Network
`_Communications~---­
`Technology
`
`Ata Elahi, Ph.D
`Southern Connecticut State University
`Computer Science Department
`
`T/-L
`510S~ 5
`I 1:--43
`~ [){)/
`~u e11 (_!;__,
`
`I
`
`Delmar
`Thomson Learning TM
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`Africa· Australia· Canada· Denmark· Japan· Mexico
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`CSCO-1108
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`

`

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`

`Preface
`
`xiii
`
`1
`
`Introduction to Computer Networks
`
`1
`
`1
`
`3
`
`Introduction
`2
`1.1 Network Models
`1.2 Network Components
`1.3 Network Topology
`1.4 Types of Networks
`Summary
`10
`Review Questions
`
`4
`8
`
`11
`
`Introduction to Data Communication
`
`15
`
`16
`
`15
`Introduction
`2.1
`Characteristics of Analog Signals
`2.2
`Digital Signals
`17
`2.3
`Binary Numbers
`18
`2.4 Coding Schemes
`19
`20
`2.5 Transmission Modes
`23
`2.6 Transmission Methods
`24
`2. 7 Communication Modes
`2.8 Bandwidth and Signal Transmission
`2.9 Digital Signal Encoding
`26
`2.10 Error Detection Methods
`28
`Summary
`34
`Review Questions
`
`36
`
`25
`
`w:.;;;;..-. Introduction to Computer Architecture
`Introduction
`41
`3.1 Components of a Microcomputer
`3.2 Memory Hierarchy
`48
`3.3 Disk Controller
`
`49
`
`41
`
`41
`
`v
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`

`vi
`
`e CONTENTS
`
`so
`
`3.4 Microcomputer Bus
`S2
`3.S Plug-and-Play
`S3
`3.6 Universal Serial Bus
`Intel Microprocessor Family
`3.7
`SS
`Summary
`Review Questions
`
`S6
`
`S4
`
`Standards Organizations and OSI Model
`
`59
`
`S9
`Introduction
`60
`4.1 Communication Protocols
`4.2 Open System Interconnection Model
`6S
`4.3 Frame Transmission Methods
`67
`4.4 Error and Flow Control
`IEEE 802 Standard Committee
`4.S
`73
`Summary
`Review Questions
`
`7 S
`
`70
`
`61
`
`5
`
`Communication Channels and Media
`
`79
`
`79
`Introduction
`79
`S.1 Conductive Media
`81
`5.2 Fiber-Optic Cable
`5.3 Wireless Transmission
`Summary
`86
`Review Questions
`
`8 7
`
`84
`
`89
`
`92
`
`,. 6 ,,.,. Multiplexers and Switching Concepts
`Introduction
`89
`90
`6.1 Types of Multiplexers
`6.2 Telephone System Operation
`6.3 Digitizing the Voice
`92
`6.4 Tl Link
`93
`6.S Switching Concepts
`Summary
`97
`Review Questions
`
`94
`
`98
`
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`

`

`Modem, DSL, Cable Modem, and ISDN
`
`101
`
`CONTENTS e vii
`
`101
`
`108
`
`Introduction
`7.1 Modem
`101
`7 .2 Digital Subscriber Line
`7.3 Cable Modem
`110
`7.4
`Integrated Services Digital Network
`Summary
`118
`Review Questions
`
`114
`
`120
`
`Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 Networking Technology
`
`123
`
`Introduction
`123
`8.1 Ethernet Operation
`123
`IEEE 802.3 Frame Format
`8.2
`124
`8.3 Ethernet Characteristics
`127
`8.4 Ethernet Cabling and Components
`Summary
`132
`Review Questions
`
`133
`
`127
`
`137
`
`----=-' Token Ring and Token Bus Networking Technology
`Introduction
`13 7
`9 .1 Token Ring Operation
`138
`9.2 Physical Connections
`139
`9 .3 Ring Management
`140
`9.4 Token Frame Format
`141
`IEEE 802.5 Frame Format
`9.5
`142
`9.6 Token Ring NIC and Cable Specifications
`9.7 Token Bus (IEEE 802.4)
`145
`Summary
`146
`Review Questions
`
`144
`
`14 7
`
`Fast Ethernet Networking Technology
`
`149
`
`Introduction
`149
`10.l Fast Ethernet
`149
`10.2 Fast Ethernet Media Types
`
`150
`
`I
`
`I
`
`- - - - - -
`
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`

