TQ Delta Exhibit 2002
`Cisco Systems, Inc. v. TQ Delta LLC
`IPR2016-01009
`
`1
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`

`

`IEEE Press
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`IEEE Press Editorial Board
`Robert J. Herrick, Editor in Chief
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`M.Akay
`J. B. Anderson
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`J. E. Brewer
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`M. E. El-Hawary
`R. F. Hoyt
`S. V. Kartalopoulos
`D.Kirk
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`Cover design: Laura Ierardi, LCI Design
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`Technical Reviewers
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`Prof. John B. Anderson, University of Lund, Sweden
`Prof. Marcello Rodrigues de Campos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
`Dr. Bhurnip Khasnabish, GTE Labs, Inc., Waltham, MA
`Prof. Thomas Robertazzi, State University of New York at Stony Brook
`Dr. Curtis Siller, Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories, North Andover, MA
`
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`2
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`

`

`HARGRAVE'S
`COMMUNICATIONS DICTIONARY
`
`, .,
`
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`i
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`Frank Hargrave
`
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`i I i f
`
`IEEE
`® PRESS
`
`The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York
`
`3
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`This book and other books may be purchased at a discount
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`© 2001 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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`All rights reserved. No part oj this book may be reproduced in any Jonn,
`nor may it be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any Jomz,
`without written pennission from the publisher.
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
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`ISBN 0-7803-6020-6
`IEEE Order No. PC5869
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Hargrave, Frank.
`Hargrave's communications dictionary.
`/ Frank Hargrave.
`p. cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-7803-6020-6
`1. Telecommunication-Dictionaries. 1. Title.
`TK5102.H372000
`621.382'03-dc21
`
`00-061416
`
`4
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`

`

`power detection
`
`404
`
`power line carrier
`
`power detection That form of detection in which the power output of
`the detecting device is used to supply a substantial amount of power
`to the subsequent devices.
`
`power density In optics, a deprecated synonym for irradiance.
`
`power dissipation The amount of energy converted to heat in a de(cid:173)
`vice. Mathematically, it is the square of the current through the de(cid:173)
`vice times its resistance (P = P R).
`power disturbance Any of several forms of mains waveform distor(cid:173)
`tions and deviations from the nominal value--e.g., blackout,
`brownout, spike, surge, frequency stability, waveform purity, and
`noise. See also mains.
`
`power factor (1) The ratio of active power (watts) to apparent power
`(voltamps).
`
`In ac power transmission and distribution, the cosine of the phase an(cid:173)
`gle between the voltage and current When the load is inductive (e.g.,
`an induction motor), the current lags the applied voltage, and the
`power factor is said to be a lagging power factor. When the load is
`capacitive (e.g., a synchronous motor or a capacitive network), the
`current leads the applied voltage, and the power factor is said to be a
`leading power factor. Power factors other than unity have deleterious
`effects on power transmission systems-i.e., excessive transmission
`losses and reduced system capacity. See also power (P). (2) In
