`time division multiple access
`
`TIA
`
`SDO
`
`Telecommunications Industry Association
`
`standards development organization
`
`WCDMA
`
`wideband code division multiple access
`
`UMTS
`
`universal mobile telecommunications system
`
`UWC-136
`
`universal wireless communications
`
`REFERENCES
`[1] Dropman, Ulrich, “A real step toward UMTS,”
`http://w2.siemens.de/telcom/articles/e0497/497drop.ht
`m.
`
`[2] 3G – The Future of Communications,
`http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/3g_future.htm.
`
`[3] Gorham, Peter, “Strategic Technology Steps on the
`CDMAONE Evolution Path to 3G CDMA2000,” 3G
`Mobile Broadband Conference, August 10, 1999.
`
`[4] Mercer Management Consulting, “3G Investment:
`How will it Prove in?,” 3G Mobile Broadband
`Conference, August 10, 1999.
`
`[5] Buckingham, Simon, “High Speed Circuit-Switched
`Data (HSCSD),
`http://www.mobileipworld.com/wp/ffz_wp3.htm.
`
`[6] “An Overview of GPRS,
`http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/gprs.html.
`
`AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES
`Phil Ames is an Intel Sr. Staff Engineer with the Wireless
`Communications and Computing Group. He is currently
`the Mobile/Wireless Standards Manager
`and
`is
`contributing to the development of the industry’s third-
`generation cellular standards. He has been with Intel
`since 1986 after graduating from Boston University. His
`email is phil.h.ames@intel.com.
`
`John Gabor is Manager of Industry Relations for Intel’s
`Cellular Communications Division. He is the chair for
`various groups within
`the TIA and 3GPP2.
` His
`background includes positions as Vice-President, Sales
`and Marketing, for two cellular telephone manufacturers,
`and as President of Houston-based Astro Business
`Communications, a Bell Atlantic acquisition. He has a
`Ph.D. in Managerial Psychology from University of
`Miami. His e-mail is john.gabor@intel.com.
`
`!"#$%&’()*+’,$’-$!"+./01#,#.2*+’,$3#(()(2.$4*2,/2./5
`
`;
`
`Sierra Wireless America, Inc., Sierra Wireless, Inc. and RPX Corp. Exh. 1115 p. 6