`

`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`- -
`
`- -
`
`- ·
`
`-
`
`- -
`
`-~
`
`viii e CONTENTS
`
`153
`10.3 Fast Ethernet Repeaters
`10.4 Fast Ethernet Network Diameter
`10.5 Expanding Fast Ethernet
`156
`Summary
`156
`Review Questions
`
`15 7
`
`154
`
`159
`
`1 f..i.. 100 VG-AnyLAN Networking Technology
`159
`Introduction
`160
`11.1 End Node Operation
`161
`11.2 Repeater and Access Method
`11.3 100 VG-AnyLAN Transmission Media
`162
`11.4 Frame Transmission Method
`11.5 100 VG-AnyLAN Frame Format
`163
`Summary
`165
`Review Questions
`
`166
`
`162
`
`169
`
`12 Local Area Network Switching
`Introduction
`169
`12.1 Ethernet LAN Switching
`12.2 Switch Classifications
`12.3 Switch Operations
`12.4 Switch Architecture
`173
`12.5 Virtual LAN
`12.6 Firewall
`174
`Summary
`177
`Review Questions
`
`169
`171
`171
`172
`
`178
`
`13 Gigabit Ethernet Networking Technology
`Introduction
`181
`182
`13.1 Gigabit Ethernet Standards
`182
`13.2 Characteristics of Gigabit Ethernet
`13.3 Gigabit Ethernet Protocol Architecture
`182
`13.4 MAC and Physical Layer Architecture
`185
`13.5 Buffered Distributor Device
`186
`
`181
`
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`

`

`13.6 Gigabit Ethernet Applications
`189
`Summary
`Review Questions
`
`189
`
`186
`
`CONTENTS e
`
`ix
`
`193
`
`201
`
`4 LAN Interconnection Devices
`Introduction
`193
`193
`14.1 Repeaters
`194
`14.2 Bridges
`195
`14.3 Routers
`197
`14.4 Gateways
`197
`14.5 CSU/DSU
`Summary
`198
`Review Questions
`199
`15 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
`Introduction
`201
`201
`15.1 Wireless LAN Topology
`15.2 Wireless LAN Technology
`203
`15.3 WLAN Standard (IEEE 802.11)
`209
`15.4 Characteristics of WLANs
`Summary
`210
`Review Questions
`
`205
`
`210
`
`214
`
`16 Fiber Distributed Data Interface
`Introduction
`213
`213
`16.1 FDDI Technology
`16.2 FDDI Layered Architecture
`216
`16.3 FDDI Ports
`16.4 FDDI Access Method
`217
`16.5 FDDI Fault Tolerance
`217
`16.6 FDDI Bit Transmission
`218
`16.7 FDDI Frame and Token Formats
`16.8 FDDI Backbone
`219
`Summary
`219
`Review Questions
`
`221
`
`213
`
`219
`
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`

`

`x e CONTENTS
`
`223
`
`223
`
`1Z Synchronous Optical Network (SONET}
`Introduction
`223
`17.1 Characteristics of SONET
`224
`17.2 SONET Components
`225
`17.3 SONET Signal Rates
`17.4 SONET Frame Format
`225
`17.5 SONET Multiplexing
`226
`227
`17.6 Virtual Tributaries
`228
`Summary
`Review Questions
`18 Frame Relay
`233
`Introduction
`233
`234
`18.1 Frame Relay Network
`234
`Components of Frame Relay
`18.2
`235
`Frame Relay Frame Format
`18.3
`Frame Relay Operation
`236
`18.4
`Summary
`238
`Review Questions
`238
`19 Internet Architecture and TCP/IP
`Introduction
`242
`19.1 The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
`19.2 TCP/IP Reference Model
`245
`19.3 TCP/IP Application Level
`246
`19.4 Transport Level Protocols: UDP and TCP
`Internet Level Protocols: IP and ARP
`251
`19.5
`19.6 1Pv4 Addressing
`256
`19. 7 Assigning IP Addresses
`258
`260
`19.8 Point-to-Point Protocol
`261
`19.9 Demultiplexing Information
`19 .10 TCP Connection and Disconnection
`19.11 Internet Protocol Version 6 (1Pv6)
`19.12 Internet II
`267
`Summary
`267
`Review Questions
`
`261
`263
`
`229
`
`269
`
`241
`
`245
`
`248
`
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`

`

`275
`
`CONTENTS e xi
`
`276
`
`280
`
`0 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`Introduction
`276
`20.1 ATM Network Components and Characteristics
`20.2 ATM Forum
`277
`277
`20.3 Types of ATM Connection
`278
`20.4 ATM Switch Operation
`20.5 ATM Switch Architecture
`279
`20.6 ATM Connection Setup Through ATM Signaling
`280
`20.7 ATM Cell Format
`20.8 ATM Protocol
`282
`285
`20.9 Types of Adaptation Layers
`20.10 Comparing ATM with Gigabit Ethernet
`Summary
`289
`Review Questions
`
`289
`
`290
`
`21 Network Operating System
`Introduction
`295
`21.1 BIOS and DOS
`295
`21.2 NetBIOS and NOS
`296
`21.3 Windows NT: New Technology
`21.4 Novell NetWare Operating System
`Summary
`300
`Review Questions
`
`301
`
`295
`
`296
`299
`
`Appendix A: Computer and Communication Connectors
`
`305
`
`Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions
`
`313
`
`Acronyms
`
`331
`
`Index
`
`339
`
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`