`switchrnode power supplies, the existence of significant distortion in
`the current waveform due to both the high-input capacitance of the
`converter and the effect of charging the capacitor only at the peak in(cid:173)
`put voltage. This leads to a current waveform such as is shown in the
`drawing along with high associated harmonic content. By regulation,
`
`power failure transfer (1) In power, the switching of a load from a
`primary source to a secondary (bac~p) source when a measured pa(cid:173)
`rameter of the primary source is outside specified limits. Examples
`include:
`• Power distribution. The switching of primary utility mains to a
`secondary (backup) whenever the primary source operates out(cid:173)
`side specified parameters.
`• Telephony. The switching from commercial power sources at the
`central office (CO) to locally generated (backup) power in the
`event commercial power falls outside desired limits.
`
`(2) In telephony, the transfer of certain analog telephone instruments
`from private automatic branch exchange (PARX) station lines to pre(cid:173)
`designed central office analog trunks in the event of commercial
`power failure and a low PABX battery condition. Power failure trans(cid:173)
`fer is an emergency mode of operation in which only one instrument
`at the subscriber location may be powered from each central office
`trunk. Also called power fail bypass.
`
`power gain (1) In general, the ratio of the power a device delivers to
`its load to the power the device receives at its input. Power gain is
`usually expressed in decibels (dB). (2) With an antenna, the ratio of
`the power flux (at a point in the far field) per unit area of the antenna
`to an isotropic radiator.
`
`The Friis transmission formula is usually used to define far-field dis(cid:173)
`tance (r), that is,
`
`where D is the maximum aperture dimension of the antenna and A. is
`the wavelength of the radiation. The isotropic radiator must be con(cid:173)
`tained in the smallest sphere containing the antenna; common points
`are the antenna terminals and points of symmetry.
`
`power law index profile In optical fibers, a class of graded index
`profiles characterized by:
`
`1 - 2t:.(~r ' r::; rc
`nCr) = {Ill
`III V"1="2X
`, r 2:: rc
`
`these harmonics must be reduced to levels below those illustrated in
`the table.
`
`MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE HARMONIC CURRENT
`
`where t:. =
`Il (r)
`Il J
`
`r
`
`112
`
`IEC 1000-3-2
`
`Maximum
`Harmonic
`Current
`(rnNW)
`
`rc
`g
`
`Maximum
`Harmonic
`Current
`(A)
`
`~
`
`Il-
`
`~
`
`Il-
`
`~ 2 and
`I
`2n1
`is the distance from the fiber axis,
`is the nominal refractive index as a function of distance from
`the fiber axis,
`is the nominal refractive index on axis,
`is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding (n (r) = n2
`for r 2:: a),
`is the core radius, and
`is the profile parameter, i.e., defines the shape of the index
`profile. (ex is often used in place of g. Hence, this is some(cid:173)
`times called an alpha profile.)
`
`3.4
`
`1.9
`
`1.0
`0.5
`0.35
`0.30
`
`2.30
`
`1.14
`
`0.77
`0.40
`0.33
`0.21
`
`3.S5 / n
`
`2.25/ n
`
`Multimode distortion is minimum when g takes a particular value de(cid:173)
`pending on the material used. For most materials, this optimum value
`is approximately 2. When g increases without limit, the profile tends
`to a step index profile.
`
`power level The magnitude of power averaged over a specified time
`interval. Expressed either in watts (W) or as a ratio to a reference
`power in dBm or dBW.
`
`power line carrier A communications method employing a low(cid:173)
`frequency RF carrier (usually less than 600 kHz) to transmit infor(cid:173)
`mation over the ac mains.
`
`Harmonic
`Order
`(n)
`
`2
`3
`4
`5
`6
`7
`9
`11
`13
`S :5 nEVEN :5 40
`15 :5 nODD :5 39
`
`EN60555
`
`Maximum
`Harmonic
`Current
`(A)
`
`LOS
`2.30
`0.43
`1.14
`0.30
`0.77
`0.40
`0.33
`0.21
`1.S4 / n
`2.25/ n
`
`5
`
`