`108 e CHAPTER 7
`
`7.2
`
`Digital Subscriber Line
`
`The Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is the latest modem technology, using
`twisted-pair wires to deliver data and voice at speeds ranging from 64 Kbps to 50
`Mbps. DSL uses current telephone wire (UTP) to transfer information at higher
`data rates than a modem. Currently, a modem transfers data at 56 Kbps, and net(cid:173)
`working technology transfers data at the rate of 10 to 1000 Mbps. Therefore, mo(cid:173)
`dems are becoming far too slow for transferring information across the Internet.
`DSL uses standard phone twisted-pair cable to transfer digital signals for data
`and analog signals with Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). DSL is imple(cid:173)
`mented using several different technologies called xDSL.
`
`Asymmetrical DSL: ADSL supports voice and data simultaneously. The
`data rate from service provider to the user is 6 Mbps and 786 Kbps from
`the user to the service provider (telephone switch).
`High Bit Rate DSL: HDSL supports data or voice, but not simultaneously,
`with a data rate of 768 Kbps.
`Symmetrical DSL: SDSL supports voice and data simultaneously, with a
`data rate of 768 Kbps in both directions.
`Very High Speed DSL: VDSL provides 25 to SO Mbps to the user (down(cid:173)
`stream), and 1.5 to 3 Mbps from the user to the service provider (upstream).
`
`The Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a new modem, which uses
`an existing twisted-pair telephone line to access the information superhighway
`for transferring information such as multimedia. ADSL transfers data at a higher
`rate downstream (from the telephone company switch) to the subscriber than
`upstream (from sub criber to telephone company switch). The upstream and
`downstream data rates are factors of the distance between the telephone com(cid:173)
`pany switch and t he subscriber. The downstream data rate is from 1.5 to 8 Mbps
`and upstream data rate is from 16 Kbps to 640 Kbps, as shown in figure 7.12. Tbe
`advantage of ASDL is that it uses the present twisted-pair wire of telephone lines
`to transmit data in the range of 6 to 8 Mbps. lt i
`important to note that ADSL
`does not affect the current telephone voice channel.
`
`ADSL uses Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) encoding methods, which use QAM to di·
`vide the bandwidth of the channel into multiple subchannels, with each channel
`transmitting information using QAM modulation. The twisted-pair cable used in
`telephone wire has a frequency spectrum of 1.1 MHz. Figure 7.13 shows the (re·
`quency sp ctrum of AD L. DMT uses the frequency spectrum from 26 kHz to 1.1
`MHz for broadband data. For POTS it u es the frequency spectrum from Oto 4 kHz.
`The frequency spectrum from 26 .kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream trans·
`mission, and the frequency pectrum from 138 kHz to 1.1 MHz is used for down·
`stream transmission, a~ 0 1-i.own in Figure 7.13. The frequency pectrum above26
`
`Asymmetrical
`Digital
`Subscriber
`Line
`
`ADSL Modem
`Technology
`
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`

`MODEM, DSL, CABLE MODEM, AND ISDN e
`
`109
`
`FIGURE 7.12
`ADSLmodem
`connection
`
`16 to 640 Kbps Upstream
`
`1.5 to 8 Mbps Downstream
`
`ADSL
`Modem
`
`ADSL
`Modem
`
`FIGURE 7.13
`Frequency
`spectrum of
`ADSL
`
`POTS 4 kHz
`
`26 kHz Upstream
`
`138K Downstream
`
`1.1 MHz
`
`kHz is divided into 249 independent subchannels, each containing 4.3 kHz
`bandwidth. Each subfrequency is an independent channel and has its own
`stream of signals. The lower 4-kHz channel is separated by an analog circuit and
`used in POTS; 25 channels are used for upstream transmissions, and 224 chan(cid:173)
`nels are used for downstream transmissions.
`Figure 7 .14 shows ADSL modem architecture. The function of the POTS filter
`is to separate the voice channel from data channel.
`
`~ - ----- --------------------------,
`I
`I
`pS I
`Mb
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`ADSL
`Modem
`
`...__.
`
`i--------------------------------,
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`Kbps
`
`ADSL
`Modem
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`i Mbps
`
`POTS
`Filter
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`' I
`
`' ' ' ' I I
`
`l
`'
`'
`I
`
`I
`I
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`I
`
`-
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`'
`Kbps 1
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`,
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`I '
`'
`POTS Line l
`
`POTS
`Filter
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`'--------------------------------.. •
`Exchange Switch
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`~-- ------ ------------------------'
`Customer End
`
`FIGURE 7.14 ADSL modem architecture
`
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`