`

`spanning tree algorithm (STA)
`
`485
`
`spectral density
`
`a broadcast stonn), eventually degrading system perfonnance. This
`algorithm ensures that only one path connects any pair of stations, se(cid:173)
`lecting one bridge as the root bridge from which all paths should ra(cid:173)
`diate.
`
`The algorithm is based on the original spanning tree algorithm de(cid:173)
`veloped by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). The two algo(cid:173)
`rithms are not identical, however, nor are they even compatible.
`
`A typical application accepts input from callers where the callers are
`using rotary dial instead of dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) tele(cid:173)
`phones and then use voice response to verbalized questions to route
`calls or provide infonnation. These SIR products have deliberately
`limited vocabularies but are increasing due to the vast installed base
`of non-DTMF phones. Another developing application provides for
`the automated conversion of speech to accurate and meaningful tex(cid:173)
`tual infonnation.
`
`SPARC (1) An acronym for .s.caleable £erfonnance ARChitecture.
`(2) An acronym for .s.tandards £lanning And Review .committee.
`
`speaker phone A telephone instrument with a speaker and micro-
`phone arranged for hands-free, two-way conversation.
`
`spark gap A gas dielectric separating two electrodes designed so as
`to carry an electrical current when the voltage exceeds a predeter(cid:173)
`mined level (overvoltage protection). A spark gap may be exposed
`with air as the dielectric, or it may be enclosed in a container with se(cid:173)
`lected gasses at pressures other than one atmosphere. Spark gaps are
`used to protect communications circuits from damage due to exces(cid:173)
`sive voltages. See also gas tube.
`
`spark killer A· circuit or device connected across a relay or switch
`contact or in parallel with a switched inductive element for the pur(cid:173)
`pose of reducing or absorbing the spark energy that occurs when an
`inductive circuit carrying a current is suddenly opened.
`
`Frequently, the circuit is simply a series resistor and capacitor. The
`capacitor blocks the direct current being switched while passing the
`spark's transient energy and the resistor dissipates the energy of that
`spark. Also called a snubber or surge arrestOl:
`
`SPATA An acronym for SPeech and dATA.
`
`SPC (1) An abbreviation of .s.tored £rogram .control. (2) An abbrevi(cid:173)
`ation of .s.ignal £rocessing .component.
`
`SPCC An abbreviation of .s.trength, £ower, and .communications .ca(cid:173)
`ble.
`
`SPCL An abbreviation of SPectrum .ceLlular error correction proto-
`col.
`
`SPD An abbreviation of .s.ynchronous £hase Ilemodulator.
`
`SPDL An abbreviation of .s.tandard £age Ilescription Language.
`
`SPDT An abbreviation of .s.ingle £ole Ilouble Ihrow switch.
`
`SPDT-NC An abbreviation of .s.ingle £ole Ilouble Ihrow switch-
`Nonnally .closed contact.
`
`SPDT-NO An abbreviation of .s.ingle £ole Ilouble Throw switch(cid:173)
`Nonnally Qpen contact.
`
`SPDU An abbreviation of .s.ession layer £rotocol Ilata Unit.
`
`SPE (1) An abbreviation of .s.ynchronous £ayload ;Envelope. That part
`of the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), Switched Digital
`Service (SDS), or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) frame that
`contains user data. (2) An abbreviation of .s.witch £rocessing ;Ele(cid:173)
`ment. (3) An abbreviation of .s.ignal £rocessing ;Element.
`
`speaker-dependent voice recognition A speech recognition technol(cid:173)
`ogy/algorithm which requires that each user train the system to the
`user's speech characteristics. These systems will therefore recognize
`speech from only a given user or someone who sounds like that user.
`The system cannot, however, be used as a speaker verification device.
`
`speaker-independent voice recognition (SIR or SIVR) A speech
`recognition system technology/algorithm that automatically recog(cid:173)
`nizes utterances of an arbitrary user without prior training.
`
`spec. An abbreviation of SPECification.
`
`SPEC An acronym for .s.peech £redictive ;Encoded .communications.
`
`special access In telephony, a dedicated line, installed by the local ex-
`change carrier (LEC) between a subscriber and a long-distance carrier.
`
`special billing number A phone number assigned to a customer for
`billing purposes only. It cannot be called; however, it can be used as
`a bill to a third-party number or given to the operator as an outgoing
`paid call number.
`
`special routing code In telephony, a three-digit code (of the fonn
`OXX or lXX) which is used within the network to modify call rout(cid:173)
`ing or handling. End users are blocked from its use because office
`codes starting with 0 or 1 are rejected by the local exchange carrier
`(LEC) switching system.
`
`specialized common carrier (SCC) A common carrier offering a
`limited type of service or serving a limited market.
`
`specification An essential technical requirements document for hard(cid:173)
`ware and/or software items, materials, and/or services, including:
`• A detailed, precise description of the operation, parameters, ca(cid:173)
`pabilities, input requirements, features, required environment,
`and limitations.
`• The procedures to be used to determine whether the requirement
`has been met.
`• The requirements for packaging, packing, and marking.
`
`specific detectivity (D*) A figure of merit used to characterize the
`perfonnance of a photo detector. It is equal to the reciprocal of noise
`equivalent power (NEP), nonnalized to unit area and unit bandwidth.
`Mathematically, it is expressed:
`
`D* = v;:;;,j
`NEP
`
`where:
`A
`is the area of the photosensitive region of the detector, and
`is the effective noise bandwidth.
`/),.f
`
`Also called D-Star (D*).
`
`speckle noise A synonym for modal noise.
`
`speckle pattern In optical systems, a field intensity pattern produced
`by the mutual interference of partially coherent beams that are sub(cid:173)
`ject to minute temporal and spatial fluctuations.
`
`In a multimode fiber, a speckle pattern results from the superposition
`of mode field patterns. If the relative modal group velocities change
`with time, the speckle patte17l will also change. If differential mode
`attenuation occurs, lIlodalnoise results.
`
`spectral density For a specified bandwidth of radiation consisting of
`a continuous frequency spectrum, the total power in the specified
`bandwidth divided by the specified bandwidth. Spectral density is
`usually expressed in watts per hertz 0N 1Hz).
`
`6
`
`