`

`110 e CHAPTER 7
`
`Each subchannel can modulate from 0 to 15 bits per signal. This allows up to
`60 Kbps per channel (15 " 4 kHz) and some implementation support of 16 bits
`per channel. Therefore, the data rate is calculated by:
`Data Rate = Number of Channels " Number of Bits/Channel " Frequency
`of Channel
`Using the above equation, the upstream and downstream data rate can be com(cid:173)
`puted as follows:
`Maximum Upstream Data Rate = 25 * 15 " 4.3 kHz= 1.6 Mbps and
`Maximum Downstream Data Rate = 224 * 15 * 4.3 kHz= 14.4 Mbps
`The data rate of an ADSL modem is a factor of the distance between the sub(cid:173)
`scriber and the telephone switch. Table 7 .3 shows the data rate vs. distance for
`an ADSL modem.
`
`TABLE 7.3 Data Rate of ADSL Modem vs. Distance
`
`Data Rate
`
`1.5-2 Mbps
`
`1.5-2 Mbps
`
`6.1 Mbps
`
`6.1 Mbps
`
`Wire Gage
`
`Distance
`
`24AWG
`
`26AWG
`
`24AWG
`
`26AWG
`
`5.5 km or 18000 ft
`
`4.6 km or 15000 ft
`
`3.7 km or 12000 ft
`
`2. 7 km or 9000 ft
`
`Rate Adaptive
`Asymmetric DSL
`
`Rate Adaptive Asymmetric DSL (RADSL) offers downstream transmission of 7.0
`Mbps and upstream transmission of 1.0 Mbps. The data rate of RADSL is dynami(cid:173)
`cally set by the condition of the line.
`Before transmitting information, RADSL makes an initial test to check the
`condition of the chann els. Some of the channels may not be used due to the
`presence of strong noise. Table 7.4 shows xDSL and cable distance.
`
`7.3
`
`Cable Modem
`
`The Cable Modem is another technology used for remote connection to the
`Internet. Residential access to the Internet is growing, and current modem tech(cid:173)
`nology can transfer data only at 56 Kbps. Local telephone companies also offer a
`service known as Basic Rate ISDN, which has a transmission rate of 128 Kbps.
`The cable modem offers high-speed access to the Internet using a media other
`than phone lines.
`
`Cable TV System
`Ai~ chitecture
`
`Cable TV is designed to transmit broadband TV signals to homes using coaxial and
`fiber-optic cable. Figure 7 .15 shows the full coaxial cable TV system architecture. As
`
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`

`

`to
`jts
`
`ub(cid:173)
`for
`
`f 7.0
`ami-
`
`k the
`o the
`
`MODEM, DSL, CABLE MODEM, AND ISDN e
`
`111
`
`TABLE 7.4 xDSL and Cable Distance
`
`Technology
`
`Cable Distance
`in Feet
`
`Data Rate
`Downstream/Upstream
`
`ADSL
`
`ADSL
`
`ADSL
`
`ADSL
`
`ADSL
`
`HDSL
`
`HDSL
`
`RADSL
`
`RAD SL
`
`RADSL
`
`RAD SL
`
`UDSL
`
`UDSL
`
`VDSL
`
`VDSL
`
`VSDL
`
`3000
`
`5000
`
`9000
`
`12000
`
`18000
`
`5000
`
`12000
`
`3000
`
`9000
`
`12000
`
`18000
`
`9 Mbps/l Mbps
`
`8.448 Mbps/1 Mbps
`
`7 Mbps/1 Mbps
`
`6.312 Mbps/640 Kbps
`
`1.544 Mbps/16-64 Kbps
`
`1.544 Mbps/1.544 Mbps
`
`1.544 Mbps/1.544 Mbps
`
`12Mbps/l Mbps
`
`7 Mbps/1 Mbps
`
`6 Mbps/1 Mbps
`
`1 Mbps/128 Kbps
`
`0-15000
`
`2 Mbps/2 Mbps
`
`15000-18000
`
`1 Mbps/1 Mbps
`
`1000
`
`3000
`
`4000
`
`51.84 Mbps/2.3 Mbps
`
`25.82 Mbps/2.3 Mbps
`
`12.98 Mbps/1.6 Mbps
`
`Source: Data Communication Magazine, April 1998
`
`FIGURE 7.15
`Full coaxial cable TV
`system architecture
`
`End
`User
`
`Trunk
`Coaxial Cable
`
`i
`
`Cable TV
`Head End
`
`Q = Coaxial Cable Amplifier
`
`CSCO-1108
`Cisco v. TQ Delta, IPR2016-01009
`Page 13 of 13
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